HSB4M

Chapter 2 Homework Review

Anthropological Questions About Social Change

• What are the major differences between developed and developing countries?

Ask an older friend or relative…

• What was the most important social change that took place during their lifetime?– Connect the answers to Sources of Cultural

Change• Invention• Discovery• Diffusion

Invention, Discovery, Diffusion

• How did this aspect of culture come to us here in Canada?

• A = Invention, B = Discovery, C = Diffusion

• System of writing

• Popularity of Thai or Vietnamese food

• Latest IPhone

Four Parts of Culture

Physical environment

How the physical place we live influences our culture – e.g., winter clothes in Canada

Level of technology

How much there is – e.g, infrastructure may be less developed in a lower income country

Social organization

Kinship, division of labour

System of symbols

Peace sign: Signs, shirts, jewelry, bumper stickers

Psychological Questions About Social Change: Cognitive Dissonance

• Designated driver drinks only one drink.• Procrastinators tell themselves they’ll do it in an

hour or tomorrow.• Inactive people tell themselves they’re healthy

enough. • Skippers tell themselves that “we’re not doing

anything in class.”• A teenager who watches a kids’ show tells

themselves that it connects them back to childhood.

Festinger and Carlsmith

• How does the conclusion of their experiment relate to cognitive dissonance?– Make sure your answer includes these words:

• Cognitive dissonance

• Attitude

• Behaviour

• Reward

• Incentive

Note: when attitude or behaviour changes this is evidence of social change for psychologists

Sociological Questions About Social Change

Direction of change __

A from exogenous or endogenous

Rate of change __

B how much regulation it will require to implement

Sources of change __

C positive or negative, for whom

Controllability of change __

D slow, fast, continuous

Four Aspects of Social Change

Environmental Scenarios

• In order to cut down on traffic and pollution in a city, the following solutions have been developed. Imagine you are a sociologist hired by the city government. Your job is to analyze the likelihood of acceptance based on the four aspects of social change.

1. The city government will significantly reduce the property taxes for each household in which no occupants own a car.

2. The city government will establish a tax for driving in the city at certain times of day (congestion charge).

3. The city government will give free parking and access to the carpool lane with only one driver for hybrid or electric cars.

4. The city government will provide low-cost bicycles in areas throughout the city.

5. The city government will designate days when people can and cannot drive based on their license plate number.

Anthropological Theories of Social Change

• Cultural interaction as a source of social changeAdaptation = making changes according to the

environmentInteraction = contact with other cultures

• Unfortunately, contact between cultures is NOT always positive. – Examples?

San Case Study

Aspects of San culture before borders/fences

Adaptation after borders/fences

•Communal property•H-G•Traditional lifestyle: language, religion, jobs, food, skills•Already adapted by trading, working on cattle farms

•Moved to South Africa•Worked in gold mines•Property ownership•Permanent settlement•Living under apartheid laws

San

• Is this case study an example of diffusion?

• Listen to the reading from The Wayfinders.– What stance/viewpoint does an anthropologist

take when studying a different culture?

CBC Radio Ideas with Paul Kennedy. (2009, Nov. 2). 2009 CBC Massey lectures: the wayfinders. Why

ancient wisdom matters in the modern world. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012 from

http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/massey-lectures/2009/11/02/massey-lectures-2009-the-wayfinders-why-ancient-wisdom-matters-in-the-modern-world/

Adaptation Occurs Through…

• Diffusion

• Acculturation– Incorporation– Directed change– Cultural evolution

National Geographic: San People http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/places/regions-places/africa-tc/southafrica_sanpeople/

2.47

Meet the ancestors. DNA study pinpoints Namibia as home to the world’s most

ancient race. (2009, May 1). Mail Online. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012

from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1176140/Meet-ancestors-DNA-study-pinpoints-Namibia-home-worlds-ancient-

race.html

Psychological Theories of Social Change: Behaviour Modification

• Name common student misbehaviours in class

• Name teacher reactions to them

• Name common childhood misbehaviours at home

• Name parent reactions to them

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

• Learning can be programmed by whatever consequence follows a behaviour– We repeat behaviours that are rewarded– We avoid behaviours that are punished

• E.g., Skinner box – how did it use operant conditioning?

• E.g., pigeon experiment on page 54 – how does it use operant conditioning?

