Document

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDE PERUTourist

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDE Tourist

Myl

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Wal

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Esta es una publicación de

Editorial Team:Direction: César A. Vega

Text and Research: Cárlos Del Águila, Fernando Fujita

Additional texts: Pepe Alva

Edition: Ketty Ordoñez

Design and layout: Luisa Julián /Equipo Inkafotos

Cartography: Inkafotos team

Coordinations: Rosario Rojas

Prepress and Printing: xxx

Photography: Cárlos Del Águila, Mylene D’Auriol, Alejandro

Balaguer, Rodrigo Cabrera, Omar Carbajal, Luis Gamero, Walter Hupiu,

Chris Kleihege, Wilfredo Loayza, Mayu Mohanna, Archivo PromPerú,

Jacques Rostand, Daniel Silva, Walter Silvera, Magalí del Solar, Michael

Tweddle, Archivo Renzo Uccelli, César A. Vega, Beatrice Velarde, Walter

Wust, Willian Zanatta.

Inkafotos Ediciones

Calle Brigadieres 1008, dpto. 403, Urb. Neptuno, Lima 33

Teléfono: (01) 998-528-456E-mail: [email protected]

(c) Peru Export and Tourism Promotion Board.Hecho en el Depósito legal en la Biblioteca Nacional de Perú Nº xxxxxxxxxxISBN: xxxx-xxx-xx

Todos los derechos reservados de acuerdo con el D.L. 882 (Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor).

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Presentation

Peru is recognised Worldwide for its great historical legacy. As a testimony of

the great civilizations and powerful kingdoms that populated ancient Peru,

prevail along all our territory archaeological remains that impress Peruvians and

foreigners and they are still researchers’ matter of study, who try to figure out the

enigmas of those remote periods.

According to the marketing research, most tourists who visit Peru do it motivated

by the idea of knowing about its culture and history. The tourist today is interested

in knowing about countries that preserve their history, their culture in harmony

with their environment, considering “authenticity” as a principal attractive.

It is just authenticity what Peru can offer our visitors. Thanks to the devoted task

of our archaeologists and researchers, three great geographical espaces, that

received the prehispanic cultures, have been identified: the fertile north, the arid

south and an intermediate region dominated by the central coast of Peru. The

remains left by these civilizations are inumerable, the ones which due to their

important and historical richness, take part of the most relevant tourist tours of

our country. Ceramics, textiles, metals, human rests successfully conserved and

monumental buildings take part of our past legacy.

PromPerú, which is an effort to promote archaeological and cultural tourism,

puts this Archaeological Guide at your disposal, the one which by means of a

variety of theme routes starting from its archaeological monuments, offers an

unforgetable journey alternative.

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Prehispanic cultures of Peru

What Archaeology says about the Andean WorldAs a consequence of an increase in the

archaeological and historical research,

Peru is considered nowadays as one of

the fewest focus of complex civilization

in the world. In the last years, from their

scientific interpretations, studious have

warned a peculiar, multiethnical, diverse

and considerably developed universe,

to an extent of getting the landscapes

transformed and transversely and

longitudinally connected through

three great geographical areas: the

fertile north, the arid south and an

intermediate region dominated by the

central coast of Peru.

The advance in Archaeology, as

a discipline of social sciences,

has allowed to see new complex

interpretative speeches about the

origin of civilizations, as well as to

characterize an attractive research

area in the world. Among the Peruvian

archaeological evidences, cultures

or formations such as Caral, Chavín,

Paracas, Nasca, Moche, Wari, Chincha,

Chimú, Tiahuanaco and the Incas,

stand out for their hierarchization,

monumentality and ideological

uniqueness. They are proof of it. The

present guide offers a new way of

knowing Peru, from its archaeological

monuments, venturing in the thematic

variety of the set out routes.

Autonomous Cultures of PeruThe territory that the andes mountain

range dominates, permits to generate

diverse ecological levels, on which,

the ancient Peruvian settler took part

by understanding, experimenting and

transforming it rationally. This is a first

great lesson that the archaeological

interpretation lets us perceive. In this

territorial variety, we have extreme

landscapes, from the very arid

dry deserts such as Sechura and

Paracas, to the most canyoning such

as Conchucos, Huaylas, Colca and

Urubamba; from fabulous oasis, as

a result of the peculiar fenomena of

hillocks such as Lachay, Malanche and

Atiquipa, to the very varied, nearby

ecological levels such as the valleys

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of Santa, Chillón, Tambo and Ilo;

and from the high rugged accidents

such as the circum-lake region of

Altiplano, to the wooded, cloudy,

humid lush groves such as the region

of Chacha, Huánuco, including, the

amazing savannahs of the Amazon.

All these spaces were, no doubt, used

successfully by the ancient Peruvian.

In this context, we can understand the

andean civilizatory process in different

ways: from the theorization of the

origin of civilization in the world, where

Bandurria, Caral, Chavín and Kotosh,

just to mention some of them, take a

fundamental role in its explanation; or

even from the particular understanding

of explaining processes from the

regional scope, in which, we will find

innumerable specifications in the

explanation of them. Julio César Tello

Rojas, the “father of the Peruvian

archaeology”, had perceived it along

all his studies and expeditions, and he

had proposed a complex explaining

formula starting from cultural trunks

involving the current Northern, Central

and Southern Macro Regions, and at

the same time, from the understanding

of the social processes in a transversely

way, that means, along these three

Macro Regions. And the wise Tello

was not mistaken. The archaeological

research and the latest discoveries are

showing and confirming little by little

his statements.

From this focus, we will present

different archaeological routes, some

of them are working with significant

success.

Along the current guide, we will know

the North, the World of the Moche, and

through them, we will know about their

ancestors and heirs. A tour along their

principal monuments and museums

that hold their treasures. It will be an

excellent starting point so that we can

discover later other destinations such

as the late complexes of the Chimú

and Lambayeque realms. We also

have Gold as a leading thread, which

is an integrative element of the route

that lets us appreciate the different

uses and works of this precious metal

that the ancient Peruvians knew how to

handle. What is more, from the feline


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figure, it is developed an interesting

route that permits to explain the

fundamental roles that this amazing

animal played in the precolonial

ideology. We will have a similar model

in the South Region, where the Feline’s

South Route, permits to link different

cultures, periods and expansive

developments, the ones which used

this element to explain their origins.

Finally, along these three regions, the

routes of The Origins and the Andean

Cities, they let us have a more integral

background of the monumentality

and cultural complexity that the andes

settlers were able to reach through an

over 15 thousand-year accumulated

experience.

The material transformation, the use

of resources and the rational use of

space are lessons that must let us

identify with a cultural heritage which

is real evidence of what Peruvians are

able to do.


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CONTENTS

Routes of the prehispanic cultures

The Origin Route Chavín de Huántar Caral Bandurria El Paraíso Paracas

North Archaeological Route Moche Route Tumbas Reales Museum Huaca Rajada Pampa Grande Huacas del Sol y de la Luna El Brujo Complex San José de Moro

Others of importance: Túcume Batán Grande Chan Chan Huaca El Dragón

The Cloudy Town Route Karajía Kuélap Revash Macro La Jalca- Jalca Grande Museum Leymebamba Museum Laguna de los Cóndores La Congona

Center Archaeological Route The Metropolis Ancients’ Route / Archaeological Lima

Huaca Pucllana Huallamarca Mateo Salado

22

242834404650

5658606468727680

84889296

102104108112116120124128132

138

140142146150

19

178180184188186190200204208212216220224228232236240244248252

258262266270274278282

92166170216

286

South Archaeological Route Feline Route Nasca Lines Cantayoc Paradones Cahuachi Saywite Choquequirao Limatambo Cusco City Pikillacta Chinchero Maras Ollantaytambo Machu Picchu Tipón /Oropesa Andahuaylillas Raqchi Pucará Sillustani

The Imperial Cities Route Cajamarca Marcahuamachuco Wiracochapampa Wari Huanucopampa Vilcashuamán

Others of importance: Chan Chan Cajamarquilla Pachacámac Pikillacta

Participatory Archaeological Tourism

Maranga Paramonga Puruchuco Cajamarquilla Pachacámac

154158162166170

Will

ian

Zana

tta

20

Principal cultures of PeruChronology according to

Luis G. Lumbreras

CHRO

NOLO

GICA

L TA

BLE

cent

urie

s

Year

s

a.C.

b.C.

a.C.

b.C.

XVI

1532

1470

1200

500

100

2000

3000

5000

9000

XIII

XX

3000

5000

9000

X

X

VI

III

III

0 0

Chronology according toJohn H. Rowe

Northern Andes

TumbesPiura

Amazonas

Tum

bes

Tallá

nC

HA

CH

A

PunoArequipa

MoqueguaTacna

LambayequeLa LibertadCajamarcaHuánuco

Áncash, Lima

CH

IMO

RLA

MB

AYE

QU

EC

hupa

chu

CA

JAM

AR

CA

CH

AN

CAY

WA

NC

AC

HA

CH

AC

HIN

CH

AIN

CA

CO

LLPA

LUPA

QA

Puq

uina

Col

lagu

aA

RIC

A

Om

agua

Shi

pibo

Am

ahua

caA

mue

sha

Cam

pa

Jam

belí

VIC

US

Cusipata Shakimu

CHORRERAÑañañique

Awari

Chinchorro

?Amotape

LAURICOCHA

PAIJANENSE

JaywaPUENTE

Pacaicasa

ASANA IV

ASANA I

SICHES

QALUYO Tutishcainyo

CHAVÍN(Cupusnique,

Ancón)GUAÑAPE

MO

CH

EC

ajam

arca

1-3

Hig

uera

sR

EC

UAY

LIM

A

Salin

arLa

yzón

Saja

ra P

atac

HUAR

AZBa

ños

de B

oza

Huac

a Pr

ieta

Galg

ada

Koto

sh-M

itoÁs

pero

-CAR

ALBa

ndur

riaPa

raís

o

Piqu

iCH

ILCA

Otum

a

Ranc

haQa

sawi

rka

TOPA

RÁ

(Nec

rópo

lis)

Chan

apat

a

Wic

hqan

aM

uyu

Orqo

PARA

CAS

Mar

cava

lle

HU

AR

PA

NA

SC

AW

aru

PUKA

RA

TRAP

ICHE

Hup

a-Iy

aN

azar

áteg

ui

Junín, PascoIca, AyacuchoHuancavelica

ApurímacCusco

LoretoSan Martín

UcayaliMadre de Dios

Central Andes

Fertile North Arid South

Andes South Central Amazon

TAWANTINSUYO EMPIRE Tawantinsuyo Empire

Wari Empire

Regional States

Regional Development

Formative

Archaic

Lithic Pre-ceramic

Initial Period

Early Horizon

Early Intermediate

Late Intermediate

Late Horizon

Medium HorizonWARI EMPIRE TIWANAKU

21

Principal cultures of PeruChronology according to

Luis G. Lumbreras

CHRO

NOLO

GICA

L TA

BLE

cent

urie

s

Year

s

a.C.

b.C.

a.C.

b.C.

XVI

1532

1470

1200

500

100

2000

3000

5000

9000

XIII

XX

3000

5000

9000

X

X

VI

III

III

0 0

Chronology according toJohn H. Rowe

Northern Andes

TumbesPiura

Amazonas

Tum

bes

Tallá

nC

HA

CH

A

PunoArequipa

MoqueguaTacna

LambayequeLa LibertadCajamarcaHuánuco

Áncash, Lima

CH

IMO

RLA

MB

AYE

QU

EC

hupa

chu

CA

JAM

AR

CA

CH

AN

CAY

WA

NC

AC

HA

CH

AC

HIN

CH

AIN

CA

CO

LLPA

LUPA

QA

Puq

uina

Col

lagu

aA

RIC

A

Om

agua

Shi

pibo

Am

ahua

caA

mue

sha

Cam

pa

Jam

belí

VIC

US

Cusipata Shakimu

CHORRERAÑañañique

Awari

Chinchorro

?Amotape

LAURICOCHA

PAIJANENSE

JaywaPUENTE

Pacaicasa

ASANA IV

ASANA I

SICHES

QALUYO Tutishcainyo

CHAVÍN(Cupusnique,

Ancón)GUAÑAPE

MO

CH

EC

ajam

arca

1-3

Hig

uera

sR

EC

UAY

LIM

A

Salin

arLa

yzón

Saja

ra P

atac

HUAR

AZBa

ños

de B

oza

Huac

a Pr

ieta

Galg

ada

Koto

sh-M

itoÁs

pero

-CAR

ALBa

ndur

riaPa

raís

o

Piqu

iCH

ILCA

Otum

a

Ranc

haQa

sawi

rka

TOPA

RÁ

(Nec

rópo

lis)

Chan

apat

a

Wic

hqan

aM

uyu

Orqo

PARA

CAS

Mar

cava

lle

HU

AR

PA

NA

SC

AW

aru

PUKA

RA

TRAP

ICHE

Hup

a-Iy

aN

azar

áteg

ui

Junín, PascoIca, AyacuchoHuancavelica

ApurímacCusco

LoretoSan Martín

UcayaliMadre de Dios

Central Andes

Fertile North Arid South

Andes South Central Amazon

TAWANTINSUYO EMPIRE Tawantinsuyo Empire

Wari Empire

Regional States

Regional Development

Formative

Archaic

Lithic Pre-ceramic

Initial Period

Early Horizon

Early Intermediate

Late Intermediate

Late Horizon

Medium HorizonWARI EMPIRE TIWANAKU

22

PACIFIC OCEAN

CHIMBOTE

CHICLAYO

PIURA

TUMBES

TRUJILLO

CAJAMARCA

PUCALLPA

CHACHAPOYAS

HUARAZ

HUÁNUCO

YURIMAGUAS

ECUADOR

COLOMBIA

BRASIL

BOLIVIA

CHILE

IQUITOS

HUACHO

LIMA HUANCAYO

NASCA

AYACUCHO CUSCO

ABANCAY

JULIACA

AREQUIPA

PUNO

Regional capital

The Origin Route

Provincial capital

Unpaved route

Regional limitInternational limit

District capital Town

CaralBandurria

Chavín de Huántar

ParaísoParacas

North Archaeological RouteMoche Route

Huaca RajadaPampa Grande

Tumbas Reales Museum

Huaca del Sol y de la LunaEl Brujo ComplexSan José de MoroTúcumeBatán GrandeChan ChanHuaca El Dragón

The Cloudy Town Route

KuélapRevash

Karajía

MacroLa JalcaLeymebamba MuseumLaguna de los CóndoresLa Congona

Center Archaeological RouteThe Metropolis Ancients’ Route

HuallamarcaMateo Salado

Huaca Pucllana

MarangaParamongaPuruchucoCajamarquillaPachacámac

South Archaeological RouteFeline Route

Cusco City

Limatambo

PikillactaChincheroMarasOllantaytamboMachu Picchu

Nasca LinesCantayocParedonesCahuachiSaywiteChoquequirao

Tipón / OropesaAndahuaylillasRaqchiPucaraSillustani

Route of the Imperial Cities

Others of importance

MarcahuamachucoWiracochapampa

Cajamarca

WariHuanucopampaVilcashuamán

CajamarquillaPachacámacPikillactaChan Chan

Airport, port

Archaeological center

Asphalted road

N

ICA

Routes of prehispanic cultures

12345

6789

101112131415

1617181920212223

2425262728293031

30314014

38394041424344

323334353637

4546474849

5051525354

1

67

9

10 14 15

12 13

11

16

1720

222123

1918

50

51

53

55

54

52

8

2

34

24 2530

31

2729

26

28

5

32 333435

3637

38 3940

41424344

454647

48

49

1000 200 km

55

Airdrome

23

PACIFIC OCEAN

CHIMBOTE

CHICLAYO

PIURA

TUMBES

TRUJILLO

CAJAMARCA

PUCALLPA

CHACHAPOYAS

HUARAZ

HUÁNUCO

YURIMAGUAS

ECUADOR

COLOMBIA

BRASIL

BOLIVIA

CHILE

IQUITOS

HUACHO

LIMA HUANCAYO

NASCA

AYACUCHO CUSCO

ABANCAY

JULIACA

AREQUIPA

PUNO

Regional capital

The Origin Route

Provincial capital

Unpaved route

Regional limitInternational limit


CaralBandurria

Chavín de Huántar

ParaísoParacas

North Archaeological RouteMoche Route

Huaca RajadaPampa Grande


Huaca del Sol y de la LunaEl Brujo ComplexSan José de MoroTúcumeBatán GrandeChan ChanHuaca El Dragón


KuélapRevash

Karajía

MacroLa JalcaLeymebamba MuseumLaguna de los CóndoresLa Congona

Center Archaeological RouteThe Metropolis Ancients’ Route

HuallamarcaMateo Salado

Huaca Pucllana

MarangaParamongaPuruchucoCajamarquillaPachacámac

South Archaeological RouteFeline Route

Cusco City

Limatambo

PikillactaChincheroMarasOllantaytamboMachu Picchu


Tipón / OropesaAndahuaylillasRaqchiPucaraSillustani


Others of importance

MarcahuamachucoWiracochapampa

Cajamarca

WariHuanucopampaVilcashuamán

CajamarquillaPachacámacPikillactaChan Chan

Airport, port

Archaeological center

Asphalted road

N

ICA

Routes of prehispanic cultures

12345

6789

101112131415

1617181920212223

2425262728293031

30314014

38394041424344

323334353637

4546474849

5051525354

1

67

9

10 14 15

12 13

11

16

1720

222123

1918

50

51

53

55

54

52

8

2

34

24 2530

31

2729

26

28

5

32 333435

3637

38 3940

41424344

454647

48

49

1000 200 km

55

Airdrome

24

The Origin Route

25

Chavín de Huántar, Caral, Bandurria, El Paraíso, and Paracas.

This route has the aim of standing out the places that characterize the Andes complex civilization origins and according to several interpretative hypothesis, they point out the places and evolution of the first human groups who gave birth to the great adventure of the Andean civilization, extended along the territory of what is currently Peru. The places where you can see these beginnings are: Chavín de Huántar, Caral, Bandurria, El Paraíso and Paracas.

Chris

Kle

iheg

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26

ÁNCASH

LIMA

ICA

PACIFIC OCEAN

CHIMBOTE

HUARAZ

HUACHO

LIMA

BARRANCA

NASCA

ICA

PISCO

The Origin RouteProvincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Chavín de Huántar

Caral

Bandurria

El Paraíso

Paracas

Bandurria

El Paraíso

Caral

Paracas

Chavín de Huántar

N

2600 2400 2200

CaralChavín

ParacasBandurria

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

b.C. a.C.

800 600 4001000 200 2000

TIME LINE

It is a Group of cemeteries and necropolis associated to Paracas culture. It is presented as a sacred space, very connected to nature (Nature Reserve) whose water gathers a series of hydrobiotic resources.

The archaeological monument of Chavín, consists of a series of solid-look buildings that belonged to temples, due to the religious role that was played there.

Chuquitanta was a religious, political and administrative center of a society of farmers and fishermen. The archaeological site has an extension of 50 hectares. It consists of nine great structures with a great ceremonial square in the central part.

At present, it is being recovered to put a value on it. It stands out the domestic sector (Sector I) that was the first identified area in the archaeological site and its research defined the small-village character of Bandurria.

Caral-Supe represents the most ancient civilization of America, developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India y China. It is a city that belongs to the pre-ceramic period.

1

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

3

4

5

1

2

Detailed area

50 1000 150 km

1

The Origin Route

27

ÁNCASH

LIMA

ICA

PACIFIC OCEAN

CHIMBOTE

HUARAZ

HUACHO

LIMA

BARRANCA

NASCA

ICA

PISCO

The Origin RouteProvincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Chavín de Huántar

Caral

Bandurria

El Paraíso

Paracas

Bandurria

El Paraíso

Caral

Paracas

Chavín de Huántar

N

2600 2400 2200

CaralChavín

ParacasBandurria

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

b.C. a.C.

800 600 4001000 200 2000

TIME LINE

It is a Group of cemeteries and necropolis associated to Paracas culture. It is presented as a sacred space, very connected to nature (Nature Reserve) whose water gathers a series of hydrobiotic resources.

The archaeological monument of Chavín, consists of a series of solid-look buildings that belonged to temples, due to the religious role that was played there.

Chuquitanta was a religious, political and administrative center of a society of farmers and fishermen. The archaeological site has an extension of 50 hectares. It consists of nine great structures with a great ceremonial square in the central part.

At present, it is being recovered to put a value on it. It stands out the domestic sector (Sector I) that was the first identified area in the archaeological site and its research defined the small-village character of Bandurria.

Caral-Supe represents the most ancient civilization of America, developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India y China. It is a city that belongs to the pre-ceramic period.

1

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

3

4

5

1

2

Detailed area

50 1000 150 km

1

The Origin Route

28

Chavín de Huántar

Chavín is one of the most studied archaeological sites of the Peruvian archaeology. Research has even permited

identified it as an occupation place that goes back to the Archaic period, even earlier, in the Lithic period.

The Origin Route

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18L E 261156.89 Spot: HuántarDistrict: Chavín de Huántar

Province: WariRegion: AncashN 8939415.94

Google EarthW 77 10' 36'', S 9 35' 46''

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR

1750 1500

Rocky ShelterCave PaintingSmall VillageReligious Center

Monumental ComplexNecropolisPrincipal Tomb

Excellent

MonumentPre-hispanic CityMonumental Area

Historical CenterCultural SpotColonial City

1800 b.C.

1250

Chavín de Huántar

1000 750 500

b.C. a.C.

250 2500

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

2000

200 b.C.

