World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.
-
Upload
madison-wheeler -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.
![Page 1: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Improving Hydrodynamic
Efficiency through the Application of a Bulbous Bow and
Micro BubblesHarrison DiGia
Advanced Science ResearchPeriod 7
![Page 2: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Need
90% of all goods that were sent around the globe went by ship (Kodama, 2006)
843 million tons of CO2 were released by international shipping in 2007
http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/greenhouse/Chapter1.htm
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region,2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide)
![Page 3: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Bulbous Bow Protrudes just below the waterline
Reduces shock wave
Ideal for large ships
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/images/bulbous-bow-image08.jpg
![Page 4: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Micro-Bubbles
http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2539/25391601.jpg
![Page 5: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Literature Review Drag Reduction of a Submersible Hull by
Electrolysis (Naval Engineers Journal)
McCormick and Bhattchara (1973)- injected micro-bubbles into turbulent boundary layer
![Page 6: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Literature Review Mechanisms and Scale Effects of Skin
Friction Reduction by Microbubbles (Ship Research Institute)
Takahashi (2000)- determined that micro-bubble placement is essential
![Page 7: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Literature Review Influence of Bubble Size on Drag Reduction
(Experiments in Fluids)
Shen et al. (2006)- determined that micro-bubble size plays an important role in drag reduction
![Page 8: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Literature Review Bulbous Bow Design Optimization for Fast Ships
(Naval Architecture)
Kyriazis (1988)- tested different variations of a bulbous bow
Effect of Bulb Length (L) on Total Resistance
Effect of Bulb Diameter (D) on Total Resistance
![Page 9: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Engineering GoalsExamine:
Changes in drag force caused by the application of a bulbous bow
Changes in drag force caused by the insertion of microbubbles
Improve hydrodynamic efficiency by using methods of passive and active flow control
Purpose
![Page 10: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
MethodologyImproving Hydrodynamic Efficiency Through Methods of Active and Passive Flow Control
Normal Shipn=5
Attach Bulbous Bown=1
Inject Micro-Bubbles in Water
(200-400 micrometers)n=1
Attach Bulbous Bow and Inject Micro-Bubbles
n=1
Inject Micro-Bubbles in 20 ppm Triton-X
(200-400 micrometers)n=1
Attach Ship to Ship Drag Measurement Calculator
Record mass and acceleration to calculate the drag force
Analyze force data using ANOVA (p<.05) followed by a Scheffe Post Hoc Test
![Page 11: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ship Drag Measurement Calculator
Mass
Pasco Photogate and Pulley- Measures Acceleration
Bulbous BowPorous Plate
Side View
Force = Acceleration X Mass
![Page 12: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ship Drag Measurement
CalculatorTop View
Mass
![Page 13: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Item Vendor Category # Size Quantity Price
Triton-X Promega H5141 500mL 2 $79.99
Pourous Plates ICT International 0604D04-B15M1 5in radius 5
Micro Acquarium Bubbler Rena 17163057048 2in 1 $4.44
Pasport High Resolution Force Sensor Pasco PS-2189 1 $139.00
Photogate and Pulley System Pasco ME-6838 $80.00
Wood Home Depot
Water Tunnel Lab
Boat Lab
Air Injector Lab
$303.43
Budget
![Page 14: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Do-ability Water tunnel in lab
Boat is already made
Micro-bubbles can be created using a simple aquarium bubbler
Bulbous bow can easily be inserted into front of model ship
![Page 15: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2003-2030 (Billion Metric Tons of Carbon.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e7e5503460f94b811e0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bibliography