Ch. 7 Altered States of Consciousness

Altered States of Consciousness pt. 1 (2-4%)http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1510

Engage Hyper Link

Why is sleep important?To rest and repair (physically and mentally)To consolidate memories and skillsNecessary for brain developmentProtective

https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSaF3jaupMlhpvBHFxwdPr3pph2XZ-YbtBvuZsoDNEn7GJ9sLf8

2Biological Rhythms

Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)28 day cycles: menstrual cycle.24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm or 25 hours?90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.Circadian Rhythm is our 24 hour biological clock.Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day.Circadian Rhythms Many of our behaviors display rhythmic variation.Circadian rhythmsOne cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle).Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm.Some circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an internal (biological) clock.

Biological Environmental cues When darkness falls, the eyes indirectly inform thepineal gland (responsible for the bodys naturalcycles and registering light and darkness). The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatoninin response to darkness, making us drowsy. Thisaffects the brain cells which produce Serotonin, asleep-related transmitter substance. The serotonin is concentrated in the Raphe Nuclei(near the pons), which secrete a substance thatacts to induce light sleep.Biological

Measuring Sleep ChangesElectroencephalograph (EEG)

Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with alertness and awakeness

Alpha Waves: Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep 7Avoid Sleep Saboteurs

http://www.blog.iqmatrix.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/sleeping-avoid.jpgSleep StagesThere are 5 identified stages of sleep.It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages.The brains waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in.

The first four sages and know as NREM sleep..

The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

Stages of SleepStage 1: Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occurStage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain-wave activity of half second or longer)Stage 3: Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular, BP falls.Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves (50%) less blood flow to the brain

10Stage Five: REM SLEEPREM: Rapid Eye MovementThis is a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. From REM, you go back to Stage 2

States of Sleep (REM & Non-REM)Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs. Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light.REM Behavioral Disorder.

12How much sleep do we need?We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics.But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.

How do you feel when you dont get enough sleep?Theories of DreamingPsychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.Manifest versus latent contentBiological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep.Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day. 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ETheories of SleepRepair/Restoration Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigueSurvival ValueSleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predatorsNecessary for brain developmentTo twitch?? The young twitch more

15The Science of Sleep pt. 60 minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Wr-ZzG1MrI

The Science of sleep pt. 2/2 60 minuteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDm4vpLu964&feature=relmfu

DreamsA sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind.

Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream. (what the man thinks it is)Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream. (what your dream really means)Manifest contentWhat a man thinks it means.

Man, whats wrong? Woman, nothing.Man thinks that nothing is wrong!!Latent Content What does it really mean?

Dream InterpretationWHY DO WE DREAM!?Activation-synthesis hypothesis:Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during REM sleepProblem SolvingDreams focus on the problems we have in an attempt to find a solutionThreat simulationDreams evolved to help us practice skills we need to avoid threats.

21Freuds wish-fulfillment TheoryDreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts.Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our unconscious.Manifest and latent content

Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.- Freud, on themeaning of dreamsA.K.A. Psychoanalytic theory: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties Manifest Content: symbols used to disguise true meaning of dreamLatent Content: true unconscious meaning of a dreamWish Fulfillment Freuds DreamTheory23

ConsciousSubconsciousUnconsciousInformation-Processing TheoryDreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day.REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

Physiological Function TheoriesActivation-Synthesis Theory: during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.

Lucid Dreaminghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASf55cov5F8&feature=related

Sleep Duration in Mammals

Functions of SleepREM Sleep:Consolidation of new memoriesRole in learningAbsent in lower mammalsNon-REM sleepPeople deprived of all sleep show greater time spent in non-REM sleep the next night.

Effects of Sleep DeprivationReduced immunityMood alterationReduced concentration and motivationIncreased irritabilityLapses in attentionReduced motor skills

Sleep DisordersSleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleepNight Terrors: Total panic and hallucinations may occurSleep Apnea: Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring

31Sleep CataplaxySleep ApneaA sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening.

Night TerrorsA sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

Sleepwalking

Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives.Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

SleepwalkingThe sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities. Some people even drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or longer.

One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to be confused or disoriented for a short time on awakening. Another misconception is that a person cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance are common for sleep walkers. InsomniaInsomnia is the inability to fall asleep. It is common problem that most people

experience at least occasionally.

37DyssomniasSleep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathingNarcolepsy: Sleep appears at odd timesSleep attack: urge to sleep during the dayCataplexy: REM paralysis occurs, person is still conscious38Narcolepsy It is a condition that causes patients to fall asleep uncontrollably throughout the day for periods lasting less than a minute to more than half an hour.

39Hypnosis Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but sometimes more distorted Age regression Past-life regression

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/TreatingPain/story?id=4047906

40HypnosisHypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility.The hypnotic state is characterized by:Narrow and focused attentionImaginationPassive receptive attitudeReduced reaction to painHeightened suggestibility

Myths of HypnosisPeople can be hypnotized against their will.People will do immoral things while hypnotized.Hypnosis improves memory recall.Hypnotized persons have special strength.Hypnosis is fake.

Altered StatesMeditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness.can involve body movements and posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathingcan induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoria

Day Dreaming

Why do we daydream?They can help us prepare for future events.

They can nourish our social development.Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

Part Two: DRUGS

Drugs: Engage Hyperlink:

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/abuse.html

DrugsPsychoactive Drug: Substance capable of altering behaviorStimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous systemDepressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous systemHallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions

http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=78247Drug ToleranceToleranceDecrease in effect of a drug with repeated useAfter repeatedexposure, moredrug is needed to produce same effectDrug doseDrug effectResponse tofirst exposure48Physical & Psychological DependencePhysical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptomsDrug Tolerance: Reduction in bodys response to a drugWithdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drugPsychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs

49StimulantsAmphetamines (Speed)CocaineCrackthe crash

CaffeineMost frequently used psychoactive drugCauses hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertnessCaffeinism: Physiological dependence on caffeineWithdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature

51NicotineNatural stimulant found mainly in tobaccoMay cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremorsHighly AddictiveResponsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women

52

What is in a cigarette?

4-55

Second-hand smoke55DepressantsBarbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress brain activityInduce sleep, promote talkativeness, social interactionBenzodiazepines : Lower anxiety & tensionSafer than Barbiturates Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleepDrug Interaction: One drug increases the effect of anotherGHB: depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleanerAlcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitionsDepressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; four or more for women - Serious sign of alcohol abuse

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFS3MY7rrsI

BBC's Horizon Is alcohol worse56

Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.

Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 200758Fetal Alcohol Syndrome58http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymiF-okrdMg&feature=related

Don't Drink and Drive DepressantsOpiatesHeroin and morphineAddition comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and DependenceDetoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment beginsAlcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.

61Some Health Risks of Using MarijuanaCauses precancerous changes in lung cells.Can suppress immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.Pot may damage some of the brains memory centers.

62