500 750

Good Regular Bad

Without visible access

ACCESSIBILITY

Pedestrian Road Fluvial or Maritime Car trail

Asphalted road Unpaved road By Plane

Excellent

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Good Regular Bad

It has a site museum and the Museo Nacional de Chavín.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Chavín, 3 141

MetersAboveSeaLevel

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Cusco, 3 399

Huaraz, 3 091 Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

Other names: Castillo de Chavín

Ch

avín

de

Hu

ánta

r

30

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Río Santa

Regional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Chavín deHuántar

Airport, port

Asphalted road

CARHUAZ

RECUAY

CHIQUIÁN

CHACAS

HUARI

LLAMELLÍN

PAUCAS

LLATA

LA UNIÓN

YUNGAY

CARAZ

HUARAZ

ANCASH

JANGAS NATIONAL PARK HUASCARÁN HUÁNTAR

CÁTAC

HUALLANCA

CONOCOCHA

SAN MARCOS

CHAVÍN DEHUÁNTAR

1

1

0 10 20 30 40kmC

hav

ín d

e H

uán

tar

The impressiveness and mystery of Chavín, considered to be the magic-religious center of the most advanced civilization of the preinca age, was built approximately in 1800 b.C. Being given its declension in 200 b.C., within the period known as Formative. Chavín archaeological monument, located in Huantar, Ancash province of Wari, is composed by a set of solid appearance buildings that belonged to temples, due to the religious role that they played. These constructions had a strong batter on its walls, the one which gave them a pyramidal profile. Those buildings were made progressively by adding platforms to their original structures.

Chavín is one of the most studied archaeological zones of the Peruvian archaeology. Research has even permitted identified it as an occupation place that goes back to the Archaic period, even earlier, in the Lithic period (research in La Banda).

32

What calls attention the most is the well-defined functionality of its ceremonial center, the one which is preferably ritual, standing out a set of underground galleries that store offerings brought from different parts of the Andean territory. The most important and studied is the Offering Gallery, investigated since the late 60s by the archaeologist Luis Lumbreras. This has allowed to identify different ethnical groups that gave offerings to the temple, in a very complex ritual that included the intentional breaking

of high quality iconographic vessels in a systematic and organized way. It is also notable the lanzón gallery which constitutes a central point in almost all the ceremonial complex and holds the monolith The Lanzón, represented by a feline in an aggressive attitude. Other remarkable galleries are: The Cantilever gallery, which is the biggest, and the Conches gallery, where 21 strombus offerings, carved some of them, were recently identified and they were used as important ritual musical instruments.

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Geographical means

Chavín was developed in the narrow valley of Callejón de Conchucos, formed by the Mosna river, which is fed with the thaws from the White mountain range and leads its water towards the Marañón river.Two mountainous chains separate Chavín from the sea: the White and the Black nountain ranges; and there are two other mountainous chains that separate it from the Amazon jungle: the central, which rises between the Marañón and the Huallaga basins, and the eastern, which establishes the water separation between the Huallaga and the Ucayali rivers. This geographical situation creates serious Communication difficulties among the villages which are settled there, whose relative proximity is measured by the irregularity of the ground. Chavín is located in a crucial east-west and north-south connection point of an extensive territory. It is a sort of “road knot” of a region that covers the coast and the highlands of Lambayeque, La Libertad, Cajamarca, Ancash, Huánuco and Lima. Furthermore, from Chavín, you can reach the Amazon jungle by following the course of the Marañón river. According to Antonio Raimondi (1873: 205), in the XIX Century, he kept on the export of maize to Huaraz and Huamalies (Huánuco) and flour to Huánuco and Cerro de Pasco, in the same way, as a coastal man, he went there to get cattle every year. He also remarks that there is gold in the district of Uco, near the mouth of the Marañón. Chavín is located over an alluvial terrace, associated to a greater river, the Pukcha, that flows down from the south, and a tributary, the Wacheqsa, that flows down abruptly from the White Mountain Range, whose eastern foothills hold it.

Ch

avín

de

Hu

ánta

r

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CaralCaral-Supe represents the most ancient civilization in America. It was developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. It is a monumental architectural complex that belongs to

the archaic period.It covers an area of approximately 66 hectares and it is believed that at a certain time, it held

about 3 thousand inhabitants.

Chris

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The Origin Route

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18L E 224359.79 Spot: ChupacigarroDistrict: Supe

Province: BarrancaRegion: LimaN 8795017.3

Google EarthW 77 31' 21'', S 10 53' 35''


CARAL

2600 2400



Excellent



2500 b.C. 1600 b.C.

2200

Caral

2000 1800 1600

b.C. a.C.

200 200 4000

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

600 800

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY


Asphalted road Unpaved road

Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an interpretation center and an archaeological office.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Caral, 357

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399Huaraz, 3 091 Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

Others names: Centro Ceremonial de Caral - Centro Ceremonial de Chupacigarro B

Car

al

36

For about a decade, the result of some archaeological research, has led to the conclusion that the buildings of Caral, located in Supe valley in Lima, represent the most ancient civilization in America. It was developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. Visitors and students can admire this complex that belongs to the archaic period and covers an area of approximately 66 hectares. It is believed that at a certain time, it held about 3 thousand inhabitants. The research in Caral has determined that it is a monumental complex of

ceremonial type that presents in its evidences a great deal of information of the first settlers’ lifestyle of this zone, preferably fishermen and shellfish collectors, apart from being connected to rituals associated to music and fire. The constructions of Caral complex are of different magnitude and functions. So far, 6 pyramidal buildings have been identified and a set of middle-sized and small-sized constructions such as temples, residential areas, public squares, amphitheatres, warehouses, a circular coliseum, tombs, altars and streets.In accordance with its main researchers,

Chris

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The Origin Route

37

commanded by the archaeologist Ruth Shady, the buildings in Caral, that occupy 66 hectares, have a core zone and an outlying ones. In the core zone, you can appreciate the pyramidal constructions, a sunken circular Square, two areas for massive public meetings, apart from the officials’ domestic and storing units, and an amphitheater. Meanwhile, in the outlying zone, there are groups of houses along the valley. It is amazing to see how they made

great buildings with the bag system (Shicras), filled with pebbles, creating such solid enough, antiseismic stuff that let them raise great platforms. This is the most remarkable of the site. What is more, it was an experimental place of sea product processing as well as the beginnings of plant and animals’ domestication. That is why it takes part of the route, for being the most extensive and studied place about the origins of civilization in Peru.

Río Huaura

Río Pativilca

Río Supe

BARRANCA

HUACHO

PACIFICOCEAN

CARAL

PARAMONGA

SUPE PORT

PATIVILCA

SUPE

HUAURA

VÉGUETA

PANAMERICANA ROAD


Unpaved route

Provincial limit

District capitalTown

Caral

LOMAS DE LACHAYNATIONAL RESERVE

Airport, port

0 10 20kmSAYÁN

COCHAMARCA

COCHAS

Asphalted road

N

2

2

LIMA

Car

al

38

Luis

Gam

ero

/ PR

OM

PER

UCh

ris K

leih

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The Origin Route

39

Car

al

Geographical means

The lack of water of the river Supe for most of the year and the scarce soil land suggest interesting questions about the support of the great ceremonial civic centers of early dating. It is evident that the geographical conditions, apparently unfavourable at present, wouldn’t have been like that then. Being Supe a small valley, without much gradient, they could have taken advantage of the water of the river by means of small irrigation channels, furthermore, the freatic layer is very close to the surface. Nowadays, some lagoons and ponds can even be formed in some depressions, covered with vegetation. In the drought period, the plantations are watered by means of channels fed by the reception wells of this water source from the subsoil.The natural resources are very rich and varied. The valley gives life to a dense natural vegetation, which still exists in some strongholds, called «riverside mount», the one which is a real wood tangled by tree and herbaceous plants, such as huarango, caña brava, annato, guava, pacae, etc. It has a typically coastal flora, which holds a variety of birds, viscachas and deers that used to cover great extensions of the valley a few years ago.

On the other hand, the hills of the andean chain, have a border with both banks of the valley, turning into hillocks during the winter Season and they are still used by the settlers, who get through them in order to look for deers and viscachas. It is possible that in the past, they covered a much larger extension offering vegetable and animal resources, as well as the extensive swamps that are still there.

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Bandurria

Bandurria is an extensive ceremonial center, spread along 54 hectares. It has its origins in the Archaic period. At

present, a group of researchers are working there to make it worthwhile.

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Ban

du

rria

18L E 217293.53 Spot: Playa ChicaDistrict: Huacho

Province: HuauraRegion: LimaN 8762078.5

Google EarthW 77 35' 19'', S 11 11' 12''


BANDURRIA



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It presents minimal signposting and an archaeological campsite.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Bandurria, 28

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

2600 2400

2500 b.C.

2200

Bandurria

2000 1800 1600

b.C. a.C.

1400 1200 2000

1430 b.C.

400 600

42

Bandurria archaeological site, is located at 141 kilometer of Panamericana Norte highway, on the Northern-Central Coast and consists of an extensive ceremonial center, spread along 54 hectares. It has its origins in the Archaic period. At present, a group of researchers are working there to make it worthwhile.Bandurria is composed by a domestic sector (Sector I), which was the first

identified whose investigation defined the village character of this important place. This sector belongs to an up to five meter-deep densely domestic occupation that has residential structures and remains of food and daily activities that have been accumulated throughout the time.Unfortunately, Santa Rosa irrigation destroyed two thirds of this zone, and devastated archaeological evidence.

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43

Río Huaura

Río Ch

anca

y

Río Supe

BARRANCA

HUACHO

HUARAL

PACIFICOCEAN

CARAL COCHAMARCANAVAN

CAUJULSUPE PORT

PATIVILCA

SUPE

HUAURA

Bandurria

Bandurria

CHANCAY

PANAMERICANA ROAD


Unpaved route

Provincial limit



Airport, port

0 10 20km

SAYÁN

Asphalted road

N

3

3

LIMA

Ban

du

rria

On the other hand, the sector of Monumental architecture (Sector II) exists, composed by main mounds that represent a very pronounced relief, with an average height from 10 to 15 meters. You can also observe that the sides of several of these mounds are quite regular, denoting the presence of underlying structures. It is probable that several sides of these mounds present terraced façades, and these projections constitute platforms detached to their mounds. In addition to these rounds, there are several emerges of ash hills and shell hills located in open, flat spaces that are around them associated with small stone alignments that must belong to emerging walls too, the ones which would indicate the connection of housing areas (maybe, elite residences), with the pyramids and buildings of the monumental area.

The mounds and pyramids were built by using as main raw material pebbles Joint with mud mortar to raise the Retailing walls of the platforms and the stairs of the pyramids. The use of pebbles, is singular and distintive of Bandurria, as the other contemporary archaeological sites related to this place were built by using

44

blocks of carved stones. Though, in the neighbouring site of Áspero, there is a constructional phase, in which, pebble was also used as raw material. Another distinctive element of Bandurria is the absence of “shicras” as a platform stuff technique, which was commonly used by contemporary sites of the central, north-central and

north coast of Peru. The “shicra” is a knitted bag as a net by using vegetal fibers (reed or totora). It was used to hold a large quantity of earth and stones. On the other hand, in Bandurria the stuff was placed directly by using grave, rubble and sand. (Chu Barrera 2008).

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Ban

du

rria

Geographical means

The first humans who settled the Peruvian territory by 12 000 b.C. Found an ecosystem different from the current one. Around the year 3 800 b.C., The cold current of the Pacific, the Humboldt current, approaches the Peruvian coast and rises until latitude 5° south, transforming the Peruvian coast weather from tropical to mild, attracting at the same time, very close to the beach cold water fish such as anchovy, that became the basis of food of the coast villages in that historical period.

For some researchers such as Michael Moseley, it was the fish abundance, brought by the Humboldt current, that allowed the sedentarism of the human groups on the coast of Peru, before the use of agriculture as a means of subsistence (Moseley 1975). This proposal has been accepted by many other researchers, such as the Peruvian archaeologist Alejandro Chu, who reaffirms that the subsistence base don fishing and marine collection, permitted the construction of permanente settlemens and the emerge of monumental architecture, postulating Bandurria as one of the first and the most ancient (Chu Barrera 2008).

However, as the same archaeologist reports, they also used and consumed other crops, but they couldn’t compete with the marine products. These crops were fruit, tubers, mate (pumpkin) and especially cotton, which was used to knit nets and fishing string.

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Ceremonial Center Paraíso -Chuquitanta-

Paraíso has an extension of 50 hectares and consists of nine great structures with a large ceremonial square in the central part. The main temple reaches up to 5 m high and in its height period, about 1800 years b.C. It was lit up and

perhaps with polychromed walls.

Wal

ter H

upiu

The Origin Route

47

18L E 269309.75 Spot: District: Chillón

Province: LimaRegion: LimaN 8677653.22

Google EarthW 77 07' 06'', S 11 57' 14''


PARAÍSO



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Paraíso, 73

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

Other names: Chuquitanta

2600 2400

2500 b.C. 1600 b.C.

2200

Paraíso

2000 1800 1600

b.C. a.C.

200 200 4000 600 800

Par

aíso

48

Located in Lima district of Chillon, Chuquitanta was a religious, political and administrative center of a society of farmers and fishermen at the end of the late Archaid period. The archaeological site is formed by a group of eight buildings in and extension of 50 hectares and it has nine great structures with a great ceremonial square in the central part. The main temple is more than 400 m long and, 100 m wide and its stone walls, reach up to 5 m high. In its height period, about 1800 years b.C. It was plastered and possibly with polychromed murals.

A few years ago, Chuquitanta temple was considered to be the most ancient sanctuary on the Peruvian coast, but 2001, it was known the antiquity of Caral Main Temple, 2600 b.C. However, due to its monumentality, its particular architecture on stone and because of its special floor, it deserves to be included in this tour as everything indicates that this place hasn’t been thoroughly assessed and it could show older evidences than the current ones, becoming in this way, in one of the foundational sites of the central coast culture origins.

Wal

ter H

upiu

The Origin Route

49

Río Huaura

Río Ch

anca

y

Río C

hillón

Río Supe

BARRANCA

HUACHO

LIMA

HUARAL

PACIFICOCEAN

CARAL COCHAMARCANAVAN

CAUJULSUPE PORT

PATIVILCA

SUPE

HUAURA

Paraíso

CHANCAY

ANCÓN

SANTA ROSA

TRAPICHE

PARAÍSO

CIENEGUILLA

CHOSICA

YANGAS

ACOS

Capital regionalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit



Airport, port

0 10 20km

SAYÁN

Asphalted road

N

44

LIMA

Par

aíso

Geographical means

The inhabitants of Paraíso, settled down in a coastal valley which was very bountiful for agriculture and a few kilometres away from the sea. That’s why their main activity was fishing, especially shell collecting. The enormous abundance of this resource, allowed them to support such a large population that it held and give them economic stability. Weaving and basketry were two activities broadly spread in Paraíso, in general, in all the pre-ceramic places. The rugs are all made of white or brown cotton. Sometimes, they are both mixed up getting a decorative aspect. Farming was an activity that completed the marine diet. They grew butter bean, bean and pumpkin, and mainly: cotton. The collection of wild fruit, roots and tubers, as well as the hunt of wild animals, close the circle of this well balanced diet they were fed with.

50

Paracas

It is a set of cemeteries and necropolises from the Formative period associated to Paracas Culture. It

presents itself as a sacred place. It is linked to nature. In its water, there are a series of hydrobiotic resources that

differ the peninsula considerably from the wholecoastal desert.

Jacq

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Ros

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PER

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The Origin Route

51

Par

acas

18L E 362190.08 Spot: Bahía Paracas District: Paracas

Province: PiscoRegion: IcaN 8466588.89

Google Earth

Other names: Necrópolis de Arena Blanca, Cabeza Larga, Warikayan and Cerro Colorado

W 76 16' 31'', S 13 52' 02''


PARACAS

300 200

200 b.C. 600 a.C.



Excellent



100

Paracas

0 100 200

b.C. a.C.

300 500400

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

400 600 700

Good Regular Bad


ACCESIBILIDAD



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an on-site museum and a visit circuit.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Paracas, 26

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

52

Paracas magnificence and history are necessarily associated with the scientist Julio C. Tello, known as “The father of Peruvian archaeology”, who discovered this set of cemeteries and necropolises from the Formative period connected to Paracas culture. It was doctor Tello, who between the years 1925 and 1930, identified and characterized this culture, famous for its beautiful polychrom mantles, which were given to know worldwide. Paracas, located in the bay of the same name, in the iqueña province of Pisco, presents itself as a sacred place. It is linked to nature, as it is part of a Nature Reserve, whose water meets a series

of hydrobiotic resources that differ the peninsula considerably from the whole coastal desert. In these cemeteries, the men from Paracas culture were identified in two well-defined phases: Paracas Caverns and Paracas Necropolis. The first ones had bottle-shaped burials, with a tubular entrance and gathering real mausoleums of bundles where the instruments related to vessel offerings with very representative post - firing stand out. The second phase, Necropolis, presents more superficial structures, defined by their pebble and/or caliche walls, gathering a large number of better prepared bundles.

Jacq

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Ros

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OM

PER

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The Origin Route

53

Par

acas

PISCOSAN ANDRÉS

SAN CLEMENTE

GUADALUPE

HUMAY

PACIFICOCEAN

PARACAS

Regional capital Provincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


PARACASNATIONAL RESERVE

Airport, port

0 10 20km

Asphalted road

N

5

Paracas5

ICA

Arch

ivo

PRO

MPE

RU

54

In this case, about 476 funerary packets have been identified, the ones which are wrapped up with fine textiles that represent a notable iconography of this culture. Archaeological

studies establish along the whole Paracas peninsula, a remarkable sector of Paracas early evidences and Pre Paracas that still need to be investigated.

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Par

acas

Geographical means

Paracas society occupied the valleys of Chincha, Pisco, Ica and Río Grande on the south coast of Peru. This zone is a deserted territory, with hot dry weather in summer, and slightly humid in winter. The society survived thanks to the fishing, hunting fruit and shell collecting and the growing of their valleys. To counteract the limitations that the environment offered for the development of agriculture, the Paracas used an agricultural technique known as hollows or sunken fields. This technique consisted of digging a hole till humid ground was reached, which was necessary to grow. Additionally, irrigation channels, which started from a water inlet, located in the upper part of the valley to the rest of it, were built.

Paracas National Reserve is a unique place on the Peruvian coast due to its exceptional biological diversity, generated by the Humboldt current and the coastal outcrop, making of this sea one of the most productive and rich in the world. In this natural space, we can find 216 species of birds, more than 180 species of fish and 20 species of cetaceans. Furthermore, the reserve also has cultural and historical values that are evident in 114 registered archaeological sites, which are the testimonies of the successful interaction between the ancient inhabitants of Paracas and the sea. Paracas National Reserve is the only protected national area of Peru that keeps a sample of the coastal marine ecosystem and it was declared Ramsar Site by the wetland Convention, of International importance in 1991.

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Archaeological North Route

57

The archaeological richness in the north of Peru has canalized a fluent tourist current with the aim of letting know the monumental and artistic richness of other cultures different from the Inca, the ones which settled down in this area of the country. It is true that the referent of the Moche Route is being implemented successfully in this region, it is also valuable the Cloudy Wood, which was the ecological place, chosen by Chachapoyas prehispanic society to establish their domains by the year 1000 a.C.There, recent works on the monumental architecture are preparing the conditions to become a new pole of tourist attraction in the archaeological field. For this reason, it is interesting to intertwine the existing routes, to offer them to the thousands of tourists that arrive in this region.

Mic

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6

7

8

9

12

13

14

15

10

Moche Route

Moche RouteProvincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Tumbas RealesHuaca RajadaPampa GrandeSol y LunaEl BrujoSan José de MoroTúcumeBatán GrandeChan ChanHuaca El Dragón

6789

1112131415

10

5025 750 100 km

LA LIBERTAD

LAMBAYEQUE

TRUJILLO MOCHEHUANCHACO

Detailed area

6

7

9

8

10

11

1213

14 15

PACIFIC OCEAN

Pampa Grande

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna

Huaca Rajada

El Brujo Complex

San José de Moro


N

1200 1000 800

Sipán - Huaca Rajada

Chan Chan - El DragónPampa Grande

Huacas del Sol y de la LunaTúcume

600 400 200 0 200 600 800 1000400 1200 16001400

TIME LINEb.C. a.C.

This is perhaps the principal thematic museum that exists in our country. It houses the collections recovered from the place Huaca Rajada, in charge of the archaeologist Walter Alva.

It is a monument made of adobe bricks that belongs to the period of the Regional Developments expressed by Moche culture.

It is an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it spreads until Wari period.

In this monumental group stands out two truncated pyramids or with platforms, with sacred spaces in their interior.

Famous walls that represent scenes and iconographies of a religious worship sustained in the vital element of human blood.

It stands out the priestess’ tomb of San José de Moro, the one which shows an impressive funeral trousseau which gave support to the study of the iconographic interpreta-tion.

Túcume

Batán Grande

Chan Chan

Huaca El Dragón

Other important places

CHICLAYOLAMBAYEQUE

TÚCUME

GUADALUPE

ZAÑA

CHONGOYAPE

CAJAMARCA

MAGDALENA DE CAO

El Brujo - San José de Moro

11

59

6

7

8

9

12

13

14

15

10

Moche Route

Moche RouteProvincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Tumbas RealesHuaca RajadaPampa GrandeSol y LunaEl BrujoSan José de MoroTúcumeBatán GrandeChan ChanHuaca El Dragón

6789

1112131415

10

5025 750 100 km

LA LIBERTAD

LAMBAYEQUE

TRUJILLO MOCHEHUANCHACO

Detailed area

6

7

9

8

10

11

1213

14 15

PACIFIC OCEAN

Pampa Grande


Huaca Rajada

El Brujo Complex

San José de Moro


N

1200 1000 800

Sipán - Huaca Rajada

Chan Chan - El DragónPampa Grande

Huacas del Sol y de la LunaTúcume

600 400 200 0 200 600 800 1000400 1200 16001400

TIME LINEb.C. a.C.

This is perhaps the principal thematic museum that exists in our country. It houses the collections recovered from the place Huaca Rajada, in charge of the archaeologist Walter Alva.

It is a monument made of adobe bricks that belongs to the period of the Regional Developments expressed by Moche culture.

