Http:// MPO 551, Class 2.
-
Upload
theresa-allen -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Http:// MPO 551, Class 2.
http://www.tstorms.org/tropical-storms/
MPO 551, Class 2
MPO 551, Class 2
$$$1.00$$$ to Andrew -
p.23
“air circulates counterclockwise aroundLows [in the NH] and counterclockwisearound Highs”
The Earth System:
•The oceans, cryosphere,
•Hydrologic cycle
•Carbon cycle
•Oxygen
•Earth’s history
The oceans: 72% of earth’s surface, 97% of the earth’s Non-geologic water. Ice sheets ~ 2%, and 80% of earthsFreshwater. Antarctica ~ 89% of ice mass, Greenland 9%,Surface area also important.
WATER: Mass in units of 103 kg m-2 ~ 100 cm deep
Role of Oceans in Climate:
• thermal inertia• heat transport• El Nino• uptake of carbon• source of trace gases
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Ocean Temperature:
Thin, mixed surface layer + thermocline + deep layer
M-AERI ObservationsM-AERI Observations
The Marine & Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer precisely measures the temperature of the ocean’s thin surface layer or skin.
Tem
p (
°C)
Tem
p (
°C)
Day of the Year 2003Day of the Year 2003
Time evolution of near-surface thermal gradientsTime evolution of near-surface thermal gradients
SkinDeEP profiles on 12 October 1999. Off Baja California, R/V Melville.
From Ward, B. and P. J. Minnett, 2001. An autonomous profiler for near surface temperature measurements. Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces. M. A. Donelan, W.M. Drennan, E.S. Saltzmann and R. Wanninkhof (Eds.) American Geophysical Union Monograph 127. 167 - 172.
SST, 8/27/05 Surface height anomaly
Depth of 26.5 C isotherm
Tropical cyclone heat potential
Gustavo Goni (AOML) Joaquin Trinanes (CIMAS)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Ocean composition:
~ 35 g/kg dissolved salts,or 35 0/00, parts per thousand by massDenser than fresh water by ~2.4%
Temperature change required to offset change in salinity of 1 g/km, as f(T)
Density gradient = pycnocline
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Thermohaline circulation
Wind drift & sea level annualQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Thermohaline circulation: ~ hundreds of years
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Subtropical Atlantic Ocean sounding
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Biological productivity: upwelling+sun
S.-P. Xie, TRMM SST + precipitation, 5-year average
Costa Rica shallow thermocline dome
SST
Annual mean SST
Departure from zonal-mean
Globally, P ~ E over continents, P>E
Winds+water vapor
TRMM
The cryosphere
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Sea ice: large range in albedo
Winter arctic sea-ice motion, from buoys. Beaufort Gyre.
Sheba track
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Permafrost