Science Photo Library. (N.d.). Skinner box research. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012 from

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/95709/enlarge

Behaviour Modification Works on the Principles of…

• Negative reinforcement = if you do something society disapproves of, society will punish you or remove a privilege

• Positive reinforcement = rewards for good behaviour– Seen as more effective than negative

Residential Schools

• Claims against the government fall into three categories: – Sexual and physical abuse

– Loss of language and culture• “At the Shingwauk residential school in Sault St. Marie in 1875,

children were given a number of buttons at the start of each week. Every time they were caught using a native language, they forfeited a button. At the end of the week, the child with the most buttons received a prize – a bag of nuts. Many schools punished children for speaking an aboriginal language. Punishments included: writing 500 lines, adhesive on the mouth, withholding meals, needles through the tongue, or a strap across the hand or backside.”

– Inter-generational family difficulties• Parent visits were rare• Siblings segregated by sex• Letters home were in English – unreadable by parents

Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada. (N.d.). Retrieved Aug. 6, 2005 from http://www.irsr-rqpi.gc.ca/english

Residential Schools

SOCIAL CHANGE THROUGH (discipline):• Diffusion: A• Enculturation: A• Directed change: A• Acculturation: A• Assimilation: S• Behaviour modification / Operant conditioning: P

– Negative and positive reinforcement

Change in the 1) organization/structure of society, and in the 2) beliefs and 3) practices of the people in it.

Masai, Nunavut

• Which aspects of psychological and anthropological theories do these case studies reflect?

Behaviour Modification Articles Exercise

• In groups, read your article about a real-life example of behaviour modification. In your presentation:– Summarize how the program uses BM– Is BM BS?

• Is it a successful and effective real-life strategy for changing behaviour?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

McLeod, S. (2012). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychology. Retrieved Sept. 20, 2012 from

http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

Sociological Theories of Social Change

• Tension and Adaptation – when so much change occurs in society (tension, such as the Great Depression) social institutions need to adapt by doing new things– Before the 1930s when people were struggling they’d

either have to cope on their own or turn to private charities or religious supports.

• With so many people suffering in the Great Depression, the government (an institution) adapted by taking on the role of helping people

• What happened after 911 that showed tension and adaptation?

• Accumulation– Our knowledge accumulates (grows) over

time– New generations thus develop new ways of

doing things– E.g., television was new in the 1950s for your

parents (or grandparents)

• Diffusion of innovations– New things are spread by people who adopt

the changes early on and speak out in favour of them

• E.g., celebrity wears a new fashion trend

• Human factors– At U of T there is a professor of human factor

engineering• How the humans interact with technology

– Studied the physical set up of cockpits– Studied toilets

• Cultural pluralism– Pluralism = when minorities are allowed to

maintain their traditions• Opposite of assimilation• In a diverse society like Canada there are so many

groups, they need to discuss with each other before making any decisions

• Slows change

• Technology– Social network – leading to lots of social

changes

• Gender gaps– Men and women are raised differently

• Women are socialized more in the private sphere (in the home as opposed to outside the home)

– McCormack studies voting» Though men and women don’t necessarily all vote

together, women are influenced by their private sphere upbringing

» Obama is much more popular with women

• Discourses– Smith

• The way people talk about a subject = discourses• Celebrity discourse• School discourse (words like rubric and victory lap

are specific to going to school in Ontario)• Social media discourse (Ms. G has no idea what

hashtag YM problems means)– All of these influence the way we think and act,

potentially leading to social change

Name the theory, key concept or theorist associated with each of the following:

• _______________ Skilled people with access to development funds; they have influence.

• _______________ Require consensus on basic values and beliefs in order to take action. (synonym for multicultural)

• _______________ Growth of knowledge from generation to generation allows development of new ways of doing things.

• _______________ In this older theory, equilibrium is the balancing-out factor when institutions struggle with something new.

• _______________ Ways of communicating that influence the way we think and act.

• _______________ Women are socialized in the private sphere which influences their political viewpoints.

• _______________ Proximity to the core determines wealth.• _______________ The core of it is at the centre of profit made from international

trade. • _______________ By adopting and speaking in favour of something new, they

cause the diffusion of innovations.• _______________ Your generation has a very different one, rooted in social

networking, while your parents’ may focus more on the world of work. We have to take them into account for social change to occur.

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

• See diagram in handout package.

Theories of Social Change

• How Facebook Changed the World– CBC News in Review, April 2011– What happened as Facebook went from 17 million

users in 2007 to 500 million users in 2011• Waed Ghonim

• Accumulation• Tension and adaptation• Human factors• Cultural pluralism• Technology• Elite groups• Discourses