It is an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it spreads until Wari period.

In this monumental group stands out two truncated pyramids or with platforms, with sacred spaces in their interior.

Famous walls that represent scenes and iconographies of a religious worship sustained in the vital element of human blood.

It stands out the priestess’ tomb of San José de Moro, the one which shows an impressive funeral trousseau which gave support to the study of the iconographic interpreta-tion.

Túcume

Batán Grande

Chan Chan

Huaca El Dragón


CHICLAYOLAMBAYEQUE

TÚCUME

GUADALUPE

ZAÑA

CHONGOYAPE

CAJAMARCA

MAGDALENA DE CAO

El Brujo - San José de Moro

11

All the splendor and richness of this civilization is present in this archaeological tour that selects Moche culture’s principal height sites, the one which was developed from 100 b.C. to 300 a.C. This period corresponds to the Regional Developments in the Andes. It is amazing the funerary evidences of great complexity and ritualism and the representations of embossed friezes of gods and the Moche governors’ special scenes.

In this route, we can find important places such as the Tumbas Reales de Sipán Museum, Huaca Rajada, Pampa Grande, Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, El Brujo Complex and San José de Moro.

60

Moche Route

Tumbas Reales de Sipán Museum

It holds the collections that were recoverered in Huaca Rajada place. In the mid-1980s, the news of a scandalous pillage, forced the specialists of the Brünning Museum to perform works of archaeological rescue, the ones which

allowed to identify one of the most amazing funerary contexts that has been identified in the world.

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Tum

bas

Rea

les

de S

ipán

17M E 621648.55 Spot: District: Lambayeque

Province: LambayequeRegion: LambayequeN 9258717.12

Google EarthW 79 53' 58'', S 6 42' 19''


MUSEO NACIONAL TUMBAS REALES DE SIPÁN



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has a museum, a research center and craft workshops.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Tumbas Reales, 18

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

300 200 100

Sipán

100

0 600 a.C.

200

b.C. a.C.

300 5004000400 600 700

62

This is perhaps, the principal theme museum in the country. Its spectacular architecture looks like Moche pyramids. It holds the collections that were recovered in Huaca Rajada place, in charge of the archaeologist Walter Alva. Remember that in the mid-1980s, the news of scandalous pillage forced the specialists of the Brünning Museum to perform works of archaeological rescue, the ones which allowed to identify one of the most amazing funerary contexts that has been identified in the world. In this way, two big mausoleums have been able to be recovered: The “old” and the “new” Lord of Sipán. All these evidences that have been conserved and restored, are shown permanently in this museum, which is especially prepared for these wonderful pieces. The beginning of the tour Moche Route, might well start from this point, as a starting place to understand the whole complexity of Moche society.

Myl

ene

D’A

urio

l / P

RO

MPE

RU

Mic

hael

Tw

eddl

e / P

RO

MPE

RU

Dan

iel S

ilva

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OM

PER

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Moche Route

63

Río Reque

LAMBAYEQUE

MÓRROPE

CHEPÉN

FERREÑAFE

CHICLAYO

PACIFICOCEAN

ZAÑAETEN PORT

CHÉRREPE

PIMENTEL

SAN JOSÉ

BATÁN GRANDE

TÚCUME

Tumbas Reales

Regional capital Provincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

6

6

LAMBAYEQUE

Tum

bas

Rea

les

de S

ipán

Wal

ter S

ilver

a / P

RO

MPE

RU

64

Huaca Rajada, Sipán

This archaeological site has this name because of the cut it suffered during an old pillage: Huaca Rajada. Later, it

was modified by muchik: Sipán, as it is known now.

Wal

ter W

ust /

PR

OM

PER

U

Moche Route

65

Hu

aca

Raj

ada

17M E 0654542 Spot: Huaca Rajada District: Zaña

Province: ChiclayoRegion: LambayequeN 9247980

Google EarthW 79 36'06'', S 6 48' 05''


HUACA RAJADA, SIPÁN

300 200



Excellent



100

Huaca Rajada

100

0 600 a.C.

200

b.C. a.C.

300 5004000

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

400 600 700

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It also has a small information center assossiated to the Museo de Tumbas Reales, located in the cityof Lambayeque.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Huaca Rajada, 92

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

66

This archaeological site has this name because of the cut it suffered before with the aim of being pillaged -Huaca Rajada-, which was modified by the name in muchik language, Sipán, as it is known at present. This monument or pyramid is composed by adobe brick constructions, with several architectural spaces and volumes such as squares, terraces that belonged to the Regional Development period represented by Moche Culture (± 0 to 600 a.C.).The one that outstands of Huaca Rajada is the presence of a series of tombs of ancient local Moche lords, as it was the beginning of one of the best stages of archaeological research on the North Coast, from then and on, they have found many intact tombs. The site museum Huaca Rajada - Sipán, has been built next to the archaeological zone. It was designed in base of the most modern museography techniques regarding to exhibition, conservation, restoration and safety. The place includes a laboratory, basic services and a police station.It takes part of the Moche Route, for being a resting place of a lineage of Moche governors, the one which allows, from its archaeological research, to rebuild many representative aspects of this prehispanic society.

Wal

ter W

ust

Moche Route

67

Río Reque

Río Jequetepeque

LAMBAYEQUE

CHEPÉN

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

FERREÑAFE

CHICLAYO

PACIFICOCEAN

ZAÑA

MOCUPE

CAYALTÍ

TUMÁN PÁTAPO

ETEN PORT

CHÉRREPE PACANGA

GUADALUPE

JEQUETEPEQUE

SAN JOSÉ

PIMENTEL

SAN JOSÉ


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

Huaca Rajada

LAMBAYEQUE

HuacaRajada

7

7

Hu

aca

Raj

ada

Beat

rice

Vela

rde

68

Pampa Grande

It is an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it spreads until Wari period

(± 0 to 800 a.C.). Perhaps it is the largest site of Moche society.

Beat

rice

Vela

rde

Moche Route

69

Pam

pa

Gra

nd

e

17M E 668613.17 Spot: Pampa Grande District: Chongoyape

Province: ChiclayoRegion: LambayequeN 9252241.12

Google EarthW 79 28' 28'', S 6 45' 45''


PAMPA GRANDE



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Pampa Grande, 210

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

200 100

Pampa Grande

100

0 800 a.C.

200

b.C. a.C.300 5004000 600 700 800 900

It has no services.

Pam

pa

Gra

nd

e

70

Wal

ter W

ust

Moche Route

71

The amazing monumentality of this archaeological complex is near the wells of water that are Lambayeque valley basin, where the Moches developed irrigation channel systems for their use.It is considered that Pampa Grande was an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it Spreads until Wari period (± 0 to 800 a.C.). Perhaps it is the largest site of Moche society. It was composed by large places made of stone and adobe brick. The central part, is fortified, and represents the civic-ceremonial sector, the one which has the two largest pyramid buildings of the complex. The first one has an area of 140 sqm and is 35 m high. The other one has an area of 70 sqm and is 37 m high. This complex also presents two large sectors or domestic areas full of stone and mud structures, forming real neighbourhoods adjacent to the civic-ceremonial sector. It takes part of Moche Route for its extention, monumentality and because it is extensive evidence of a settlement of this culture.

Río Reque

Río Jequetepeque

LAMBAYEQUE

CHEPÉN

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

FERREÑAFE

CHICLAYO

PACIFICOCEAN

ZAÑA

MOCUPE

CAYALTÍ

TUMÁN PÁTAPO

CHONGOYAPE

ETEN PORT

CHÉRREPEPACANGA

GUADALUPE

JEQUETEPEQUE

PACASMAYOSAN JOSÉ

PIMENTEL

SAN JOSÉ


PampaGrande

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

Pampa Grande

LAMBAYEQUE

8

8

Pam

pa

Gra

nd

eP

amp

a G

ran

de

72

Huacas del Sol yde la Luna

The research performed at the Huacas del Sol y la Luna complex, have determined that they were the center of power of the mochicas, whose extension area covers

about 60 hectares.

Césa

r A. V

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Moche Route

73

Huac

as d

el S

ol y

de

la L

una

17L E 721216.82 Spot: La Campiña District: Moche

Province: TrujilloRegion: La LibertadN 9100468.71

Google EarthW 78 59' 26'', S 8 08' 05''


HUACAS DEL SOL Y DE LA LUNA



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good

It has an information center on site, as well as signage in its visit tour.

Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, 36

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

1000 750

800 b.C. 1600 a.C.

500


250

b.C. a.C.250 7505000 1000 1250 1500 1750

74

The research performed at the Huacas del Sol y de la Luna complex, have determined that they were the center of power of the mochicas, whose extensión area covers about 60 hectares.This monumental complex is composed by several terraced pyramids made by adobe bricks, squares, roads, with a large occupation that started from the Formative period (± 800 b.C.) to the Transitional period (± 1600 a.C.), but the most notable belongs to the Regional Development period with Moche Culture (± 0 to 800 a.C.).The things that outstand in this complex are the two truncated pyramids, with platforms, sacred spaces inside, and with a series of important redesignings that have been known for many years

as Huacas del Sol y de La Luna. At present, the del Sol pyramid has an implementation programme of investigation and conservation, but it still has a restricted tour only to scientists; but the Huaca de la Luna is the one that has a larger investigated, consolidated and conserved exhibition area, which has generated a wide visit tour for everybody. The thing that attracts the attention the most is the exhibition of varied polychromed fritzes representing gods and divinities of the Moche’s religious world. It takes part of the Moche Route for the monumentality of its fritzes, furthermore, because it is one of the principal representative and investigated places of this culture.

Césa

r A. V

ega

Moche Route

75

Huac

as d

el S

ol y

de

la L

una

Río Chicama

ASCOPE

VIRÚ

TRUJILLO

PACIFICOCEAN

SANTIAGO DE CAO

SALAVERRY

HUANCHACO

MAGDALENA DE CAO

CHOCOPE

CHICAMA

CHAO

PAIJÁNCHICAMA

Huacas del Soly de la Luna


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted roadN

0 10 20 30km

LA LIBERTAD

9

9

Wal

ter W

ust

76

El Brujo Archaeological Complex

The thing that outstands in this monumental complex is the presence of not only the famous walls, that represent iconographic scenes of a religious worship supported in the vital element of human blood, but also for the latest

findings related to female characters of Moche elite.

Dan

iel S

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Moche Route

77

El B

rujo

17M E 687014.05 Spot: El Brujo District: Magadalena de Cao

Province: AscopeRegion: La LibertadN 9124833.62

Google EarthW 79 18' 13'', S 7 54' 54''


EL BRUJO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good

It has a system of small information centers in the same place, as well as an acceptable signpostingin its visit circuit. The Cao Museum has recently been implemented.

Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0El Brujo, 10

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

200 100

El Brujo

100 200b.C. a.C.

300 5004000

0 600 a.C.

600 700 800 900

78

This mythical archaeological complex is composed by the Huaca Prieta in the south extreme, the Huaca Cao Viejo and the Huaca El Brujo, which are the most remarkable buildings in this part of the north of Peru. It is composed by several terraced pyramids made of abobe brick, and public spaces with a large occupation that starts from the Lithic (± 20000 b.C.), Archaic (± 6000 to 2000 b.C.) with the important site of Huaca Prieta, and its occupation reaches until the colonial period (± 1532 to 1821 a.C.).But the most notable occupation, currently known of this part of the country belongs to the Regional Developments period with Moche Culture (± 0 to 600 a.C.) with the monumental complex of El Brujo.The thing that outstands of this monumental complex is the presence of not only the famous walls that

represent iconographic scenes of a religious worship supported in the vital element of human blood, which is a characteristic of Moche culture, but also for the latest findings related to female characters of Moche elite. This is a topic that is recently being investigated. It seems to be that one of these women was of the highest class because of her skin decorated with paint and tatoos, apart from a magnificent trousseau and objects she was buried with. This woman, called the Lady of Cao, is shown at the redesigned Museum, where you can also see Moche’s textiles and ceramics.It takes part of the Moche Route, because it also stands out another place of complex iconographic representation in its polychromed fritzes.

Dan

iel S

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Moche Route

79

Río Chicama

ASCOPE

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

VIRÚ

TRUJILLO

PACIFICOCEAN SANTIAGO DE CAO

SALAVERRY

HUANCHACO

MAGDALENA DE CAO

CHOCOPE

CHICAMA

CHAO

PAIJÁNCHICAMA

El BrujoRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

LA LIBERTAD

10

10

El B

rujo

Wal

ter W

ust

80

San José de Moro

From all the tombs, the most remarkable is the priestess of San José de Moro tomb, the one which not only has an

impressive funerary trousseau, but it also gave more support to the study of the iconographic interpretation

related to the matter of genre which had never been registered or published before up to the moment of its finding.

Myl

ene

D’A

urio

l

Moche Route

81

San

Jo

sé d

e M

oro

17M E 672500.19 Spot: San José de Moro District: Guadalupe

Province: PacasmayoRegion: La LibertadN 9205872.61

Google EarthW 79 26' 16'', S 7 10' 57''


SAN JOSÉ DE MORO



Excellente



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent

It has a system of small information centres in the same place, as well as an acceptablesignposting in its visit circuit.


Good Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

San José del Moro, 122

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

200 100

San José del Moro

100 200b.C. a.C.

300 5004000 600

0 600 a.C.

700 800 900

82

San José de Moro is a small community located on the bank of the river Chamán in Jequetepeque valley, to the north of the city of Chepén, which is a region of La Libertad, on the Peruvian northern coast. This place holds one of the most important cemeteries and ceremonial centres of Moche society and subsequent cultures. This archaeological site is an extensive hill that rises over the farming fields of the area, on which you can find several

mounds dating from prehispanic periods. The most important findings have been great chamber tombs, two of them contained the priestesses of the “Sacrifice Ceremony”, through the excavations performed in 1991 and 1992. Everything indicates that it is about a woman who took part in the sacrifice rituals by presenting a vase that contained the victims’ blood. Her presence symbolize reproduction in her society.

Myl

ene

D’A

urio

l

Moche Route

83

Río Jequetepeque

Gallito Ciegodam

CHEPÉN

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

MOCUPE

TUMÁNCHICLAYO

PACIFICOCEAN

PUERTO ETÉN

OYOTÚN

NANCHOC

BOLÍVAR

ZAÑA

PÁTAPO

CAYALTÍ

CHÉRREPE

JEQUETEPEQUE

PACASMAYO

GUADALUPE

PACANGA

SAN JOSÉ

TEMBLADERA

REQUEMONSEFÚPIMENTEL

SAN JOSÉ

SAN JOSÉ

CHICAMA

San Joséde Moro


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

LA LIBERTAD

11

11

San

Jo

sé d

e M

oro

Myl

ene

D’A

urio

l

84

Túcume

The monumentality is given by great pyramids made of adobe tricks, platforms, stuff, finish with adobe bricks and

quincha structures, plaster that some time was painted contrasting with the green of Pomac wood and the

agricultural zones.

Moche Route, other important

Dan

iel S

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/ PR

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U

85

Tú

cum

e

17M E 628078 Spot: District: Túcume

Province: LambayequeRegion: LambayequeN 9279301

Google EarthW 79 50'40" S 6 30'50"


TÚCUME



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent

It has one of the best on-site museums of America and a good craft center. It also has nearbyaccommodation at all prices.


Good Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Túcume, 60

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

200 0

Complejo Arqueológico Túcume

700

700 a.C. 1350 a.C.

800 900 11001000100 1200 1300 1400

b.C. a.C.

Other names: Túcume, Huaca Larga, Huaca de las cornisas, Illimo, Mochumí, Pomac, Huaca el oro, Cerro Purgatorio

86

The Pyramids of Tucume are one of the principal monumental centres of the northern region of the country. The archaeological complex has an extension of 220 hectares. It is surrounded by fertile farming areas and by the hamlets of la Raya and San

Antonio.In the center, it is located the Sacred Mountain known as La Raya or Purgatorio hill. It has a beautiful view of the valley. Furthermore, it is surrounded by 26 pyramidal buildings made of adobe tricks that had different

Myl

ene

D’A

urio

l / P

RO

MPE

RU

Myl

ene

D’A

urio

l / P

RO

MPE

RU


87

Tú

cum

e

Río Reque

LAMBAYEQUE

MÓRROPE

CHEPÉN

FERREÑAFE

CHICLAYOPACIFICOCEAN

ZAÑAETEN PORT

CHÉRREPE

PIMENTEL

SAN JOSÉ

BATÁN GRANDE

TÚCUME

TúcumeRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

12

12

LAMBAYEQUE

functions, from ritual and housing to big warehouses. The construction of these pyramids or huacas started in the VII century being the year 700 a.C. When the first “Callac” buildings were founded, descendants from Naylamp.In its surroundings we can see other huacas such as: Huaca Larga, Las Estacas, La Raya, Del Pueblo, Las Balsas, Huacal; los Gavilanes and las Grandes, etc.Among them, it stands out Huaca Larga which is 280 m long and 30 m

wide. It had a local importance for the Chimús and then for the Incas, who used it as a center of political power, by building successive superimposed temples such as the Ave Mítica Temple and the Inca Temple. Furthermore, it is the Inca Temple which is located in the central upper part, superimposed over the Ave Mítica Temple in Huaca Larga. It presents a corridor where an Inca administrator burial was discovered with two male companions and 16 weaver women.

88

Batán Grande

It is believed that it was the development center of Lambayeque or Sicán culture. The development of

this culture took place by the year 750 a.C., having as influence and background the local Mochica culture, as

well as contemporary cultures from other regions, such as Cajamarca and Wari.

Mag

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89

Bat

án G

ran

de

17M E 648900 Spot: District: Pitipo

Province: FerreñafeRegion: LambayequeN 9281787

Google EarthW 79.653433° S 6.495866°


BATÁN GRANDE



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent

It has a modern museum in the form of truncated pyramid, guided service, cafe and shopsregards.


Good Regular Bad

SERVICIOS

Pacific Ocean, 0

Batán Grande, 50

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

200 0

Batán Grande

700

750 a.C. 1350 a.C.

800 900 11001000100 1200 1300 1400

b.C. a.C.

90

This 20 -pyramid- mud archaeological complex is distributed in an area of 46 sqkm, inside Batán Grande farm. It is believed that it was the development center of Lambayeque or Sicán Culture (muchik word that means “house or temple of the moon”). The development of this culture took place by the year 750 a.C., having as influence and background the local Mochica culture, as well as contemporary cultures from other regions, such as Cajamarca and Wari.It is composed by the huacas Botija, Colorada, Horno de los Ingenieros, Huaca Loro, La Merced, El Santillo, Las Abejas, La Ventana, Rodillona, La Facho, Cholope, Arena, Corte, hmong others.According to the archaeological investigation works that started in 1978 in the place, Sicán culture can be divided into three periods: Early Sicán (750 - 900 a.C.), Middle (900 - 1100 a.C.) and Late (1100 - 1375 a.C.). In its moment of great height, it took control of the most part of the Peruvian northern coast, in a distance of more than 400 kilometers, that go from the current city of Trujillo (La Libertad) to the province of Sullana (Piura). The evidences point out that the development of a basically religious art that moved around a god and lord of Sicán. Among this, the technology in metal and ceramic works are especially notable. 90% of the golden pieces that were found in Lambayeque culture, come from this complex.

Dan

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91

Río Reque

LAMBAYEQUE

MÓRROPE

BATÁN GRANDE

FERREÑAFE

TUMÁNCHICLAYOPACIFIC

OCEAN

ZAÑA

CHONGOYAPE

ETEN PORT

CHÉRREPE

PIMENTEL

SAN JOSÉ

TÚCUME

JAYANCA

BatánGrande


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

13

13

LAMBAYEQUE

Bat

án G

ran

de

May

u M

ohan

na /

PRO

MPE

RU

92

Chan Chan

This is the largest mud complex of Iberoamerica. It consists of a group of small cities. It is located at 25

meters above the sea level, getting close to the sea shore, in a place called sunken chacras or totora huachaques in

an approximate area of 5,60 sqkm.

Césa

r A. V

ega


93

Ch

an C

han

17M E 712190 Spot: Chan ChanDistrict: Huanchaco

Province: Trujillo Region: La LibertadN 9103435

Google EarthW 79 04'28" S 8 06'34"


CHAN CHAN



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good

It has a relatively modern information center and some more information points.

Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Chan Chan, 25

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

50 0

Huaca El Dragón

1050

1100 a.C. 1450 a.C.

1100 1150 1250120050 1300 1350 1400 1450

b.C. a.C.

94

This complex is considered to be the largest mud city of Iberoamerica. It consists of a group of small cities. It is located at 25 m above the sea level, getting close to the sea shore, in a place called sunken chacras or totora huachaques in an approximate area of 5,60 sqkm.The date of construction is in the Regional State period and culturally Chimú (1100 to 1470 a.C.) with small Inca occupations in some sectors; as constructive material, they used claying mud (got from the huachaques and from the hillocks?) to form big fences of mud walls that demarcate inside a palace, a funeral area associated to the founder; administrative areas and warehouses, worship areas, rooms, public areas, corridors and streets, with beautiful naturalistic fritzes. Maybe they were plastered and lively painted. The floors of the buildings of Chan

Chan are orthogonal, being the servant and the craftman areas, built-up ones that locate around the palaces. It seems that the palaces were built just for the use of a great Lord, being built and abandoned when this one died. Only stayed his relatives and servants, the ones who would keep the benefits of the dead monark’s ‘properties’.Some researchers state that after the Inca conquest, Chan Chan was pillaged and destroyed -approximately in the year 1470- and when the Spaniards, commanded by Pizarro, arrived, it was just a devastated city, without the bright and splendour that it once had .At the moment, great efforts are being made to put a value on it. Its complexity and size make Chan Chan one of the principal landmarks of this proposed route.

Césa

r A. V

ega


95

Ch

an C

han

Río Chicama

ASCOPE

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

VIRÚ

TRUJILLO


SALAVERRY

HUANCHACO

MAGDALENA DE CAO

CHOCOPE

CHICAMA

CHAO

PAIJÁNCHICAMA

Chan ChanRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

LA LIBERTAD

14

14

Césa

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96

Huaca El Dragón

This huaca has been called El Dragón because of the importante and notoriety of a high relief figure that exists

in one of the principal walls. This figure is double-headed, it looks like a dragon, with a great number of legs, the

same as a centipede.

Mag

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97

Hu

aca

El D

rag

ón

17L E 715070 Spot: District: La Esperanza

Province: TrujilloRegion: La LibertadN 9106737

Google EarthW 79 02'56" S 8 04'35"


HUACA EL DRAGÓN



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent

It is signposted properly and has basic services.


Good Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaca El Dragón, 80

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

50 0

Huaca El Dragón

1050

1100 a.C. 1450 a.C.

1100 1150 1250120050 1300 1350 1400 1450

b.C. a.C.

Other names: Huaca Arco Iris

98

It is one of the most important buildings of the Moche valley. It is a truncated pyramidal structure. It is considered to be the first settlement of Wari culture in the Moche valley. It consists of a total area of 3 245 sqm, 59 m long, 55 m wide and 10 m high. It is an adobe brick and mud building that allows to appreciate the high grade of development that Wari reached in engineering as all the structure is antiseismic. It is supposed that originally it must have had three floors and one of its functions was to perform religious celebrations in honour to the rainbow or other natural fenomenal related to rain and soil fertility.The american researcher Richard Schaedell considers that the place is 1100 years old, being located in

the development of regional cultures’ period that are between the Horizonts Chavín and Tiahuanaco.The presence of 14 store rooms or “colcas”, stand out as spaces associated to the building, where seeds and other products were kept. About decoration, its walls show mud high relief figures, with zoomorphic and anthropomorphic representations. What is more, 25 wooden idols (balsa stick, chonta, carob tree) have been found. They have a hunchback aspect, with shell inlay in different parts of the body. They were possibly used as amulets.This huaca has been called El Dragón because of the importante and notoriety of a high relief figure that exists in one of the principal walls.

Wilf

redo

Loa

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99

Hu

aca

El D

rag

ón

Río Chicama

El Brujo

ASCOPE

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

VIRÚ

TRUJILLO


SALAVERRY

HUANCHACO

MAGDALENA DE CAO

CHOCOPE

CHICAMA

CHAO

PAIJÁNCHICAMA

HuacaEl Dragón


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30km

LA LIBERTAD

15

15

Césa

r A. V

ega

Césa

r A. V

ega

100

Geographical means

The cultural societies that were developed in the valleys of the northern coast of Peru, such as Moche, Chimú, Vicus, initially occupied the valleys of Moche, Chicama and Virú, among others, in La Libertad. Then they covered an area of influence from the valley of Piura (in the north) to the valley of Nepeña (in the south). This scenery has an arid-deserted geography, with valleys of great agricultural potencial, due to the presence of rivers that come down from the andes and were used by the different human settlements that were located there.

No doubt, the desert plains on the coast wouldn’t have any life possibilities if there weren’t rivers that come down from the Western mountain range of the Andes bringing water of life that was well used by settlers of this zone by developing hydraulic systems of irrigation that are still admired nowadays. We can’t put aside the importance that the Pacific Ocean had in the feeding of these civilizations. It is source of life and a generator of symbology and religion, in addition to its civilization process.

Hei

nz P

leng

ue /

PRO

MPE

RU

Moche Route

101

Dan

iel S

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102

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23


5025 750 100 km

The Cloudy Town RouteKarajía

Kuélap

Revash

Macro

La Jalca - Museum

Leymebamba Museum

Laguna de los Cóndores

La Congona

Provincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

16

17

181920212223

Detailed area

PACIFIC OCEAN

Revash

Macro

Kuélap

La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum

Leymebamba Museum


La Congona

Karajía

N

0 100 200

La Jalca - Leymebamba Karajía - KuélapLos Cóndores - La Congona

300 400 500 600 800 1100 1200 13001000 1400 16001500

TIME LINE

It is 1 000 years old, it takes part of Chipuric archaeological complex, characterized by the unique way of burial in the world of their deads.

It had a political, religious, administrative military role, composed by two platforms over which raised a populated center with passages, accesses and grounds.

It is a funeral center that belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture composed by up to three-storey buildings.

It is a pre-inca residential complex composed by five platforms that support huts and towers built with stonesand mud mortar in a 3 hectares area.

This museum has several materials, part of Chachapoyas, Inca evidences and a group of early colonial materials.

It houses more than 200 mummies and their funeral offerings, recovered in 1997 in Laguna de los Cóndores by means of an emergency archaeological projectect.

This archaeological complex is composed by six mausoleums with characteristics of Chachapoyas and Inca cultures and decorated with cave paintings.

This residential complex built with cut stones and placed in a symmetrical form with mud mortar. We can appreciate external decoration with rhomboid ornamentation and square niches inside.

AMAZONAS

SAN MARTÍNCAJAMARCA

TRUJILLO

CHICLAYO

CHACHAPOYASTARAPOTO

MOYOBAMBA

BAGUAGRANDE

16

17

2223

1821

1920

LUYA

SANTO TOMÁSLEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

Revash - Macro

103

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23


5025 750 100 km

The Cloudy Town RouteKarajía

Kuélap

Revash

Macro

La Jalca - Museum

Leymebamba Museum


La Congona

Provincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

16

17

181920212223

Detailed area

PACIFIC OCEAN

Revash

Macro

Kuélap


Leymebamba Museum


La Congona

Karajía

N

0 100 200

La Jalca - Leymebamba Karajía - KuélapLos Cóndores - La Congona

300 400 500 600 800 1100 1200 13001000 1400 16001500

TIME LINE

It is 1 000 years old, it takes part of Chipuric archaeological complex, characterized by the unique way of burial in the world of their deads.

It had a political, religious, administrative military role, composed by two platforms over which raised a populated center with passages, accesses and grounds.

It is a funeral center that belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture composed by up to three-storey buildings.

It is a pre-inca residential complex composed by five platforms that support huts and towers built with stonesand mud mortar in a 3 hectares area.

This museum has several materials, part of Chachapoyas, Inca evidences and a group of early colonial materials.

It houses more than 200 mummies and their funeral offerings, recovered in 1997 in Laguna de los Cóndores by means of an emergency archaeological projectect.

This archaeological complex is composed by six mausoleums with characteristics of Chachapoyas and Inca cultures and decorated with cave paintings.

This residential complex built with cut stones and placed in a symmetrical form with mud mortar. We can appreciate external decoration with rhomboid ornamentation and square niches inside.

AMAZONAS

SAN MARTÍNCAJAMARCA

TRUJILLO

CHICLAYO

CHACHAPOYASTARAPOTO

MOYOBAMBA

BAGUAGRANDE

16

17

2223

1821

1920

LUYA

SANTO TOMÁSLEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

Revash - Macro

The proposal of this route is the archaeological circuit that has as a topic of connection the development of Chachapoyas culture in Amazonas city, which was developed in the Regional State Period (1200 - 1470 a.C.), in the Cloudy Forest region in the northern jungle of Peru. The cloudy town route is characterized by presenting an impressive chullpas system, sarcophagus and mausoleums, apart form villages with circular buildings, whose main representative is the archaeological complex Kuélap.The places that are being discovered in this route are Karajía, Kuélap, Revash, Macro, La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum, Leymebamba Museum, Mausoleums of Laguna de los Cóndores and La Congona.

104

The Town of the Clouds Route

Karajía

The sarcophaguses, known by the settlers as Purunmachos, are associated to Chachapoyas

culture with 1000 years of antiquity; take part of the archaeological complex of Chipuric.

Wal

ter H

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105

Kar

ajía

18M E 168926.38 Spot: Karajía District: Conilla

Province: LuyaRegion: AmazonasS 9309510.76 S

Google Earth

Other names: Purunmachos

W 77 59'29'', S 6 14'18''


KARAJÍA SARCOPHAGUS

0 100



Excellent



1200 a.C.

200

Karajía

900 1000 1100 1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100

1532 a.C.

1500 1600b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has neither a type of infrastructure nor service.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Karajía, 2 600

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399

Amazonas, 2 236 Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

106

The sarcophaguses are on the gully of Karajía or Carajía, at 200 meters high. They are known by the settlers as Purunmachos, are associated to Chachapoyas culture. With 1 000 years of antiquity, take part of the archaeological complex of Chipuric. They characterize for the unique way of burying their deaths. These amazing sarcophaguses are

laterally joined in groups of 4 to 8, leaning back to the rock. They are big 2 m high antropomorphic capsules, made of clay, mixed with sticks and stones. They only show the head and part of the chest and made in a compact way.No doubt, they form part of the Route of Chachas for being a representative icon of Chachapoyas culture.

Luis

Gam

ero

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OM

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U


107

Río Huayabamba

Río Marañón

CELENDÍN

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENA

BALSAS

SANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

NUEVA CAJAMARCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA

KarajíaRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

16

16 AMAZONAS

Kar

ajía

Wal

ter H

upiu

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OM

PER

U

108

Kuélap

Belonging to Chachapoyas culture and with very important features, it had political, religious, administrative

and military functions. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it is the biggest settlement in its

genre, and thanks to its conservation, we can imagine the real functioning of its structures.

Césa

r A. V

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109

Ku

élap

18M E 176585.28 Spot: Kuélap District: Tingo

Province: LuyaRegion: AmazonasN 9289509.02

Google Earth

Otros nombres: Purunmachos

W 77 55'24'', S 6 25' 03''


KUÉLAP ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

0 100



Excellent



1200 a.C.

200

Kuélap

900 1000 1100 1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100

1532 a.C.

1500 1600b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an interpretation center, guarding and visit circuit.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Kuélap, 3 000

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

110

Belonging to Chachapoyas culture (± 1200 to 1470 a.C.) and with very important features, Kuélap complex had political, religious, administrative and military functions. The platform Spreads along by almost 600 meters and flanked by a 19 meter - high wall.Amazingly built on the cliff of a rocky promontory at more than 2 000 high, Kuélap is composed by two platforms on which was settled a populated center with landscapes, accesses and circular floor precincts, the ones which are located in two sectors called Pueblo Alto and Pueblo Bajo. In its interior, it is composed by more than

400 buildings of circular floor, some ornaments with rhombus and zig-zag fritzes frisos in mosaic form, typical of Chachapoyas culture. In the highest level that faces the precipice, it is the “Tower” which is 6,40 m high and 9 m wide and “El Tintero”, a circular tower in an inverted cone shape. One of the most impressive details of Kuélap is its extensive wall up to 20 m high and 680 m long. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it is the biggest settlement in its genre, and thanks to its conservation, we can imagine the real functioning of its structures.

Césa

r A. V

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111

Río Huayabamba

Río Marañón

CELENDÍN

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENA

BALSAS

SANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

NUEVA CAJAMARCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA

KuélapRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

17

17

AMAZONAS Ku

élap

Césa

r A. V

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112

Revash

This funerary center belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture

(± 1200 to 1470 a.C.). It is composed by rectangular, up to three-floor constructions (Chullpas).

Mag

alí d

el S

olar

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OM

PER

U

113

Rev

ash

18M E 181881.39 Spot: RevashDistrict: Santo Tomás

Province: LuyaRegion: AmazonasN 9285069.91

Google Earth


W 77 52'33'', S 6 27' 36''


REVASH ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

0 100



Excellent



1200 a.C.

200

Revash

900 1000 1100 1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100

1470 a.C.

1500 1600b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Revash, 2 800

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

It has no services.

114

The funerary set of Revash is located on the rocky formation of Cerro Carbón, located on the left margin of the valley Alto Utcubamba. Investigations have determined that it belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture (± 1200 to 1470 a.C.). It is composed by rectangular, up to three-floor constructions (Chullpas) where remains of ropes, feathers, nets, collars, ceramics, bones, etc have been found. It seems that in its period, they

were offerings to their deaths. Most of these “funerary homes” have a gable roof and are located under the shelter of a rock. In the external walls, we can see very prominent cornices that are visible in the distance. What is more, you can also see squire, crossform or “T” shape niches.It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, because it is a different type of mausoleums that can be visited.

Mag

alí d

el S

olar

/ PR

OM

PER

U


115

Río Huayabamba

Río Marañón

CELENDÍN

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENA

BALSAS

SANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA

RevashRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

18

18

AMAZONAS

CAJAMARCA

Rev

ash

Mag

alí d

el S

olar

/ PR

OM

PER

U

116

Macro

Sitting on the south-east slopes of a steep spur, we find five platforms that support huts and towers built with stone and mud mortar, in an area of 3 hectares dating from the

year ± 1200 to 1470 a.C.

Luis

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117

Mac

ro

18M E 177147 Spot: MacroDistrict Magdalena

Province: ChachapoyasRegion: AmazonasS 9295197

Google Earth


W 77 55'05'', S 6 22'05''


MACRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

0 100



Excellent



1200 a.C.

200

Macro

900 1000 1100 1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100

1470 a.C.

1500 1600b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no service.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Macro, 1 894

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

118

This pre inca residential complex is located at 50 meters from the right margin of the river Utcubamba and it is settled over the south-east slope of a steep spur. In Macro we find five platforms that support huts and Powers built with stone and mortar, in an area of three hectares. In the building of this complex, dating from the year ± 1200 to 1470 a.C. There are several platforms and remains of houses decorated with

rhombus fritzes and vaulted niches on the walls. It is estimated that it must have held 100 people in the flourishing period of Chachapoyas culture. Macro is the most important archaeological site of Magdalena district and takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, due to its monumental value and its particular architectural features.

Luis

Gam

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119

Río Huayabamba

Río Marañón

CELENDÍN

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENA

BALSAS

SANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA

MacroRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

19

19

AMAZONAS

Mac

ro

Luis

Gam

ero

/ PR

OM

PER

U

120


This museum occupies part of the catholic temple that was one of the oldest of the Region. Its presence in the

tour is basically due to its almost complete chronological cycle of the daily activities of past and present periods.

Myl

ene

D’A

urio

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RO

MPE

RU


121

La J

alca

- M

use

um

18M E 199515.25 Spot: La Jalca GrandeDistrict: La Jalca

Province: ChachapoyasRegion: AmazonasN 9282599.18

Google Earth


W 77 43'00'', S 6 28' 59''


LA JALCA

0 100



Excellent



100 a.C. 500 a.C.

200

La Jalca

300 400 500 600 800700

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100 900 1000b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an on-site Museum.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

La Jalca, 2 800

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

122

Myl

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D’A

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l / P

RO

MPE

RU


123

This museum, which is built over the 2 800 meters above the sea level in the town of La Jalca Grande, occupies part of one of the catholic temple that was one of the oldest of the region. At any time, it was the principal settlement and was considered as the capital of the region Turing the first decades of the Colony. It was also known as San Juan de la Frontera.This museum has several materials which are part of the National Cultural Patrimony, such as the evidences of

Chachapoyas, Inca and especially an interesting set of early colonial material; but more special is the incidence of natural material and its conservation; it is also interesting its attempts to preserve the presence of current cultural manifestations and the ones that it keeps in the region.Its presence in the tour is basically due to its almost complete chronological cycle of the daily activities of past and present periods.

Río Huayabamba

Marañón river

CELENDÍN

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENA

BALSAS

SANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA

La JalcaRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit

District capitalPueblo

Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

20

20

AMAZONAS

La J

alca

- M

use

um

124

Leymebamba Museum

The Leymebamba Museum, opened in June 2000, holds more than 200 mummies and their funerary offerings, that

were recovered in 1997 on Laguna de los Cóndores.

Om

ar C

arba

jal /

PR

OM

PER

U


125

Leym

ebam

ba M

useu

m

18M E 192227.18 Spot: District: Leymebamba

Province: ChachapoyasRegion: AmazonasN 9260378.77

Google Earth


W 77 47'00'', S 6 40' 59''


LEYMEBAMBA MUSEUM



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent

GRADO DE ACCESIBILIDAD

Good Regular Bad

Community Museum, tourist lodging, research center and orchid garden.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

La Jalca, 2 500

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

0 100

100 a.C. 500 a.C.

200

Leymebamba

300 400 500 600 800700100 900 1000b.C. a.C.

126

Myl

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127

The Leymebamba Museum, opened in June 2000, holds more than 200 mummies and their funerary offerings, that were recovered in 1997 on Laguna de los Cóndores by means of an emergency archaeological project led by doctor Sonia Guillén, Principal of Mallqui Center. The rescue tasks permitted to recover, for the local history, a valuable archaeological

collection that was in danger of disappearing due to the vandalical action of huaqueros and inscrupulous visitors. From an initiative of The Bioanthropology Foundation Perú-Mallqui Center, the construction of the Leymebamba Museum was possible thanks to the financial help coming from a group of Austrian citizens and other private donations.

Río Huayabamba

Río Marañón

CELENDÍN

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENA

BALSAS

SANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

Leymebamba21

21

AMAZONAS

Leym

ebam

ba M

useu

m

128


Mausoleums of Chachapoyas and Inca features, decorated with cave paintings, where about a hundred funerary bundles were found together with fine textile,

ceramics, wooden carvings, quipus, decorated pumpkins, crowns and several valuable objects.

Beat

rice

Vela

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129

18M E 202389.25 Spot: Laguna de los CóndoresDistrict:

Province: Region: San MartínN 9241647.94

Google Earth


W 77 41'40'', S 6 51' 01''


LAGUNA DE LOS CÓNDORES ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

0 100



Excellent



1200 a.C.

200

Laguna de Los Cóndores

900 1000 1100 1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100

1532 a.C.

1500 1600b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

Private shelter of the lagoon (owner Mr. Ullillen).

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Laguna de los Cóndores, 3 000

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

Lagu

na d

e lo

s C

óndo

res

130

This is an amazing archaeological complex composed by six mausoleums, located around Laguna de los Cóndores. The archaeological evidences present features of Chachapoyas and Inca Cultures (± 1200 to 1532 a.C.) decorated with cave paintings. About one hundred of funerary bundles were found here, together with fine textiles, ceramics,

wooden carvings, quipus, decorated pumpkins, crowns and several valuable objects. We can observe an impressive lagoon where you can fish and sail by boat. It also presents typical high jungle vegetation and fauna.It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it represents one of the biggest recovered funerary set of this culture.

Mic

hael

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131

Río Huayabamba


Río Marañón

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENASANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA



Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

22

22

AMAZONAS

Beat

rice

Vela

rde

/ PR

OM

PER

U

Lagu

na d

e lo

s C

óndo

res

132

La Congona

It is a residential complex built on cut stone and placed in a symmetrical shape with mud mortar. These constructions date from the years ± 1200 to 1532 a.C.

Carlo

s D

el Á

guila


133

18M E 181573 Spot: San Cristobal de La FilaDistrict: San Francisco del Yeso

Province: LuyaRegion: AmazonasN 9260579

Google Earth


6°40'51.73"S 77°52'47.50"O


LA CONGONA

0 100



Excellent



1200 a.C.

200

La Congona

900 1000 1100 1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100

1532 a.C.

1500 1600b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

La Congona , 2 777

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

It has no services.

La

Co

ng

on

a

134

It is a residential complex, near the village of Leymebamba, built on cut stone and placed in a symmetrical shape with mud mortar. These constructions date from the years ± 1200 to 1532 a.C. We can see external decoration with rhombus ornaments and square vaulted niches inside. These constructions

present a fine manufacture in the work of dressed stone and in the development of geometric lintels. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, for being one of the few almost intact evidences that are known of this type of residential complexes of the Chachapoyas societies.

Carlo

s D

el Á

guila


135

La

Co

ng

on

a

Río Huayabamba

Río Marañón

CELENDÍN

LAMUD

MENDOZA

JUMBILLA

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

YERBABUENA

BALSAS

SANTO TOMÁS

LEYMEBAMBA

LA JALCA

JERUSALÉN

YURACYACU

LIMABAMBA

MILPUC

TINGO

COLCAMAR

LONYA CHICO

LUYA

CHURUJA

OMIA

PEDRO RUÍZ

VALERA

La CongonaDepartmental capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

N

0 10 20 30 km

23

23

AMAZONAS

Carlo

s D

el Á

guila

136

Geographical means

The investigations that have been developed in the areas where cultures like the Chachapoya and others lived, are called Amazon Andes. In accordance with the archaeologist Federico Kauffmann Doig, they belong to a mixed region: Amazon for its landscape and Andean for its accidental topography, that runs from north to south by the Eastern side of the Andes. However, the cultural display was only performed between the 2 and 3 meters high andi t is evidente through the archaeological testimonies that are presented there.

The most important culture of this zone is Chachapoya, which was developed on the Abiseo Basin (at about 2 000 m above the sea level), in an area surronded by the rivers Huallaga (east) and Marañón (west and north), in the current towns of Bagua and Moyabamba. The Studies and findings performed, determine that they were a set of groups such as the paellas, motillones, chilchos, chillaos and chachapoyas that lined up or separated according to the circumstances and shared the same culture.

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137

Césa

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138

Central Archaeological Route

139

The Peruvian Coast And Central Highlands have characterized for presenting abundant historical archaeological information that is being known recently. As an evidence of this, we have the principal testimonies of Qhapaq Ñan or Tawantinsuyo Royal Road. This makes very feasible the implementation of this route that is proposed as: the Route of the Ancient of the Metropoli / Lima archaeological.

Césa

r A. V

ega

140

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

250 50 km

The metropolis ancients’ route

Provincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Huaca Pucllana

Huallamarca

Mateo Salado

Maranga

Paramonga

Puruchuco

Cajamarquilla

Pachacámac

24

25

262728293031

LIMA

SAN VICENTE DE CAÑETE

MATUCANA

CANTAHUARAL

HUACHO

BARRANCA

Detailed area

24252627 2930

31

28

Huallamarca

Maranga

Pachacámac

Cajamarquilla

PACIFIC OCEAN

Mateo Salado

Maranga

Huallamarca

Paramonga

Puruchuco

Cajamarquilla

Pachacámac

Huaca Pucllana

N

1000 800 600

Huaca Pucllana

Paramonga

Puruchuco

Mateo Salado

400 200 0 200 400

b.C. a.C.800 1000 1200600 1400 18001600

TIME LINE

It represents the power and political control practised by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín.

It is a pyramid building with an entry central ramp to the highest part of the building. The monument has been inspected and restored most of it, which permits its visit to all the areas.

This monumental complex consists of five pyramid wall structures, the ones that present access in ramps and define vast platforms of use.

Most of these buildings are located inside the territory of the current Parque de las Leyendas zoo, where they have been fitted out to be visited.

Among its well-preserved and principal buildings, it stands out a four-level terraced pyramid with huge proportions, built with adobe bricks on a hill.

It is considered to be the second largest mud urban complex of the Central Coast after Pachacámac, with 167 hectares of extension.

Its general and particular characteristics make Pachacá-mac be one of the principal cities that point out this route of coastal cities.

It presents different areas that go from great walls on the nearby mountain ridges to some more rudimentary manufacturing service areas.

PATIVILCA

141

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31


250 50 km

The metropolis ancients’ route

Provincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Huaca Pucllana

Huallamarca

Mateo Salado

Maranga

Paramonga

Puruchuco

Cajamarquilla

Pachacámac

24

25

262728293031

LIMA

SAN VICENTE DE CAÑETE

MATUCANA

CANTAHUARAL

HUACHO

BARRANCA

Detailed area

24252627 2930

31

28

Huallamarca

Maranga

Pachacámac

Cajamarquilla

PACIFIC OCEAN

Mateo Salado

Maranga

Huallamarca

Paramonga

Puruchuco

Cajamarquilla

Pachacámac

Huaca Pucllana

N

1000 800 600

Huaca Pucllana

Paramonga

Puruchuco

Mateo Salado

400 200 0 200 400

b.C. a.C.800 1000 1200600 1400 18001600

TIME LINE

It represents the power and political control practised by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín.

It is a pyramid building with an entry central ramp to the highest part of the building. The monument has been inspected and restored most of it, which permits its visit to all the areas.

This monumental complex consists of five pyramid wall structures, the ones that present access in ramps and define vast platforms of use.

Most of these buildings are located inside the territory of the current Parque de las Leyendas zoo, where they have been fitted out to be visited.

Among its well-preserved and principal buildings, it stands out a four-level terraced pyramid with huge proportions, built with adobe bricks on a hill.

It is considered to be the second largest mud urban complex of the Central Coast after Pachacámac, with 167 hectares of extension.

Its general and particular characteristics make Pachacá-mac be one of the principal cities that point out this route of coastal cities.

It presents different areas that go from great walls on the nearby mountain ridges to some more rudimentary manufacturing service areas.

PATIVILCA

This is a theme tour that consists of the principal archaeological attractions that Lima city presents. Taking always into account that the principal sites keep a very representative local identity of the prehispanic architecture of the Central Coast. Two periods dominate in this route, the Regional Developments (100 b.C. - 300 a.C.) and the Late Intermediate period (1200 - 1470 a.C.); represented by Lima and Ichsma cultures respectively. In both cases the architectural features mark their difference in the details presented in these buildings.The sites involved in this Route: Pucllana, Huallamarca, Mateo Salado, Maranga, Paramonga, Puruchuco, Cajamarquilla and Pachacámac.

142


Huaca Pucllana

It belongs to the development of Lima culture (200 -700 a.C.). It represents the power and political

domain performed by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac

and Lurín.

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18L E 278640.12 Spot: UrbanoDistrict: Miraflores


Google Earth

Other names: Huaca Pucllana

W 77 02'01'', S 12 06' 39''


PUCLLANA HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PARK

100 0



Excellent



100

Huaca Pucllana

200

200 a.C. 700 a.C.

300 400

b.C. a.C.

500 700600

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

200 800 900

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an on-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Pucllana, 95

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399

Lima, 110Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

Hu

aca

Pu

clla

na

144

The recognised Huaca Pucllana, standing in the middle of the Limeña Metropoli, belongs to the development of Lima culture (200 - 700 a.C.). It represents the power and political domain performed by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín. As an archaeological center, Huaca Pucllana is associated to other sites in Lima, such as Maranga (San Miguel), Cajamarquilla (Ate) y Pachacámac (Lurín). The construction of this complex is associated to the access and control of water and the channel systems of

the left margin of the valley of Lima. It is composed by a monumental construction built entirely of “adobitos”, architectural feature of Lima culture, conforming high terraces at different levels which had an access by ramps. In the low part there are still some spacious places delimited by walls made of these adobe tricks and four corridors that subdivide this place into several sectors. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being one of the places of more archaeological intervention in the valley of Lima up to the moment.

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ANGAMOS OESTE AVE.

JOSÉ PARDO AVE.

COSTANERA AVE.

DEL EJÉRCITO AVE.

SANT

A CRU

Z AVE

.

CONQ

UIST

ADOR

ES A

VE.

AREQUIPA AVE.

PASEO DE LA REPÚBLICA

Principal AvenueSecondary streets

Huaca Pucllana

Airport, port

Archaeological place

N

MIRAFLORES

0 250 500 m

24

24H

ua

ca P

ucl

lan

a

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Huallamarca

It is a piramidal building with a central access ramp to the highest part of the buildin. Its occupation dates from the end of the Formative period (800 - 100 b.C.), with a solid consistent occupation after Lima culture (100 - 600 a.C.)

and then sporadically to the Wari and Ichsma.

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18L E 277909.04 Spot: UrbanoDistrict: San Isidro


Google Earth

Other names: Huaca Pan de Azúcar

W 77 02'26'', S 12 05' 51''


HUACA HUALLAMARCA

600 0



Excellent



200

Huaca Huallamarca

400 600 800

b.C. a.C.

1000 14001200

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

800 1600 1800

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an on-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Huallamarca, 96

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

800 b.C. 1470 a.C.

Hu

alla

ma

rca

148

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149

The well known Huaca Huallamarca is in the heart of the limeño district San Isidro and it is about an interesting pyramidal building with a central access ramp to the highest part of the building. It has been established that it was occupied from the end of the Formative period (800 - 100 b.C.), with a solid consistent occupation after Lima culture (100 - 600 a.C.) and then, it had the sporadic presence, in a form of bundle burials in the Wari (600 - 1000 a.C.) and Ichsma (1200 - 1470 a.C.) periods. The monument has been intervened and restored in a great part. This allows its visit to all the sectors. It is a truncated piramidal structure that generates open use terraces. These were reused later to place relatively important late burials. The testimonies found in the tombs of Huaca Huallamarca belong to a period that goes from the VI century a.C. To the Incas advent in the XV century a.C. In the IV Century a.C. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being a totally intervened building that allows to observe part of modern Lima city from the high part of the construction.

AREQUIPA AVE.

JAVIER PRADO OESTE AVE.

JORGE BASADRE AVE.

JR. PAZ SOLDÁN

JR. LOS CIPRESES

JR. LOS ALAMOS

JR. CHOQUEHUANCAJR. LOS ANDES

JR. JUAN ANTONIO PEZET

EL GOLFDE SAN ISIDRO

EL OLIVARPARK

JR. O

RRAN

TIA

N

SAN ISIDRO

25


HuacaHuallamarca

Airport, port


25

0 250 500 m

Hu

alla

ma

rca

150

Mateo Salado

This monumental complex spreads in a 20 hectares - land that includes a perimeter of 1 400 meters. It is composed

by five pyramidal wall structures, that present access ramps and that define extensive platforms of use.

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18L E 275353.06 Spot: UrbanoDistrict: Lima


Google Earth

Other names: Huaca Ascona or Cinco Cerritos

W 77 03'45'', S 12 03' 57''


MATEO SALADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

100 0



Excellent



100

Mateo Salado

900 1000 1100

b.C. a.C.

1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

200 1500 1600

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has a tourist service and restrooms.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Mateo Salado, 98

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

1000 a.C. 1532 a.C.

Ma

teo

Sa

lad

o

152

This monumental complex has its name because of Matheus Saladé (1528-1573), a protestant Frenchman who lived in the huaca and that, in the Viceroyal time, he was accused of heretic by the Saint Inquisition Court. He was burnt at the stake. It is also known as Azcona Ruins and Five Little Hills. It spreads in a 20 hectares - land that includes a perimeter of 1 400 meters. It is composed by five pyramidal wall structures, that present access ramps and that define extensive platforms of use. The volume are very high and present successive remodelings

along the time of its occupation. It also has the remains of an epimural road, delimited by walls that must have connected this complex with Maranga Chayavilca. It also presents places and central squares, surrounded by main structures, warehouse zones and corridors that connect the different architectural zones. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being together with Maranga the two unique late complexes whose structures were slightly affected.

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MARIANO CORNEJO AVE.

TING

O M

ARÍA

AVE

.

BERTELLO BOLLATI AVE.

DEL

RÍO

AVE.

LORE

TO A

VE.

BOLIVAR AVE.

SUCR

E AVE

.

BRAS

IL AV

E.

PLAZA DELA BANDERA

NLIMA

PUEBLO LIBRE

0 250 500 m

26


Mateo Salado

Airport, port


26

Ma

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Sa

lad

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Maranga

This extensive monumental complex of built-up huacas, the oldest made of “adobitos” placed in the bookcase way, and the latest walls, has more than 50 pyramidal

buildings reaching most of them15 meters high on average.

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18L E 272760.97 Spot:District: San Miguel


Google Earth

Otros nombres: Huaca As

W 77 05'15'', S 12 03' 55''


MARANGA CHAYAVILCA ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

100 0



Excellent



100

Maranga

900 1000 1100

b.C. a.C.

1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

200 1500 1600

Good Regular Malo Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an on-site Museum "Ernst Middenddorf" inside Parque de las Leyendas territory.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean,, 0Maranga, 64

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

0 1532 a.C.

Ma

ran

ga

156

This extensive monumental complex, also known as Maranga-Chayavilca, that was possibly the capital of Lima Culture, has 50 pyramidal buildings, the oldest made of “adobitos” placed in the bookcase way, and the latest walls, reaching most of them 15 meters high on average. Most of these buildings are located inside the lands of Parque de Las Leyendas, where they have been fitted out for their visit and to be put a value on in general. They take part of this complex, the Huaca Tres Palos, the Huaca La Palma, an Inca Palace, the Huaca Cruz Blanca, among others.

The northernmost part is composed by earlier buildings of Lima period, such as Huaca Middenddorf, the Huaca 21, the Huaca San Marcos, the Huaca Potosí, the Huaca Concha, among others. Some of these pyramidal buildings are ready for a tourist visit, the one which is included in the general visit to Parque de Las Leyendas. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being, together with Mateo Salado, the most extensive varied monumental complexes that still exist in the city.

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PARQUE DELAS LEYENDAS

ZOOCATÓLICADEL PERÚ

UNIVERSITY

JOSÉ

DE

LA R

IVA

AGÜE

RO A

VE.

LA MARINA AVE.

ESCA

RDO

AVE.

PRECURSORES AVE.

UNIV

ERSI

TARI

A AV

E.

LA MAR AVE.

BOLIVAR AVE.

VENEZUELA AVE.

N

SAN MIGUEL

0 250 500 m

27


Maranga

Airport, port


27

Ma

ran

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Paramonga

It is a construction built in the border between the Chimú and the Ichsma in the small north of Peru. It is placed

between the Regional State and the Tawantinsuyo periods. It is said that it was an important worshipping place and its name is due to Paramonga town. It isn’t

known its original denomination in muchik language, though.

Víct

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159

18L E 189140.94 Spot: ParamongaDistrict: Pativilca

Province: BarrancaRegion: LimaN 8820932.84

Google Earth


W 77 05'15'', S 12 03' 55''


PARAMONGA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENT

100 0



Excellent



100

Paramonga

900 1000 1100

b.C. a.C.

1200 14001300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

200 1500 1600

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

A small on-site Museum and hygienic services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Paramonga, 17

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

1200 a.C. 1532 a.C.

Pa

ram

on

ga

160

This construction was built in the border between the Chimú and the Ichsma in the small north of Peru. It is placed between the Regional State (1200 - 1470 a.C.) and the Tawantinsuyo (1470 - 1532 a.C.) periods.It is said that it was an important worshipping place and its name is due to Paramonga town. It isn’t known its original denomination in muchik language, though, which was the one that was spoken on the northern coast before the Conquest. Commonly called “Fortaleza”, it owes this nickname to one of its principal well preserved buildings, which is a terraced pyramid with 4 levels of large proportions, built of adobe bricks on a hill. It looks like a medieval European castle. According to ancient chroniclers, like Miguel de Estete, the “chronicler

soldier”: (...) and another day he went to sleep in a big town called Parmunga, which is close to the sea, has a Fortified House, with five blind fences, painted inside and outside, with its well dressed façades, in the same way as in Spain, with two tigers (pumas?) at the main door (...)”.It hasn’t suffered major modifications from the beginning of the XIX century, consequently, it allows to see original architectural details in its high part. It is believed that it has a floor in a Feline shape and its surrounding walls in three levels, effectively look like a fortified place. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route, for being one of the monuments located at the entrance of Lima next to Panamericana Highway.

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PANAMERICANA ROAD

N

LIMA

PATIVILCA

PARAMONGA

PACIFICOCEAN

Río Pativilca

28

Unpaved route

DistrictParamonga

Airport, port

Asphalted road

28

0 1 2 kmP

ara

mo

ng

a

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Puruchuco

This palacelike construction of the Late period (XV - XVI century a.C.), made of adobe tricks on a rectangular floor terrain, with Horizontal structures without artificial volume/

pyramidal.

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18L E 289242.36 Spot: UrbanoDistrict: Ate


Google Earth


W 76 56'10'', S 12 02' 59''


PURUCHUCO ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE

50 0



Excellent



50

Puruchuco

1400 1450 1500

b.C. a.C.

1550 16501600

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100 1700 1750

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

On-site Museum, visit circuit, recreational areas for children, hygienic services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Puruchuco, 324

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

1450 a.C. 1532 a.C.

Pu

ruch

uco

164

This archaeological complex raised on wall had another name before: Vista Alegre, for being inside the limits of the farm that has the same name. However, at the moment of getting a fair name in accordance with its prehispanic legacy, it was chosen the name of Puruchuco, due to the proximity of the palace with another archaeological site located on a farm that belonged to Fransiscan priests that corresponded to the name of Puruchuca. Researchers have determined that this palace like construction of the Late period (XV - XVI century a.C.), made in base of wall on a rectangular floor terrain, with horizontal structures without artificial volume/pyramidal. This place presents different sectors that go from great walls on the crest of the nearby hills, to some more rudimentary (stone and mud) sectors of manufacturing service. The outstanding building is the one that has been completely restored and belonged to a local curaca who ruled this part of the valley. The characteristics and architectural details such as its vaulted niches, benches and accesses, remark its particularity in comparison of other buildings of the same period. Another non-restored sector is the one that is known as Puruchuca, located to the south of the boundary of the spur that arranges these settlements.

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ESTADIO MONUMENTAL

ATE - VITARTE

HUAROCHIRÍ AVE.DE LOS INGENIEROS STREET

SEPARADORA INDUSTRIAL AVE.

JAVIER PRADO ESTE AVE.

NICOLÁS AYLLÓN AVE. ASTURIAS STREET

PROL

ONGA

CIÓN

JAV

IER

PRAD

O AV

E.

N

0 250 500 m

29


Puruchuco

Airport, port


29

Pu

ruch

uco

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Cajamarquilla

This archaeological site was built by the end of the Early Intermediate period, by the year 600 a.C., during the

period of predominance in the valley of Lima culture. It is considered the second largest urban mud complex of the

Central Coast after Pachacámac.

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18L E 292136.46 Spot: District: Lurigancho


Google Earth


W 76 54'33'', S 11 59' 09''


CAJAMARQUILLA ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

0 200



Excellent



400

Cajamarquilla

600 800 1000

b.C. a.C.

1200 16001400

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

200 1800 2000

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

The Entrance is managed from Puruchuco on-site Museum.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Cajamarquilla, 395

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

600 a.C. 1450 a.C.

Ca

jam

arq

uill

a

168

The impressiveness of this archaeological site has its origins at the end of the Early Intermediate period, by the year 600 a.C., during the period of domain in the valley of Lima culture, with its 167 hectares of extension, it is considered the second largest urban mud complex of the Central Coast after Pachacamac. The importance of Cajamarquilla as a political-urban center was increasing in accordance with the centurias, and by the year 1100 a.C. (Late Intermediate), it went on growing till it got its current configuration. Here you can see an extensive urban zone with

streets, squares, extensive yards and some sectors of considerable height composed by piramidal buildings typical of this period. In the few archaeological interventions that this complex has had, contexts solidly characteristic of Lima and Ichsma cultures have been found. They are represented in burials and deposit zones. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for Keeling its amazing monumentality reflexed in the extension of the wall buildings, from which, some of them have been intervened for a better presentation.

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nnnnnnnnnn

nnnnnnnnnn

nnnnnnnn

nnnnnn

nnnn

nnnn

nnnn

nnnn

nnnn

LURIGANCHO

CENTRAL ROAD

CAJAMARQUILLA AVE.

LAS TORRES AVE.

RÍO RÍMAC

N

RAMIRO PRIALÉ ROAD

0 250 500 m

30

Principal avenueSecondary streets

Cajamarquilla

Airport, portRailroadnnnn


30

Ca

jam

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Pachacámac

The constructive material, in early periods, was mud in the form of “adobitos” and walls and adobe bricks in later periods. Inside the places, you can see relatively public

spaces, pyramidal temples with access ramps and fences, like del Sol temple and the principal which is Viejo or

Pachacámac temple.

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18L E 292954.22 Spot: PachacámacDistrict: Lurín


Google Earth


W 76 54'08'', S 12 15' 29''


PACHACÁMAC ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE

0 200



Excellent



400

Pachacámac

600 800 1000

b.C. a.C.

1200 16001400

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

200 1800 2000

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

On-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Pachacámac, 34

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399


ALTITUDE

600 a.C. 1532 a.C.

Pa

cha

cám

ac

172

The religious importance of Pachacámac archaeological complex as god-oracle in the Andean World was Sorong during the first centuries of the colony until its transfiguration into Pachacamilla Christ. The prestige of this divinity went beyond frontiers as the years went by. Pachacámac complex is composed by two extensive fences that hold a series of places, being the main areas the ones which are between the two ways of Panamericana Sur highway (‘old’ and ‘new’). The constructive material was mud in the form of “adobitos” in

earlier periods and walls and adobe bricks in the later periods. Inside the places, you can see relatively public spaces (e.g. Los Peregrinos Square), piramidal temples with access ramps and fences, like del Sol temple and the principal which is Viejo or Pachacámac temple.Although it seems that the occupation of the zone starts in very early periods such as the Archaic and Formative, it is in the Regional Development (± 0 - 600 a.C.) when Pachacámac starts having importance at a regional level until the Wari empire period (± 600 - 900 a.C.)

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PANAMERICANA SUR

LIMA AVE.


Pachacámac

Airport, port


N

LURÍN

PANAMERICANA SUR OLD HIGHWAY

0 0.5 km 1 km

31

31

PACIFICOCEAN

Pa

cha

cám

ac

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when it reaches a multiregional level in almost all the Andean area. Between both periods the Pintado Temple was built as an annexed structure to the Viejo Temple. Then, during the Wari Empire fall, Pachacámac had one of its most dramatic changes, the nearby areas to the principal temples were restricted and the small temples (palaces?) called Pyramid with Ramps (C.R.) appear as symbols of power of the Ichsma elite that seemed to be

associated to the priests. In that period, the zone had more ideological power even with the Inca or Tawantinsuyo occupation (± 1470 - 1532 a.C.), who made some reforms and built del Sol Temple and Allaqwasi or las Mamaconas Temple.Due to its generales and particular features, Pachacámac is one of the principal Archaeological Complex that take part of the Ancient of the Metropoli.

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Pa

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Geographical means

Between the years 200 and 700 a.C . The valley of Lima had a conjunction of ecosystems that made ideal for the formation of cultures, in spite of being in the middle of the Coastal desert. There used to be woods of guarangos, taras, molles and several fruit trees. The large Lumber of irrigation ditches and open channels formed their own riverside wood. What is more, the wetlands spread in the mouths of the Rivers, overall, in the southern zone of Lima, in the current districts of Chorrillos and Villa el Salvador until the delta of the river Lurín.In the sea, there were a great abundance of resources and its exploitation permitted a great development of the civilizations that settled down there.The inhabitants of the coast populated hillocks and valleys, until they formed very complex worship and housing centers, the ones that gave origin to immense ceremonial centres such as Huacoy on the Chillón river, Garagay and the Florida on the Rímac river, Manchay in Lurín, Chancay, Supe and many other valleys of the north and the south.

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South Archaeological Route

179

The south of Peru, tends to identify as a territory full of contradictions and incredible potenciality. It is a region where you can see the magesty of the Andes mountain range, as well as the sparkling aridity of the coastal desert, whose principal tourist destination are the geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa. But the south is also scenery of the social complexity focus of the prehispanic period. It is the altiplano region, with abundant information about the origins of the Andean divinity Pan of sticks and originary source of the Inca ethnia of Cusco. In this way, we propose: The Feline Route.

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32

33

34

35

36

Cantayoc

Paredones

Nasca Lines

Cahuachi

Saywite

Several geoglyphs that represent geometric, natural, abstract figures.

Underground channel network connected to the phreatic layer.

It is represented by a group of walls made of clay and compressed mud.

Some researchers consider it as the “first capital” of Nasca culture.

The most remarkably known is a sculptural monolithic model.

37 ChoquequiraoThis is a 2 hectares - stone complex built at the beginning of the XVI century.

43 OllantaytamboIt is a small pre-hispanic city with remainings of Tawantinsuyu.

38

39

40

41

42

47

48

49

Cusco City

Pikillacta

Chinchero

Maras

LimatamboQhapaq Ñan station set up by auxiliary structures made of stone and Andean terraces.

Archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and past splendour of the expired Incas.

It is a fortified city with streets that lead to producti-ve areas, warehouses, residencies, etc.

The famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the folklore of Cusco come from this zone.

Here we find the most famous salt mines of the region, worked since past periods.

8

9

10 Andahuaylillas

Raqchi

Tipón/Oropesa

Pucará

Sillustani

Machu PicchuIt is a kind of residency and property of the first Inca emperor.

It is a small pre-hispanic settlement with Inca characteristics.

It is a strategic point related with the store and redistribution of produc-tion.

These are atypical structures made of very high mud walls, according to their period.

It is famous for its glazed, semi-glazed or painted in green crafts, among them we find the famous 'toritos'.

The most interesting are the mausoleums or 'chullpas' made of stone.

Feline Route

44

45

46

181

32

33

34

35

36

Cantayoc

Paredones

Nasca Lines

Cahuachi

Saywite

Several geoglyphs that represent geometric, natural, abstract figures.

Underground channel network connected to the phreatic layer.

It is represented by a group of walls made of clay and compressed mud.

Some researchers consider it as the “first capital” of Nasca culture.

The most remarkably known is a sculptural monolithic model.

37 ChoquequiraoThis is a 2 hectares - stone complex built at the beginning of the XVI century.

43 OllantaytamboIt is a small pre-hispanic city with remainings of Tawantinsuyu.

38

39

40

41

42

47

48

49

Cusco City

Pikillacta

Chinchero

Maras

LimatamboQhapaq Ñan station set up by auxiliary structures made of stone and Andean terraces.

Archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and past splendour of the expired Incas.

It is a fortified city with streets that lead to producti-ve areas, warehouses, residencies, etc.

The famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the folklore of Cusco come from this zone.

Here we find the most famous salt mines of the region, worked since past periods.

8

9

10 Andahuaylillas

Raqchi

Tipón/Oropesa

Pucará

Sillustani

Machu PicchuIt is a kind of residency and property of the first Inca emperor.

It is a small pre-hispanic settlement with Inca characteristics.

It is a strategic point related with the store and redistribution of produc-tion.

These are atypical structures made of very high mud walls, according to their period.

It is famous for its glazed, semi-glazed or painted in green crafts, among them we find the famous 'toritos'.

The most interesting are the mausoleums or 'chullpas' made of stone.

Feline Route

44

45

46

182

CUSCO

APURÍMACAYACUCHOICA

PUNO

1538

4045

47

48

49

41

4344

42

39 46

Detailed area

CUSCO

JULIACA

PUNO

SICUANI

PUCARÁ

URUBAMBAOLLANTAYTAMBO

ABANCAY

ICA

Feline Route

PACIFIC OCEAN

LAGOTITICACA

5025 750 100 km

N

Feline RouteProvincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Airdrome


LimatamboCusco CityPikillactaChincheroMarasOllantaytambo

Machu PicchuTipón /OropesaAndahuaylillasRaqchiPucaráSillustani

323334

3536

37

383940

4142

43

444546

4748

49

PALPA

AYACUCHOCHINCHA ALTA

PISCO

NASCA

3233

34

36

37

35

6000 5800 800

Nasca / CahuachiCantayoc

Pikillacta / Ollantaytambo / Machu PicchuParedones

600 400 200 0 200 600 800 1000400 1200 16001400

TIME LINEb.C. a.C.

Saywite / Choquequirao / SillustaniLimatambo / Cusco / Chinchero / Maras / Tipón / Oropesa / Andahuaylillas / Raqchi / Pucará

This tour links from the feline iconographic presence in the archaeological collections, as well as in the same places along the whole southern territory that covers the current cities of Ica, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Apurímac, Cusco and Puno. This feline presence predominates in the Late Periods and specially in the Inca period, but there are still some exponents in the earlier period.The feline, constitutes, one of the principal representatives of the Andean rituality. In case of the south, this one spreads, develops and connects with the foundational origins similar to the Inca ethnia, the one which had the feline as the symbol of their beginnings. The different forms of representation are given not only in its ceramics and trinkets or textilery, but in the lythic sculptural representations associated to the principal buildings, or to the closeness of its sacred paqarinas. The feline is also present in the planning of Cusco city, the one which makes of this issue, an attractive proposal to establish this tour.The places involved in this original Route are: Nasca Lines (Ica), Cantayoc (Ica), Paredones (Ica), Cahuachi (Ica), Saywite (Apurímac), Choquequirao (Cusco), Limatambo (Cusco), Anta (Cusco), Cusco (Cusco), Pikillacta (Cusco), Chincheros (Cusco), Maras (Cusco), Ollantaytambo (Cusco), Machu Picchu (Cusco), Tipón/Oropesa (Cusco), Andahuaylillas (Cusco), Raqchi (Cusco), Pucará (Puno) and Sillustani (Puno).

183

CUSCO

APURÍMACAYACUCHOICA

PUNO

1538

4045

47

48

49

41

4344

42

39 46

Detailed area

CUSCO

JULIACA

PUNO

SICUANI

PUCARÁ

URUBAMBAOLLANTAYTAMBO

ABANCAY

ICA

Feline Route

PACIFIC OCEAN

LAGOTITICACA

5025 750 100 km

N

Feline RouteProvincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

Airdrome


LimatamboCusco CityPikillactaChincheroMarasOllantaytambo

Machu PicchuTipón /OropesaAndahuaylillasRaqchiPucaráSillustani

323334

3536

37

383940

4142

43

444546

4748

49

PALPA

AYACUCHOCHINCHA ALTA

PISCO

NASCA

3233

34

36

37

35

6000 5800 800

Nasca / CahuachiCantayoc

Pikillacta / Ollantaytambo / Machu PicchuParedones

600 400 200 0 200 600 800 1000400 1200 16001400

TIME LINEb.C. a.C.

Saywite / Choquequirao / SillustaniLimatambo / Cusco / Chinchero / Maras / Tipón / Oropesa / Andahuaylillas / Raqchi / Pucará

184

Feline Route

Nasca Lines

The geoglyphs are diverse, from trapezoids, rectangles and triangles among other geometrical figures until

naturalist and abstract such as hands and spirals, going through animals, humans and plants.

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18L E 485412 Spot: Pampa de Jumana District: Diversos

Province: Nasca / PalpaRegion: IcaN 8372158

Google Earth

Other names: Geoglifos de Nasca, Líneas de la Pampa de Jumana

W 75 08’06” S 14 43’01”


NASCA LINES



Excellent



6000

6000 b.C.

Nasca

5000 4000 3000

b.C. a.C.

2000 01000

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

1000

600 a.C.

2000

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

In this zone we can find two observatories or viewpoints, one is metallic and the other is natural, in bothof them there are two small souvenir stands.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Nasca, 450

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

Na

sca

Lin

es

186

These famous huge geoglyphs are located at about 450 meters above the sea level, in a plain arid zone or esplanade.The first informs about these lines date from 1927, as a result of the first works of the Peruvian Archaeologis Mejía Xespe. Then, in 1939, the American

scientist Paul Kosok performed some investigstions in the place. However, the deepest investigation works started in 1946 when the geoglyphs caught the interest of the German doctor María Reiche, who devoted to their studies until the end of her life. The surface is composed by a soft

Césa

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Césa

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Césa

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Feline Route

187

PISCO

CHINCHA ALTA

PALPA

NASCA

ICA

EL CARMEN

ALTO LARÁN

RÍO GRANDE

LLIPATA

OTOCASANTA CRUZ

Río PiscoSAN CLEMENTEHUMAY

LOS MOLINOS

TAMBO DE MORA

OCÉANOPACÍFICO

PARACAS

PARACAS


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airdrome

Asphalted road

N

Río

Gra

nde

32

NascaLines

32

0 10 20km

ICA

alluvial cone with reddish material (due to the iron oxide on some stones) on layers of clay land; the “cleaning” of this reddish surface, allows to perceive the yellowish beige bottom, the one which was used as part of the working technique to make the geoglyphs. The variety of these geoglyphs is amazing, from trapezoids, rectangles and triangles among other geometrical figures, until naturalist and abstract such as hands and spirals, going through animals, humans and plants. The human occupation of the zone could have started by the end of

the Archaic (± 6000 b.C.), but it is notable the presence of geoglyphs in the Formative (± 2000 to 100 b.C.) with the Paracas, until the end of the Regional Development (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.) with the occupation of the zone by the Wari Empire. But there is hardly anything from that occupation to the present. Nasca Lines need to be investigated more in order to be conserved and preserved, as it is the only example of this type of patrimony in Iberoamerica, which in the year 1994, was declared as Cultural Patrimony of Humanity.

Na

sca

Lin

es

188

Cantayoc Aqueduct

The aqueducts are a net of underground channels connected to the freatic napa at hundreds of kilometers towards the East, built by the Nasca society (±100 - 0

b.C. to 600 a.C.), and they are still in use.

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Feline Route

189

18L E 509572 Spot: Cantayoc District: Nasca

Province: NascaRegion: IcaN 8360877

Google EarthW 74 54’36” S 14 49’35”


CANTAYOC AQUEDUCT



Excellent



200

100 b.C.

Cantayoc

100 0 100 200 400300

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

500

600 a.C.

600 700

b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no resources in its area but its proximity to the city makes up for the lack of services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Cantayoc, 620

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

Can

tayo

c Aq

uedu

ct

190

Césa

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Feline Route

191

PISCO

CHINCHA ALTA

PALPA

NASCA

ICA

EL CARMEN

ALTO LARÁN

RÍO GRANDE

LLIPATA

OTOCA

SANTA LUCÍA

SANTA CRUZ

SAN CLEMENTEHUMAY

LOS MOLINOS

TAMBO DE MORA

OCÉANOPACÍFICO

PARACAS

PARACAS


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airdrome

Asphalted roadN

33

Cantayoc33

0 10 20 km

Río Pisco

Río NascaICA

These amazing aqueducts are about 620 meters above the sea level on the Leith side of the river known as Nasca. It seems that the occupation took place in the Regional Developments represented locally by Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), and they are still in use. This group is represented by a net of underground channels connected to the freatic napa at hundreds of kilometers towards the east, with which, it is shown the Nascas’ knowledge about aquiferous technique.

The construction of Cantayoc aqueducts started with the location of freatic napa. Then, a channel or ditch at certain angle of depth was made. After that, the necessary branches were performed and finally, before they were covered, the necessary vents or “eyes” were made not only as air columns so that the water could run but they also worked as maintenance points.In order to keep it, more investigation is needed. Its importante lies in the fact that it is an integral part of Nasca city and it is still in use and it can be appreciated.

Can

tayo

c Aq

uedu

ct

192

Paredones

This group is represented by a set of beaten compressed mud walls that are popularly known

as “paredones” (thick walls), distributed in levelling terraces. It is located in the outskirts of Ica city.

Rod

rigo

Cabr

era

Feline Route

193

18L E 507139 Spot: Paredones District: Nasca


Google EarthW 74 56’05” S 14 50’28”


PAREDONES



Excellent



500

100 b.C.

Paredones

250 0 250 500 1000750

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

1250

1532 a.C.

1500 1750

b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no resources in its area but its proximity to the city makes up for the lack of services.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Paredones, 600

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUD

Par

edo

nes

194

This archaeological complex is located at about 600 meters above the sea level on the southern skirt of a slight spur of a hill to the Routh of Nasca city. It is practically placed in an urban area.It seems that the occupation of

Paredones took place in the Regional Developments represented locally by Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.) but it is notable the occupation in the Regional States with Ica culture (± 900 to 1250 a.C.) and with the

Rod

rigo

Cabr

era

Rod

rigo

Cabr

era

Feline Route

195

PISCO

CHINCHA ALTA

PALPA

NASCA

ICA

EL CARMEN

ALTO LARÁN

RÍO GRANDE

LLIPATA

OTOCA

SANTA LUCÍA

SANTA CRUZ

SAN CLEMENTEHUMAY

LOS MOLINOS

TAMBO DE MORA

OCÉANOPACÍFICO

PARACAS

PARACAS


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airdrome

Asphalted roadN

34

Paredones34

0 10 20 km

Río Pisco

Río NascaICA

Par

edo

nes

incorporation to the II empire or Tawantinsuyo (±1250 to 1532 a.C.). This group is represented by a set of beaten compressed mud walls that are popularly known as “paredones” (thick walls), distributed in levelling terraces. Its architecture uses rectangular adobe bricks on a base of cut stone. It presents a urban planning with common characteristics to these settlements such as a large square of trapezoid floor as a central element, buildings of administrative type, warehouses, barracks, ceremonial or sacrifice area,

vigilance tower and others. In some places you can still see the signs of some walls together with cut stones, and in others, the stones present the joint completed united and well fitted, typical of the inca architecture.This place presents seven sectors, being the best conserved and the most important, sectors IV, V y VII; they present delimited paths for their visit and conservation. Its importance lies in the fact that it is an integral part of Nasca city and it is near the aqueducts.

196

Cahuachi

Its greatest occupation took place the first centurias of the Regional Developments period, represented locally by

Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), with the group of great pyramids, squares, built with adobe bricks

and stucco.

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Feline Route

197

18L E 487658 Spot: CahuachiDistrict: Nasca


Google Earth

Other names: Kawachi, Kahuachi.

W 75 06’58” S 14 49’07”


CAHUACHI



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no resources in its area.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0Cahuachi, 400

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDe

6000

6000 b.C.

Cahuachi

5000 4000 3000

b.C. a.C.

2000 01000 1000

600 a.C.

2000

Cah

uac

hi

198

This important archaeological complex is located at 400 meters above the sea level on the left side of the river known as Nasca. The occupation of the zone goes from the Archaic (± 6000 b.C.) and it goes up to now with eventual occupations of hunters and collectors’ campsites; but the massive occupation starts by the end of the Formative period represented Paracas culture (± 2000 to 100 b.C.) with some structures, burials and ceramic, Necropolis or Late Ocucaje stile, and it goes at least by the end of the first Empire or Wari manifested in the deposit site. The largest occupation took place

the first centuries of the Regional Developments period, represented locally by Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), with a group of great pyramids, squares, built with adobe bricks and stucco. The splendour period of Cahuachi is related with the apparent height of the geoglyphs of Jumana pampa or Nasca Lines. It needs to be investigated more to be conserved, its belonging lies on its monumentality and for having been one of the principal sites of the Nasca. Some researchers consider it as the “first capital” of this culture.

Césa

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Feline Route

199

Cah

uac

hi

PISCO

CHINCHA ALTA

PALPA

NASCA

ICA

EL CARMEN

ALTO LARÁN

RÍO GRANDE

LLIPATA

OTOCA

SANTA LUCÍA

SANTA CRUZ

SAN CLEMENTEHUMAY

LOS MOLINOS

TAMBO DE MORA

OCÉANOPACÍFICO

PARACAS

PARACAS


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airdrome

Asphalted road N

Cahuachi35

35

0 10 20 km

Río Pisco

Río Nasca

ICA

Césa

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200

Saywite

The stone of Saywite is famous because on it, you can observe the cosmogony and the religion of the last

years of our Autonomous Development, planning and architecture. It is located at about 3 500 meters above the sea level on the top of hillock, at 45 kilometers on the way

Abancay - Cusco.

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Feline Route

201

18L E 737797 Spot: SaywiteDistrict: Curahuasi

Province: AbancayRegion: ApurímacN 8501285

Google EarthW 72 48’09” S 13 32’49”


SAYWITE



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no resources in its area.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Saywite, 3 500 MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399Huaraz, 3 091

Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1200 a.C.

Saywite

250 500 750

b.C. a.C.

1000 15001250250 1750

1532 a.C.

2000

Say

wite

202

It is about an archaeological complex with structures and architecture, with nearby platforms; but the most notable and known is a sculptural monolithic scale model that still remains in the place. It is famous because in it, you can observe the cosmogony and the religión of the last years of our Autonomous Development, apart from the urban planning and architecture.The stone of Saywite, as it is known, it was identified by an expedition in charge of Julio C. Tello, who performed a mould of plaster and then casting in cement at an exhibition at the Museo de la Nación. This archaeological complex that covers 60 hectares, in the place called Qonchaca, is clasified into six sectors. The sector I, is the area of the principal monolith, which is the maximum expression of the complex. This monolith has an egg shape and it is 2,5 m high with carved elements

that represent the geography and environment of the zone. We also found stops and fountains built in an area of 1 900 m. The sector II, the steps and fountain area, is characterized by a succession of 9 fountains, associated to a stone staircase. The sector III is the area of minor monoliths and fountains. Regarding to sector IV, it is the area of possible constructions in the shape of truncated pyramids. The sector V, also called Ushno Sector, is a rectangular shape platform of 18 x 34 m where religious activities took place, observation and sun worship. Finally the sector VI, called Intihuatana, is a stone block carved of several forms. It was probably an astronomic observatory.Its location, as well as its tourist and scientific atractive, make Saywite one of the jewelry of the route.

Césa

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Feline Route

203

CHUQUIBAMBILLA

ANTA

ABANCAY

PICHIRHUA

CHACOCHE

CIRCACHACNA

OROPESA

PROGRESO

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBOCACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airdrome

Asphalted road

N

36

Saywite36

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

APURÍMAC

Say

wite

Wal

ter S

ilver

a / P

RO

MPE

RU

204

Choquequirao

This inca archaeological complex at the beginning of the XVI Century, built on base of stone. Archaeologists presume that it is about one of the many lost cities in

Vilcabamba, where the Incas took refuge in 1536.

Ren

zo U

ccel

li / P

RO

MPE

RU

Feline Route

205

18L E 730243 Spot: District:

Province: La ConvenciónRegion: CuscoN 8518381

Google EarthW 72 52’26.11” S 13 23’36.11”


CHOQUEQUIRAO



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

Along the route are rest areas and restrooms. In the archaeological complex are INC campsite area and showers.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Choquequirao, 3 050MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1200 a.C.

Choquequirao

250 500 750

b.C. a.C.

1000 15001250250 1750

1532 a.C.

2000

Ch

oq

ueq

uir

ao

206

The inca archaeological complex at the beginning of the XVI century, built on base of stones, occupies an extension of 2 hectares. Archaeologists presume that it is about one of the many lost cities in Vilcabamba, where the Incas took refuge in 1536. Choquequirao is an extraordinary complex that was built in the last years of the Inca Empire (1471 - 1527 a.C.). It was possibly, one of the control points for the Entrance to the Vilcabamba region, and an administrative core with political, social and economic functions. It consists of nine architectonic groups made of stone and a system of 180 platforms, apart from residential houses, administrative, craftmen, irrigation systerm, among other constructions built in base of stone. The sectors that from it are defined

by the topograpgy of the place. They had different functions and they communicated by means of pedestrian accesses to the main square. You can appreciate a complex hydraulic system destinated probably to domestic, ceremonial and agricultural use.Having into account the geographical location of Choquequirao in com-parison to other complexes of the same period, It seems that it had the function of being an inca enclave towards the hot valleys of the river Apurímac. Its inhabitants devoted to the intensive agriculture and performed ceremonias where water was an important worshipping element. Furthermore, it was a storing place of several products coming from other zones as well as a restinga place hmong the valleys of Apurímac, Vilcabamba and Vilcanota.

Ren

zo U

ccel

li / P

RO

MPE

RU

Feline Route

207

ANTA

URUBAMBA

TAMBOBAMBA

ABANCAY

CUSCO

OROPESA

PROGRESO

OMACHA

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBO

HUANOQUITE

CHINCHERO

AGUAS CALIENTES

MACHU PICCHUHISTORIC SANCTUARY

WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

37

Choquequirao37

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Ch

oq

ueq

uir

ao

Ren

zo U

ccel

li / P

RO

MPE

RU

208

Limatambo

It is related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ñan. Limatambo is conformed by late auxiliary stone structures

and an important walking infrastructure and andenes or growing terraces.

Rod

rigo

Cabr

era

Feline Route

209

18L E 776786 Spot: District: Limatambo

Province: AntaRegion: CuscoN 8508375

Google EarthW 72 26’38” S 13 28’47”


LIMATAMBO


Complejo MonumentalNecrópolisTumba Principal

Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no services in its area.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Limatambo, 2 700MetersAboveSeaLevel

Nevado Huascarán, 6 768


Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Limatambo

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

Lim

ata

mb

o

210

This place is located at 2 700 meters above the sea level on the way Abancay - Cusco. It has an apparently long human occupation. This ancient settlement with colonial airs, is related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ñan, or Inca Road that joined all the regions of Tahuantinsuyo. It is also known by the name of Tarawasi. The historic tradition points out that this place wes ordered to be built by the Inca Pachacútec with the aimof establishing a restinga tambo in the zone, on the way to Chinchaysuyo. The archaeological complex of Limatambo is considered to be an Inca ceremonial center, located on the principal way Chinchaysuyo, built with andesita stone, carved and refined in cushioned polygon form, whose external parameters, of fine ending, have an aesthetics disposition of stones forming rosettes.

In the lower extreme of the complex principal wall, superimposed on the base of the prehispanic construction, are the remains of a colonial farmhouse. In the hose in ruins, still prevails, a channel system made by the Incas in the original construction. As in Ollantaytambo or Koricancha, you can appreciate the Spanish custom of superimposing the constructions over the Incas’ monuments. This archaeological complex is composed by late auxiliary stone structures, an important walking infrastructure and andenes or growing terraces. Limatambo needs more research to get its longed conservation. The belonging to this route lies on being part of the way Qhapaq Ñan and being close to the archaeoturistic way that is proposed here.

Luis

Gam

ero

/ PR

OM

PER

U

Feline Route

211

PACARITAMBO

ANTA

URUBAMBA

TAMBOBAMBA

ABANCAY

CUSCO

OROPESA

PROGRESO

OMACHA

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBO

HUANOQUITE

CHINCHERO

AGUAS CALIENTES


WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

38

Limatambo38

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

CUSCOL

ima

tam

bo

Rod

rigo

Cabr

era

Lim

ata

mb

o

212

Cusco City

Capital of Tawantinsuyo, in this city we have archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin

and the preterit splendour of the defunct Incas.At the same time, it is one of the fewest cities of Peru that

still have the colonialism as part of its daily life and the traces of Tawantinsuyo.

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19L E 177519 Spot: District: Cusco

Province: CuscoRegion: CuscoN 8503759

Google EarthW 71 58’43” S 13 31’00”


CUSCO



Excellent



TIME LINE

TIPO DE ASENTAMIENTO

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has services at all prices.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Cusco

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

Cu

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Cit

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214

The impressive city of Cusco, “the navel of the world” as the Incas used to call it, is located at 3 500 meters above the sea level inside a protected trough in the province of the same name. In the capital of the second Empire or Tawantinsuyo, we have archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and splendor of the Inca culture, as well as the constructions that are surrounded such as Saqsaywaman or Q’enqo, of less Late periods corresponding to the Regional Developments. According to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, its urban design reflects the four-part structure of organization of the inca territory and it was divided into two pairs of neighbourhoods corresponding to the four suyos of the empire (Chinchaysuyo, Antisuyo, Cuntisuyo and Collasuyo). The territories that incorporated to the inca domains were being ascribed according to its orientation regarding

to the geographic, politic and sacred center of the Empire that was Cusco. The urban design of Cusco evokes the silhouette of a crouched puma and in it converged the Incas’ road net that ran along the 40 000 sqkm of the inca territory from North to South. Because of its historical and archaeological value, Cusco was declared Patrimony of Humanity in 1983. In Pachacútec’s time, the center of the city was organized around the double Squire of Huacaypata and Cusipata (at present San Francisco and Main Squares). These squares were surrounded by imperial palaces and temples, among the ones, stand out for their importante and richness, the Coricancha. To the north-east of Huacapata Squire, it was probably, Pachacútec Palace (Casana), from which there are still some pieces of wall.

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ANTA

PAUCARTAMBO

URCOS

PARURO

ACOMAYO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

ABANCAY

CUSCO

OROPESA

OMACHA

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

AGUAS CALIENTES


WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

39

Cusco City

39

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Cu

sco

Cit

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Pikillacta

It is a fortified city. Inside, you can identify streets that connect large productive areas, warehouses,

administrative and residential areas. It is one of the principal ancient cities of Cusco and Peru.

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19L E 206152 Spot: PikillaqtaDistrict: Cusco

Province: QuispicanchiRegion: CuscoN 8493173

Google Earth

Other names: Piquillakta, Piki Llacta, Mohina, Muyuna, Muyna.

W 71 42’49” S 13 36’56”


PIKILLAQTA



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Pikillaqta, 3 350MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

500 a.C.

Pikillaqta

200 400 600 800 12001000200 1400

1532 a.C.

1600

b.C. a.C.

It has no services.

Pik

illa

cta

218

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ANTA

PAUCARTAMBO

URCOS

PARURO

ACOMAYO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

ABANCAY

CUSCO

OROPESA

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

CCARHUAYO

CUSIPATA

ACCHA

CCATAC

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

40

Pikillacta

40

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Pik

illa

cta

It is located at 3 350 meters above the sea level and at about 30 km to the south of Cusco. The archaeological complex of Pikillacta is a fortified city with only two accesses, probably defensive. Inside, you can identify streets that connect large productive areas, warehouses, administrative and residential areas, etc. Its design and construction is orthogonal very similar to the “new” sectors of Wari city. Investigations have determined that Pikillacta is one of the principal ancient cities of Cusco and Peru. It

has its origin during the height of the first Empire or Wari (± 600 to 1000 a.C.) and in accordance with some archaeologists and ethnohistorians, the mythical characters of Manco Qapaq, Mama Oqllo and Mama Warko existed, the ones who must have come from this place. This is one of the landmarks that remark this route, maybe, as important as the proper city of Cusco, as it would be the origin of the Inca ethnia that centuries later would turn into an empire.

220

Chinchero

The famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the current folklore of Cusco, come from

this zone, as well as many of the people who are employed as bearers in the route that goes from this

zone to Qhapaq Ñan.

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18L E 819369 Spot: District: Chinchero

Province: UrubambaRegion: CuscoN 8517148

Google EarthW 72 03’06” S 13 23’42”


CHINCHERO



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

Pacific Ocean, 0

Chinchero, 3 750MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Chinchero

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

SERVICES

It has no services. Handicraft fair and souvenir sales.

Ch

inch

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222

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The settlement of Chinchero, located at about 3 750 meters above the sea level, is just 30 km to the north-east of the city of Cusco. It was probably built by Túpac Inca Yupanqui in 1480, as a restinga palace. It is composed by a set of pre-columbian wall structures, places, andean terraces, stops, worship places, hmong others. It is perhaps, one of the archaeological complexes that is in perfect conditions in Cusco. Chinchero is also related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ñan. What is

more, the famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the current folklore of Cusco, come from this zone, as well as many of the people who are employed as bearers in the route that goes from this zone to Qhapaq Ñan. It also stands out the church that was built during the years of the colony, where you can appreciate beautiful paintings from the Escuela Cusqueña. On Sundays, there is a fair where traders and peasants exchange their products, even by using barter (exchange).

ANTA

PAUCARTAMBO

URCOS

PARURO

ACOMAYO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

CUSCO

OROPESA

OMACHA

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

AGUAS CALIENTES


WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

41

Chinchero

41

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Ch

inch

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224

Maras

Maras belongs to an occupation of Tawantinsuyo and a clear colonial occupation that has been restored

recently as part of the recreation and fundamentation of the historical, regional and national identity.

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18L E 808058 Spot: District: Maras


Google EarthW 72 09’22” S 13 19’58”


MARAS



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has restrooms and souvenir sales.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Maras, 3 550MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Maras

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

Ma

ras

226

Carlo

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The settlement of Maras rises at 3 550 meters above the sea level. It is located 48 km to the north-west of the city of Cusco. It belongs to an occupation of Tawantinsuyo (it is probably much older, though) and a clear colonial occupation. It has been restored recently as part of the recreation and fundamentation of the historical, regional and national identity. To the north-east of Maras, we can find the most famous salines of the region. It is a zone that has been exploited from remote times and was formed by the evaporation of the salty water of

a sea that disappeared in prehistoric times, leaving as remains sodium chloride and fossils.To the west side, you can find the famous Andean terraces of Moray, which, according to some researchers, had been a genetics experimentation center of native especies such as maize, but the fact is that it was and it is still an area of production.This set of sites must be considered as a Cultural Spot, and one of the most important for the region. That is why, this is a important route.

ANTA

PARURO

ACOMAYO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

CUSCO

OROPESA

OMACHA

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

AGUAS CALIENTES


WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

42

Maras

42

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Ma

ras

228

Ollantaytambo

This is a small prehispanic city with remainders of Tawantinsuyo that rearranged the space, rechannel

the water from the stream, reorganized the road system and widen the Andean terrace system. This

management of space goes from the East, at the end of the stream, to the west, in the joint with the

river Urubamba.

Beat

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Vela

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229

18L E 796525 Spot: District: Ollantaytambo


Google Earth

Other names: Ollantaytampu

W 72 15’48” S 13 15’31”


OLLANTAYTAMBO



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad


SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Ollantaytambo, 2 900MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

500 a.C.

Ollantaytambo

200 400 600 800 12001000200 1400

1532 a.C.

1600

b.C. a.C.

Olla

nta

yta

mb

o

230

This archaeological complex is located 60 kilometers to the northwest of the city of Cusco, and it is placed at 2 900 meters above the sea level in an alluvial cone of a fertile gully. We could say that it is a small prehispanic city with remainders of Tawantinsuyo that rearranged the space, rechannel the water of the stream, reorganized the road system and widen the Andean terrace system. This management of space goes from the east, at the end of the stream, to the west, in the joint with the river Urubamba. We can also appreciate that it has a colonial occupation that hasn’t disappeared as in other places; the colonial structures have created

a curious simbiosis with the Inca architecture, which is in particular in the gardens or orchards inside the houses.At present, the motorway that comes from the city of Cusco practically reaches the main Squire of Ollantaytambo, and if you want to go on till Machu Picchu, you must usually go down until the right side of the river, where you can take the train. From this point, you can also take one of the roads of Qhapaq Ñan to this small famous city. These reasons, make this place turn into one of the principal landmarks of this route.

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ANTA

PARURO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

CUSCO

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

AGUAS CALIENTES


MANUNATIONAL PARK

WILLOC

HUAYOPATA

OCOBAMBA

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

43

Ollantaytambo

43

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Olla

nta

yta

mb

o

Beat

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Vela

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232

Machu Picchu

It is a citadel surrounded by andean terraces, in the middle of a dry wood or high jungle. It is believed that it was a kind of residence or property of the first Inca

Emperor, Pachacútec, but this hasn’t been proved yet.

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18L E 765992 Spot: Machupicchu District: Machupicchu


Google Earth

Other names: Maqchu Piqchu, Machu Pichu, Machu Pichuq

W 72 32’43” S 13 09’48”

UBIGEO

MACHU PICCHU



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad


SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Machu Picchu, 2 460MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

500 a.C.

Machu Picchu

200 400 600 800 12001000200 1400

1532 a.C.

1600

b.C. a.C.

Ma

chu

Pic

chu

234

Considered as one of the seven wonders in the modern world, this citadel is located at 2 460 meters above the sea level on an artificial esplanade or ‘pata’ 112,5 km to the north-east of the city of Cusco. It is a citadel surrounded by andean terraces, in the middle of a dry wood or high jungle. Inside, you can see extensive yards or ‘canchas’ that remark the presence of the Incas’ typical places, ‘kallankas’, warehouses, corridors, steps and accesses. It is believed that it was a

kind of residence or property of the first Inca Emperor, Pachacútec, but it hasn’t been proved yet. Together with Choquequirao and other places, represent the magnificence of Tawantinsuyo. The form of having access to this Inca site is by two ways. The ancient way, following the route of Qhapaq Ñan and the modern one is by train. For being a very visited place, and one of the best conserved, it is considered as integral part of this tour.

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Ma

chu

Pic

chu

ANTA

QUILLABAMBA

PAUCARTAMBO

URCOS

ACOMAYO

URUBAMBA

CUSCO

OROPESA

OMACHA

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

HUAYOPATA

OCOBAMBA

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

LARESAGUAS CALIENTES


WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

44

Machu Picchu

44

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

CUSCOCé

sar A

. Veg

a

236

Tipón / Oropesa

This is a small prehispanic settlement with Inca characteristics, furthermore, you can observe in its surroundings archaeological evidences typical of a cultural spot such as the andean terraces and the

channels of irrigation that are still in use.

Myl

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D’A

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19L E 200514 Spot: District: Oropesa


Google Earth

Other names: Tipón or Quispicanchi

W 71 46’05” S 13 35’54”

UBIGEO

OROPESA



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has a guide service. Restrooms.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Oropesa, 3 300MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Oropesa

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

Tip

ón

/ O

rop

esa

238

This small settlement of Oropesa is located 24 km to the south-west of the city of Cusco at 3 300 meters above the sea level, over an esplanade together with Quispicanchis or Tipón inside the nearby gully. It is a prehispanic settlement with Inca characteristics, furthermore, you can observe in its surroundings archaeological

evidences typical of a cultural spot such as the andean terraces and the channels of irrigation that are still in use. There, you can also see Colonial and Republican evidences, such as the farmhouse located in Tipón, which is now the regional seat of the programme Qhapaq Ñan.

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ANTA

PAUCARTAMBO

URCOS

PARURO

ACOMAYO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

ABANCAY

CUSCO

OROPESA

CURAHUASI

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

CCARHUAYO

CUSIPATA

ACCHA

CCATAC

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

45

Tipón / Oropesa45

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Tip

ón

/ O

rop

esa

Myl

ene

D’A

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240

Andahuaylillas

It also seems to have originally been an Inca Llaqta that had a strategic point related with the Collection

and redistribution of the production; At the same time, it is considered to be important for its near position to a

junction of several roads.

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19L E 210427 Spot: District: Andahuaylillas


Google EarthW 71 40’39” S 13 40’28”


ANDAHUAYLILLAS



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad


SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Andahuaylillas, 3 200MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Andahuaylillas

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

An

da

hu

ayl

illa

s

242

The beautiful population of Andahuaylillas is located 35 km to the Routh-east of the city of Cusco at 3 200 meters above the sea level. It also seems to have originally been an Inca Llaqta that had a strategic point related to the collection and redistribution of the production; at the same time, it is considered to be important for its near position to a junction of several roads. In Andahuaylillas it is notable the colonial presence, the one that was important in its time for the colonial, commercial administration, as well as for the catholic administration because of its temples, especially San Pedro which is considered as an artistic piece of jewellery and considered as the ‘Sixtine Chapel of America’. This church was built over some important Inca building, possibly a “Waka” as it has been found on its foundations cut andesita, which is typical of the Inca architecture. What is more, around it, some constructions have been found, such as the Portada, of transicional architecture (transition from the Inca to the colonial) on the western side of the church, with sculptures of two quadrupeds on its lintel. For these reasons, it is considered important and worthy to visit it in this route.

Carlo

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PRO

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RU

Feline Route

243

ANTA

PAUCARTAMBO

URCOS

PARURO

ACOMAYO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

ABANCAY

CUSCO

OROPESA

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

CCARHUAYO

CUSIPATA

ACCHA

CCATAC

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

46

Andahuaylillas46

0 10 20 km

Río Apurímac

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

An

da

hu

ayl

illa

s

Carlo

s Sa

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PRO

MPE

RU

244

Raqchi

It is a series of atypical structures for the inca planning. They are made of mud on walls, very high in accordance with the period and at the same time long; up to now, it is believed that it is linked to Wiraqocha

worshiping which is one of the first gods that the Incas adopted in their ethnical formation.

Luis

Gam

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/ PR

OM

PER

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Feline Route

245

19L E 244197 Spot: District: San Pedro

Province: CanchisRegion: CuscoN 8431709

Google Earth

Other names: Urcos

W 71 22’12” S 14 10’27”


RAQCHI

Abrigo RocosoPintura RupestreAldeaCentro Religioso

Complejo MonumentalNecrópolisTumba Principal

Excellent

MonumentoCiudad PrehispánicaÁrea Monumental

Centro HistóricoParaje CulturalCiudad Colonial

TIME LINE

TIPO DE ASENTAMIENTO

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad


SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Raqchi, 3 480MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Raqchi

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

Ra

qc

hi

246

At kilometer 123 of the highway to Puno, we find Raqchi, located at 3 480 meters above the sea level. It holds a series of atypical structures for the inca planning. They are made of mud on walls, very high in accordance with the period and at the same time long; up to now, it is believed that it is linked to Wiraqocha worshiping which is one of the first gods that the Incas adopted in their ethnical formation. Evidences found in this place, point out that Raqchi was a complex settlement with multiple constructions of several

functions including agricultural terraces, “kanchas”, “wayranas”, “qolqas”, varied temples, religious sources, etc.; it was possible an important tambo on the route to Collasuyo. Inside all the complex, it highlightens the presence of the one called del denominado “Wiraqocha temple”. According to the tradition, it was ordered to be built by Inca Wiraqocha as a tribute to the Andeans’ invisible superior God: Apu Kon Titi Wiraqocha.It is one of the least visited places of the zone, but one of the most important.

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ANTA

PAUCARTAMBO

SICUANI

YANAOCA

PARURO

ACOMAYO

CALCA

URUBAMBA

ABANCAY

CUSCO

OROPESA

CURAHUASI

LIMATAMBO

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PÍSAC

COLQUEPATA

TRES CRUCES

HUANOQUITE

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

CCARHUAYO

CUSIPATA

LIVITACA

OMACHA

ACCOCUNCA MACARI

EL DESCANSO

LAYO

LANGUI

SANTA ROSA

COMBAPATA

CCATAC

PACARITAMBO

CHINCHERO

WILLOC

CACHORA

LUCRE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

47

RAQCHI47

0 10 20 km

Lgo Languilayo

Río Apurímac

CUSCO

Ra

qc

hi

Beat

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248

Pucará

Apart from its archaeological sites, Pucará is famous for its glazed or semiglazed handicratf, painted in

green, especially for its famous ‘toritos’.

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19L E 353216 Spot: PucaráDistrict: Pucará

Province: LampaRegion: PunoN 8335258

Google Earth

Other names: Pukara, Pucara, Puqara

W 70 22’03” S 15 02’34”


PUCARÁ



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has the Museo Lítico de Pucará, a parking area.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Pucará, 4 200 MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1470 a.C.

Pucará

25 50 1450 1475 1525150025 1550

1532 a.C.

1575

b.C. a.C.

Pu

ca

rá

250

This population is located at 4 200 meters above the sea level, 106 km to the north of Puno. There you can find the Lithic Museum of Pucará, where you can see a Group of lithic sculptures such as monoliths, steles and zoomorphic sculptures, ceramics and other objects.Furthermore, Pucará is famous for its pottery, especially for its famous “Toritos”. Aproximately one kilometer

away from the locality, it is the archaeological complex Kalasaya, considered to be the ceremonial center of Pucará culture. It was risen around the year 200 b.C., and it reached its height between the years 250 b.C. and 380 a.C. There, you can distinguish two sectors: a ceremonial area composed by nine pyramids and the other is urban. For those rehaznos, it must be included in the Feline’s itinerary.

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LAMPA

AZÁNGAROPUTINA

JULIACA

PALCA

PUCARÁ

ARAPA

PUSIPARATIA


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

PUNO

PUNO 48

PUCARÁ48

0 10 20 km

LagoTiticaca

Lago Arapa P

uc

ará

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Sillustani

The mausoleums or ‘chullpas’ made of stone and that are in almost all the postcards that we observe

for Puno region, are the most interesting. These tombs Could belong to the Regional States period,

represented by the Kolla (± 1200 a.C.).

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Feline Route

253

19L E 377292 Spot: SillustaniDistrict:

Province: Region: PunoN 8261351

Google EarthW 70 12’35” S 15 41’48”


SILLUSTANI



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has services and handicraft sales.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Sillustani, 3 900 MetersAboveSeaLevel



Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

0

1200 a.C.

Sillustani

100 200 1200 1300 15001400100 1600

1532 a.C.

1700

b.C. a.C.

Sil

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254

This settlement is located at 3 900 meters above the sea level on a soft hillock and on the Eastern peninsula of the lagoon Umayo, 34 km to the north of the city of Puno. As well as in other sides of the highlands and in some places of the coast, it goes from the lithic (± 12000 b.C.) with campsites and workshops to the Formative with Qaluyo (± 1000 b.C.). This place is well known for its chullpas, that are circular stone towers

risen to hold the funerary remains of the principal authorities of the ancient settlers, the Kolla (± 1200 a.C.). Some of them reach up to 12 meters high and they characterize because its low part is less than its higher part. A little distance from the archaeological complex, you can find the Site Museum, where there are several pieces from the cultures Colla, Tiahuanaco and Inca. For these reasons, Sillustani is included in this route.

Arch

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Feline Route

255

LAMPA

AZÁNGAROPUTINA

JULIACA

CHUCUITO

PALCA

ARAPA

PUSIPARATIA

CABANILLA

LARAQUERI

ACORA

SAN ANTONIODE ESQUILACHE


Unpaved route

Provincial limit


RailroadAirport

Asphalted road

N

PUNO

PUNO

49

SILLUSTANI49

0 10 20 km

LagoTiticaca

Lago Arapa

LagunasLagunillas

Sil

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i

Arch

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Geographical means

The area of Cusco, has a landscape of strong contrasts, where high alignments of mountains, combine with dilated altiplanos and plateaus of soft relief. As well as deep valleys and canyons, furthermore, part of the high jungle where man got used to. In Cusco the Incas knew perfectly about the physical nature of the territory, according to some chroniclers, they made maps in relief made of clay, marking on them the geographical accidents of a space about which they set up population sensus and production records. The historian Luis Valcárcel points out that the Inca expeditions, whenthey reached a province, they proceded to make up a map, meanwhile, Waldemar Espinosa in his book about “The Incas”, he mentions that they made up maps of stone or material about foreign regions; with a clear intention of exploiting the resources. The control of the geographical space in the Inca period is also shown in the extensive road nets that ran the Empitre in different directions, reaching an extension of 40 000 km.

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Carlo

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Imperial Cities Route

259

This is a route refered to the principal urban centres of the Andean area and that are associated mainly to the first and second Imperial development in this part of the American Continent. The visit of this Imperial Cities Route will allow to admire a notable monumental patrimony that outstand due to the successful planning and rational use of the natural ecosystems.We can even remark that the extension of these evidences overcome in some cases the principal European urban centres. This makes our monumental patrimony a valuable option of patrimonial management and social use of the different prehispanic buildings that exist and are necessary to study and conserve.The sites involved on this route are: Cajamarca, Marcahuamachuco, Wira-cochapampa, Wari, Huanucopampa and Vilcashuamán. Other important places of this route are: Cajamarqui-lla, Pachacámac, Pikillacta and Chan Chan.

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50

51

52

53

54

55

the Imperial Cities Route


Provincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

CajamarcaMarcahuamachucoWiracochapampaWariHuanucopampaVilcashuamánCajamarquillaPachacamacPikillactaChan Chan

505145253545530314014

CAJAMARCA

LIMA

50

51

14

53

55

30

31

40

52

54

Detailed area

30

31

40

14

Wiracochapampa

Wari

Marcahuamachuco

Huanucopampa

Vilcashuamán

Cajamarquilla

Pachacámac

Pikillacta

Chan Chan

Cajamarca

N

2100 1800 1500

Cajamarca

1200 900 600 300 0 600 900 1200300 1500 1800

TIME LINE b.C. a.C.

This place is located in the historical center of the same city, where the Spaniards settled directly modifying its architectural program, but we can still observe some Inca’s evidences.

It seems to be that by the year 500 a.C. It was the largest urban center of all the northern highlands. At present, some studies are being developed to put it in value.

It is clearly a great city that possibly belonged to the end of the (Wari) empire and was built by the year 900 a.C.

It is located in a semi-arid open area in the North-east of Ayacucho city and to the South-west of the village of Quinua, at about 3 000 meters above the sea level.

In this occupied space there are a large amount of kallankas (The Incas’ typical architecture), depots (collcas) for food and clothes among others.

The work of several chroniclers (e.g. Waman Poma y Pedro Cieza) mention it since the beginning of conquest and the colony as one of the most opulent and luxurious Inca’s Llaqtas.

CAJAMARCA

TRUJILLO

HUÁNUCO

AYACUCHO

APURÍMAC

CUSCO

HUAMACHUCO

50 1000 150 km

MarcahumachucoWiracochapampaWari

Huanucopampa

View page 166

View page 170

View page 216

View page 92

PACIFIC OCEAN

261


50

51

52

53

54

55

the Imperial Cities Route


Provincial limit

Regional capital

Provincial capital

District capital

Town

Asphalted road

Unpaved route

Airport, port

CajamarcaMarcahuamachucoWiracochapampaWariHuanucopampaVilcashuamánCajamarquillaPachacamacPikillactaChan Chan

505145253545530314014

CAJAMARCA

LIMA

50

51

14

53

55

30

31

40

52

54

Detailed area

30

31

40

14

Wiracochapampa

Wari

Marcahuamachuco

Huanucopampa

Vilcashuamán

Cajamarquilla

Pachacámac

Pikillacta

Chan Chan

Cajamarca

N

2100 1800 1500

Cajamarca

1200 900 600 300 0 600 900 1200300 1500 1800

TIME LINE b.C. a.C.

This place is located in the historical center of the same city, where the Spaniards settled directly modifying its architectural program, but we can still observe some Inca’s evidences.

It seems to be that by the year 500 a.C. It was the largest urban center of all the northern highlands. At present, some studies are being developed to put it in value.

It is clearly a great city that possibly belonged to the end of the (Wari) empire and was built by the year 900 a.C.

It is located in a semi-arid open area in the North-east of Ayacucho city and to the South-west of the village of Quinua, at about 3 000 meters above the sea level.

In this occupied space there are a large amount of kallankas (The Incas’ typical architecture), depots (collcas) for food and clothes among others.

The work of several chroniclers (e.g. Waman Poma y Pedro Cieza) mention it since the beginning of conquest and the colony as one of the most opulent and luxurious Inca’s Llaqtas.

CAJAMARCA

TRUJILLO

HUÁNUCO

AYACUCHO

APURÍMAC

CUSCO

HUAMACHUCO

50 1000 150 km

MarcahumachucoWiracochapampaWari

Huanucopampa

View page 166

View page 170

View page 216

View page 92

PACIFIC OCEAN

262

The Imperial Cities Route

Cajamarca

In the historical center of the city, you can see Inca evidences such as the Rescue Room on the block 7 of Amalia Puga street, the designs of Qhapaq Ñan,

The Inca Bath, where Atahualpa stayed before he was captured. It is probably the main square now.

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17M E 774285 Spot: CajamarcaDistrict: Cajamarca

Province: CajamarcaRegion: CajamarcaN 9208035

Google EarthW 78 31'03" S 7 09'25"


CAJAMARCA

2000 200



Excellent



0

Cajamarca

200 400 600 800 12001000

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

2200

2000 b.C. 1532 a.C.

1400 1600

b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has several handicraft centers. it also has in association, nearby lodges at all prices.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Cajamarca, 2 720

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

Ca

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Evidences of an Inca urbe are located in the historical center of the same city of Cajamarca, where the Spaniards settled down, modifying its architectural programme, but you can still observe Inca evidences, such as the Rescue Room on the block 7 of Amalia Puga street, the designs of Qhapaq Ñan, The Inca Bath, where Atahualpa stayed before he was captured. It is probably the main square of Cajamarca now.What you can now see is the remainder of what one was an Inca llaqta (Second Empire) that occupied a zone of the Cajamarca. After Atahualpa’s death and during the first years of the

Spanish occupation, the destruction of th Inca Llaqta to to turn it into the city of San Antonio de Cajamarca. For being an important part of our history, and for its legacy, is one of the principal landmarks of this cultural route. The Inca bath is located 6,40 km away from the Center of the City andi t connects the city with two possible branches of Qhapaq Ñan that are still in use.One of the tangible examples of an inca city that you can still admire, in spite of the transformations suffered during centuries, that’s why it is important for this route.

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Río Chicama

Río Marañón

SUCHUBAMBA

CHOTA

BAMBAMARCA

CELENDÍN

LEYMEBAMBA

BOLÍVAR

SAN MARCOS

CASCAS

CONTUMAZÁ

SAN PABLO

CAJABAMBA

CAJAMARCA

HUARANCHAL

MATARÁSAN JUANMAGDALENA

CHETILLA NAMORA

ENCAÑADA

LUCMAPAMPA

N

0 10 20 30 40km

50

CajamarcaRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

50

Ca

jam

arc

a

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Marcahuamachuco

It is composed by a series of places marked by walls made of quarried Stones placed in double facing of two or three floors. They contain public areas and aparently domestic with a large occupation that

appears to be originated since 400 a.C.

Luis

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267

17M E 822628 Spot: MarcahuamachucoDistrict: Huamachuco

Province: Sánchez CarriónRegion: La LibertadN 9138417

Google Earth

Other names: Markawamachuku, Markawamachuco

W 78 04'32" S 7 47'16"


MARCAHUAMACHUCO

400 200



Excellent



0

Marcahuamachuco

200 400 600 800 12001000

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

600

400 a.C. 1532 a.C.

1400 1600

b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY

Pedestrian Road Fluvial or Maritime Car trai


Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has no proper infrastructure except for the Entrance and the access motorway.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Marcahuamachuco, 3 200

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

Mar

cahu

amac

huco

Luis

Yup

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268

When Marcahuamachuco appeared by the year 500 a.C. It was the largest urban center of all the Northern highland. The occupied territory was limit and obstacle for the expansion of the first Empire (Wari) between the years 600 and 900 a.C. They were not able to occupy the zone and it remained imperturbable until its incorporation to the Tawantinsuyo (± 1450 - 1532 a.C.) The place is located at, 3 km from Huamachuco, on the highlands of La Libertad. It is at 3 700 meters above the sea level. It is composed by a series of places marked by walls made of quarried stones placed in double facing of two or three floors, being notorious several kilometres away. It contains

public and domestic areas, with a large occupation that seems to be originary from the year 400 a.C., preceding the Wari and Inca. The occupation is given until the Inca period, but not totally and without fulfilling all its functions.All the material for the construction of this city was obtained from the nearby hills, a quarry where the stone was carefully worked and cut, in rectangular blocks, they were placed alterning their position, vertical or horizontal. This calls the attention of travellers and researchers who come to its borders.At present, some Studies are being performed to put this place in value. It is an important example of pre-urban development in the north of Peru.

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269

Río Chicama

Río Marañón

SUCHUBAMBA

CHOTA

BAMBAMARCA

CELENDÍN

LEYMEBAMBA

SAN MARCOS

HUAMACHUCO

CASCAS

CONTUMAZÁ

CAJABAMBA

OTUZCO

CABANA

CAJAMARCA

TRUJILLO

HUARANCHAL

MOCHE

CACHICADÁN

VIRÚ

SARTIMBAMBA

SARÍN

SITABAMBA

MATARÁ

LLUCHUBAMBA

SAN JUAN

GUZMANGO

CHETILLA

LUCMAPAMPA

N

0 10 20 30 40km

LA LIBERTAD

COTO DE CAZASUNCHUBAMBA

51

MarcahuamachucoRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

51

Mar

cahu

amac

huco

Will

ian

Zana

tta

270

Wiracochapampa

This city occupies an area of 500 meters; where there are a series of public and administrative spaces such

as warehouses, watering network, means of communi-cations, and places in a clear orthogonal planning.

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17M E 825572 Spot: WiracochapampaDistrict: Huamachuco

Province: Sánchez CarriónRegion: La LibertadN 9138543

Google Earth

Other names: Wiraqcochapampa, Huirakochapampa

W 78 02'51" S 7 47'17"


WIRACOCHAPAMPA

0 100



Excellent



800

Wiracochapampa

900 1000 1100 1200 14001300

LÍNEA DE TIEMPO

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

GRADO DE CONSERVACIÓN

100

900 a.C. 1532 a.C.

1500 1600

b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

Nothing suitable in the locality, and fairly acceptable in the city.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Wiracochapampa, 3 000

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

Wir

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272

It is located at 3 000 meters above the sea level on an esplanade or ramp, and it forms a triangle between the city and the place of Markahuamachuco. The city occupies an area of 500 m; in this space there are a series of public and administrative spaces such as warehouses, watering network, means of communications, and places in a clear orthogonal planning.The constructive material employed are quarried stones, generally clear sandstone balanced and fastened with small stone wedges (pachillas o paqchas), that are placed on the walls of double facing and using clay land as mortar; in some front walls some stone corbels (perhaps quartz) have been

identified, maybe with the purpose of supporting the vegetal origin ceilings. Inside the construction, you can still see some traces of irrigation ditches, that carried the water for the population.This city possibly belongs to the end of the first Empire (Wari) and was built by the year 900 a.C.; It seems that they didn’t finish building the city, perhaps because of the weakness of the metropoli or due to the colapse of the Empire, the same as what happened later in Huanucopampa in the second Empire. It is one of the latest Wari cities that were built andi t is located in the Northern extreme of its expansion.

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Río Chicama

Río Marañón

SUCHUBAMBA

CHOTA

BAMBAMARCA

CELENDÍN

LEYMEBAMBA

SAN MARCOS

HUAMACHUCO

CASCAS

CONTUMAZÁ

CAJABAMBA

OTUZCO

CABANA

CAJAMARCA

TRUJILLO

HUARANCHAL

MOCHE

CACHICADÁN

VIRÚ

SARTIMBAMBA

SARÍN

SITABAMBA

MATARÁ

LLUCHUBAMBA

SAN JUAN

GUZMANGO

CHETILLA

LUCMAPAMPA

N

0 10 20 30 40km

LA LIBERTAD

COTO DE CAZASUNCHUBAMBA

52

WiracochapampaRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

52

Wir

aco

cha

pa

mp

a

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274

Wari

This place is composed by a fairly multicolored, a little orthogonal core that later it adapted to this pattern by forming large streets, high perimetric walls, accesses, squares, temples, administrative areas, mausoleums,

tombs, workshops, neighbourhoods.

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275

18L E 592517 Spot: WariDistrict: Quinua

Province: HuamangaRegion: AyacuchoN 8555221

Google EarthW 74 08'47" S 13 04'04"


WARI

0 100



Excellent



200

Wari

300 400 500 600 800700

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

100

500 a.C. 900 a.C.

900 1000

b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has an on-site museum, signposting and a car park.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Wari, 3 000

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

ALTITUDE

Wa

ri

276

The citadel Wari is considered as the state capital of the same name. Before the Inca culture, it had become the first great andean Empire. Its occupation would have reached 2 000 hectares in its most important moment. This complex is located in a semiarid esplanade to the north-east of the city of Ayacucho and to the south-west of the town of Quinua, at about 3 000 meters above the sea level.Wari is composed by a fairly multicolored, a bit orthogonal core, that later it adapted to this pattern by forming large streets, high perimetric walls, accesses, squares, temples, administrative areas, mauloleums, tombs, workshops, neighbourhoods, etc. This characterize a city or llaqta. The origins of Wari (500 - 600 a.C.) as a city is found in a settlement Warpa which must have been the basis of its origins, together with influences by contact with Nasca y Tiwanako cultures, the

ones with it had conflicts later. This forced its state to redesign a general policy by developing a secular form supported in a regular army. In this way it started its expansion, transformation and resource management.As part of an expansion policy, an official language was imposed, the runa simi or quechua. An oficial ideology sustained by administration and religion; an accounting system represented by the kipu, the sistematization and formalization of roads, the creation of cities as political and military centres; furthermore, the creation of military groups, the imposition of the orthogonal pattern. Wari turned into a metropoli (± 600 - 900 a.C.) until the Empire colapsed.Very little is known about what happened after the year 900 a.C. with Wari, but it seems that it was abandoned and pillaged. Practically it was never occupied.

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Río Apurímac

Río Pampas

SAN MIGUEL

CHINCHEROS

VILCASHUAMÁN

HUANCAPI

CANGALLO

HUANCASANCOS

LIRCAY

ACOBAMBA

HUANTA

QUINUA

HUAMANGUILLA

ONGOY

MAYOC

SAN PEDRO DE CACHI

HUANCA HUANCA

PARAS

TOTOS CHUSQUI

APONGO

CHILCAYOC

PAICO

CARHUANCA

0 10 20 30 40km

AYACUCHO

AYACUCHO

N

53

WariRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

53

Wa

ri

Carlo

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278

Huanucopampa

In this occupied space there are a large number of kallankas (typical architecture of the incas),

warehouses (collcas) for food and clothes among others. It was going to be a great llaqta; but due to the Spanish invasion and the breakup of the established

order made it impossible to finish and occupy this city.

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18L E 301291.96 Spot: HuanucopampaDistrict: La Unión

Province: Dos de MayoRegion: HuánucoN 8908120.57

Google EarthW 76 48'43" S 9 52'17"


HUANUCOPAMPA

0 200



Excellent



400

Huanucopampa

1440 1460 1480 1500 15401520

TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

200

1470 a.C. 1532 a.C.

1560 1580

b.C. a.C.

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

This place has minimal signposting in different areas.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Huanucopampa, 3 700

MetersAboveSeaLevel


Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

ALTITUD

Other names: Wanukupampa, Wanuku Viejo, Huánuco Viejo, Huanucomarca

Hu

an

uco

pa

mp

a

280

The city of Huánuco Pampa is at 3 700 meters above the sea level on an esplanade or ramp, where comes part of its name, covering about five hectares. This site presents between 3 500 to 4 000 visible structures. At first, the architectural programme was aimed to form four great sectors according to the Qhapaq Ñan and the Ushnu, and these sectors, at the same time, subdivided into four. Among these structures we have the large square (cancha) from which the streets start. In the occupied space, there are a large number of kallankas, a kind of stone basis on which the houses, palaces and inca temples, warehouses (collcas) for food and clothes among others were built.

Huánuco Pampa was going to turn into a great llaqta; but it seems that the Spanish invasion and the breakup of the established order didn’t make it finish and occupy this city. Huánuco Pampa had a short existente like Wiraqochapampa. The Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in the latest time, is carrying out research in the line of archaeoastronomy or paleoastronomy, as there is a hypothesis that the Inca Llaqtas, as well as other structures of the andean area, were designed in accordance with stellar, lunar and solar observations. Although it was never finished, we can say that Huánuco Pampa is an important landmark to understand the route of the Imperial cities.

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CHAVINILLOLA UNIÓN

LLATA

RECUAY

CHIQUIÁNJESÚS

AMBO

OYÓN

YANAHUANCA

HUALLANCA

BAÑOS

TICLLOS

CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR

0 10 20 30 40km

HUARAZ

HUÁNUCO

CERRO DE PASCO

HUÁNUCO

N

PARQUE NACIONALHUASCARÁN

54

HuanucopampaRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

54

Hu

an

uco

pa

mp

a

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Vilcashuamán

The city or llaqta of Vilcahuamán was used, as many Inca cities as a Tambo or collecting and distribution of material and human resources. You can observe here

structures such as the Kallankas built with quarried stones, fenced places, the just mentioned ushnu and

the square or trapezoid cancha.

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18L E 613229 Spot: VilcashuamánDistrict: Vilcashuamán

Province: VilcashuamánRegion: AyacuchoN 8490277

Google EarthW 73 57'11" S 13 39'13"


VILCASHUAMÁN



Excellent



TIME LINE

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION DEGREE

Good Regular Bad


ACCESSIBILITY



Excellent


Good Regular Bad

It has accomodation service and basic catering.

SERVICES

Pacific Ocean, 0

Vilcashuamán, 3 200

MetersAboveSeaLevel



ALTITUDE

Other names: Willcahuaman, Willcas Waman, Vilcas

400 200 0

Vilcashuamán

200 400 600 800 12001000600

500 b.C. 1532 a.C.

1400 1600

b.C. a.C.

Vilc

ash

ua

má

n

284

The citadel of Vilcashuamán is located on an esplanade, at 3 200 meters above the sea level on the left side of the riverPampas in Ayacucho. The current population live on the clear superposition of the colonial and Tawantinsuyo periods, but its origins go back at least to the Formative (± 1500 b.C. - 0 a.C.), According to the latest investigations performed by a Peruvian-Japanese project, whose evidences are under the Ushnu. The city or llaqta of Vilcashuamán, was used as many Inca cities as a Tambo or collecting and distribution of material and human resources center. You can observe here structures such as the Kallankas built with quarried Stones, fenced places, the just mentioned ushnu, the square or trapezoid cancha, etc. It also seems that it had an important meaning for the Incas, as the city was built on their rivals’ territory: the Chanka.Several chroniclers mention them in their work (e.g. Waman Poma and Pedro Cieza) they are mentioned from the beginning of the conquest and the colony as one of the most splendid and opulent Inca llaqtas. Its state of conservation, the architectural syncretism and its symbolic value make Vilcashuamán a principal component of the Imperial Cities Route.

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Río Apurímac

Río Pampas

CHINCHEROS

ANDAHUAYLASVILCASHUAMÁN

HUANCAPI

CANGALLO

HUANCASANCOS

LIRCAY

ACOBAMBA

QUINUA

ONGOY

MAYOC

PARAS

TOTOS

LUCANAMARCA

CHUSQUI

APONGO

HUAYCAHUACHO

CHIPAOANDAMARCA

CHILCAYOC

TURPO

PAICO

SAÑAYCAPAMPACHIN

CARHUANCA

0 10 20 30 40km

AYACUCHO

AYACUCHO

N

55

VilcashuamánRegional capitalProvincial capital

Unpaved route

Provincial limit


Airport, port

Asphalted road

55

Vilc

ash

ua

má

n

Carlo

s Sa

la /

PRO

MPE

RU

286

Participatory archaeological tourism

This is an interesting opportunity

for the visitor to get involved in

scientific work and at the same time,

to go deeply into some knowledge

additional to the conventional, that

means, the one that is used to getting

acquired in a traditional tourist visit.

It can be understood as a different

way of perceiving the culture and

mechanisms that social sciences have

to develop the historical discourse. The

methodologies that scientists apply,

can be attractive to a certain type of

specialised tourist who finds more and

better emotions and learning in an

archaeologist’s specialised discourse

and work.

This type of participatory archaeological

tourism can be tackled in three different

forms:

1. Visits or archaeological explorationsThis tourist circuit that considers

the visit of archaeological projects

in progress apart from other sites

connected to the scientific problems

they face. It can be the case of

being privileged spectators of the

archaeological findings that take place

in this type of projects.

2. Archaeological Digs and RestorationsThis tourist circuit implies direct

participation in field activities of

archaeological digs and restorations,

the one that includes, to take part of

the field team in the different scientific

tasks permanently supervised by

professional archaeologists. This type

of visit is the one that considers public

specifically formed in these scientific

activities.

3. Preliminary treatment of the findings and archaeological collections This tourist circuit allows you to

participate in complementary Works

of the archaeological projects such

as the treatment of the findings and

their preventive treatment for their

subsequent study. It also allows you

to participate in certain museums that

devote permanently to the research

of archaeological collections; this

includes the learning of register

techniques handling of all type of

289

collections.

For this last thematic core, we have identified the archaeological sites that

currently have projects almost permanent in progress, in terms of field works as

well as material process in offices or museums, the ones mentioned bellow:

REGION PLACE WORKSINFRASTRUC-

TUREOTHERWORKS

TIPE OF VISIT

North CoastHuacas del Sol y de

La LunaExcavat.

Interpretation Center

Laboratory 1,2,3

North Coast Huaca Rajada Sipán Excavat.National Museum

and PlaceLaboratory 1,2,3

North Coast Huaca El Brujo Excavat.Interpretation

CenterLaboratory 1,2,3

North Coast Túcume Place Museum Laboratory 1,3

North Coast Chan Chan Excavat. Place Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

North Coast San José de Moro Excavat. Laboratory 1,2,3

Near North Las Chicras Excavat. Laboratory 1,2,3

Near NorthCaral, Áspero,

VichamaExcavat. and

restorat.Interpretation

CenterLaboratory 1,2,3

Near North Sechín Restorat. Place Museum Laboratory 1,3

Central Coast Pachacamac Excavat. Place Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

Central Coast Pucllana Excavat. Place Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

Central Coast Puruchuco Restorat. Place Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

Central Coast Cajamarquilla Restorat. Laboratory 1,2,3

Central Coast Mateo SaladoExcavat. and

restorat.Laboratory 1,2,3

Central Coast Maranga ChayavilcaExcavat. and

restorat.Place Museum Laboratory 1,2,3


290

South Central Coast

Huaca Malena Place Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

South Central Coast

Tambo de Mora Excavat. Laboratory 1,2,3

South Coast CahuachiExcavat. and

Restorat.Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

South Coast Geoglifos de Palpa Excavat. Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

South Chiribaya Excavat.Municipal Museum

Laboratory 1,2,3

South Cerro Baul Excavat. Laboratory 1,2,3

South Omo, Chen Chen Museum Laboratory 2,3

North Jungle KuélapExcavat. and

Restorat.Centro de

InterpretaciónLaboratory 1,2,3

North Jungle Pinchudos Restorat 1,2

North Jungle Leymebamba Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

North Jungle Karajía 1

Central Saw Lauricocha 1

Central Saw Wari Excavat. Place Museum Laboratory 1,2,3

Central Saw VilcashuamánExcavat. and

RestoratLaboratory 1,2,3


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