HRM, Employee Well-being and Organizational Performance: a balanced perspective

7/29/2019 HRM, Employee Well-being and Organizational Performance: a balanced perspective

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M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe

Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi?

C Nchcfdie Wirspidtavi

Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei






Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei



© Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei( >771

ATNF 10=,17,9449,>4=,7

Wraftie ny aeeirpraft Kbbsiterujjirao N&R&






Wrkibsdmrabt

tir virjraoàf` vcf ei `rcce vcf ekdtkr ccf ei Yfavirsatiat vcf Uahnur`( kp ìzc` vcf ei

ridtkr lc`fabadus( prkb&er& Wm& Iaohcfeir( af mit kpifnccr ti vireieaìf tif kvirstccf vcf

iif ekkr mit dkhhiì vkkr prklktais ccfìwizif dkllassai af ei cuhc vcf ei

Yfavirsatiat

kp wkifsec` >7 ocfucra >737 kl 35&39 uur

ekkr

Brcfdafc Dkrfihac vcf ei Rkkrei

ìnkrif kp >3 eidilnir 31=3 ti Laeeihnur`&



Wrklktaidkllassai

Wrklktkr? Wrkb& er& O& Wccuwi

Dkprklktkr? Er& L&O&W&L& vcf Rihemkvif

Kvira`i hieif? Wrkb& er& E&F& eif Mcrtk`

Wrkb& er& N&A&O&L& vcf eir Miaoeif

Wrkb& er& W&@&P& Ocfsif

Wrkb& ^& Widdia

Wrkb& W& Pra`mt

Er& L&C& Drkkf



Ucnhi kb Dkftifts

Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf 3

Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch >4

Wirbkrlcfdi? C Tystilctad îvaiw kb tmi Hatircturi

Dmcptir 4? Eivihkplift cfe Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` 90

Turviy Ectc tk tmi Nusafiss Yfat Hivih

Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi af tmi îhctakfsmap nitwiif Dhalcti cfe =1

Wirbkrlcfdi? C Drkss,hc`ìe Ttuey ct tmi Nusafiss Yfat

Hivih

Dmcptir 9? Wrieadtaf` Nusafiss Yfat Wirbkrlcfdi Ysaf` Ilphkyii 331

Turviys? Lkfatkraf` M^L,îhctie Dmcfìs

Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wrkeudtavaty af tmi Bafcfdach 350

Tidtkr? Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf

Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf 304

Tclifvcttaf` -Tullcry af Eutdm! 311

Cnkut tmi cutmkr >70

Ttihhafìf >33



Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf

>

3&3 Aftrkeudtakf

Umi alpcdt kb cdtavatais csskdactie watm tmi lcfcìlift kb pikphi af barls -M^L!

kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi mcs nidkli kfi kb tmi lcokr tkpads -kr ivif tmi

eklafcft tkpad! af M^ risicrdm -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >775: @uist(

3110: Wccuwi( >775: Wccuwi( >771: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Ttcrtaf` watm tmi `rkufe,

nricjaf` stuey kb Musihae -3119!( wmadm dhcals tmct M^L mcs c sunstcftach alpcdt kf

bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( c hcrì nkey kb ilparadch risicrdm mcs smkwf tmct M^L pksatavihy

alpcdts kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi af tmi hcst >7 yicrs& Litc,cfchyzaf` 1> ilparadch

stueais Dklns( Hau( Mchh cfe Jitdmif ->772! dkfdhuei tmct tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L kf

pirbkrlcfdi as sa`fabadcft -tmiy bkufe c dkrrihctakf kb &>7!( cfe lcfcìrachhy rihivcft&

Lkst kb tmi tmikritadch pirspidtavis mcvi prkvaeie lcdrk,brcliwkrjs( dhcrabyaf` tmieitirlafcfts kb M^L cfe tmiar dkfsiquifdis ct barl hivih( sudm cs riskurdi eipifeifdi

tmikry( afstatutakfch tmikry( cfe riskurdi,ncsie vaiw -Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&

Mkwivir( ilparadch stueais hafjaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct dklpcfy,hivih( cfe lcdrk,

hivih tmikrais ek fkt prkvaei tmikritadch ufeirstcfeaf` kb mkw M^L wkrjs -a&i& tmi

ufeirhyaf` lidmcfasls!( fkr ek tmiy prkvaei rihivcft lcfcìrach afbkrlctakf -watm

ri`cre tk wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres! kf mkw mulcf riskurdis -ilphkyiis! watmaf

kr`cfazctakfs cee vchui af tirls kb bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112:

Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& @uist stctie af 3110? Lkvaf` kf tk c

pkssanhi nrkceir brcliwkrj hafjaf` M^L cfe kutdklis( tmi stcrtaf` pkaft smkuhe ni tmi ridk`fatakf tmct

tmi eastafdtavi bicturi kb M^L as ats cssulptakf tmct alprkvie pirbkrlcfdi as cdmaivie tmrku`m tmi

pikphi af tmi kr`cfazctakf -pcì >21!& Mifdi( c nittir ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi rkhi kb ilphkyiis

af hafjaf` M^L tk barl pirbkrlcfdi as fiieie nktm brkl c tmikritadch cfe prcdtatakfir

vaiwpkaft&

Hkwir,rcfì spidabad nimcvakrch tmikrais rkktie af kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakr -KN! cfe

kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y mcvi niif afti`rctie af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì tk

ixphcaf tmi ufeirhyaf` cttatueafch cfe nimcvakrch prkdissis -@uist( >773!& Kfi kb tmi

kraàfch M^L lkeihs usie tk ixphcaf tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdissis as tmi ”Nimcvakrch

Wirspidtavi‑( wmadm stctis tmct ilphkylift cdtavatais cri cekptie tk ihadat cfe dkftrkh

ilphkyii nimcvakrs wmadm dkftranuti tk kvirchh kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Pra`mt "

LcdLcmcf( 311>!& Lkrikvir( ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs mcvi niif afdricsaf`hy

afdhueie af ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi -i&`&

Cppihncul( Ncahiy( Nir` " Jchhinir`( >777: Nidjir( Musihae( Wadjus " Tprctt( 3110:@uist( 3110: Wccuwi " âdmcreskf( 3110: Uruss " @rcttkf( 3115: Rcfeifnir`(




4

âdmcreskf " Icstlcf( 3111: Pra`mt " Tfihh( 311=!& Nisaeis( tmi CLK,tmikry( wmadm

stctis tmct M^L pksatavihy afbhuifdis afeavaeuch cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ny

nuaheaf` cnahaty -C! cfe lktavctakf -L! tk pirbkrl( cfe ny prkvaeaf` kppkrtufaty tk

pcrtadapcti cfe pirbkrl -K! as briquifthy usie cs lidmcfasl af dkfdiptuch lkeihs cfe af

ilparadch risicrdm cs wihh -Cppihncul it ch&( >777: Nksihai( Eaitz " Nkkf( >779: Nkxchh

" Wurdihh( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Chtmku`m tmi alpkrtcfdi kb ilphkyii cttatueis

cfe nimcvakrs af ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi

ilirìe( tmiri as c ludm slchhir nkey kb ilparadch risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf

ilphkyiis -Nksihai it ch&( >779: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Pkke(

>771!& Wurdihh cfe Jaffai ->770! fktie? Ct tmi diftri kb tmi dmcaf cri ilphkyii cttatueis cfe

nimcvakr cfe at as tmas wmadm rcasis tmi lkst vatch quistakf af tmi M^,pirbkrlcfdi eincti -pcì 957!&

C barst ixtifsakf kf tmi lkeih wmadm eipadtie tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L kf

pirbkrlcfdi vac ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs mcs niif aftrkeudie ny Kstrkbb cfe

Nkwif ->777!& Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! prisift c lisk,brcliwkrj( wmadm afdhueis c

lieactaf` rkhi kb afeavaeuch cfe smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe ixpidtctakfs& Nuaheaf`

kf dkllufadctakf cfe cttranutakf tmikrais tmiy prkpksi tmct c strkf` M^L systil

-ma`m af eastafdtavifiss( dkfsastifdy cfe dkfsifsus! risuhts af tmi ilirìfdi kb smcrie

ilphkyii pirdiptakfs -ribirrie tk cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti! wmadm sunsiquifthy cri

rispkfsanhi bkr alprkvie pirbkrlcfdi& Tidkfehy( Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! prisift cprkdiss lkeih kb M^L& Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! crùi tmct? Af issifdi( wi mcvi matmirtk

bcahie tk ixphadathy ridk`fazi tmi lcfy wcys af wmadm afeavaeuchs cfe `rkups lcy ixpiraifdi cfe rispkfe

eabbirifthy tk M^ systils watmaf kr`cfazctakfs -pcì >>2!& Umiar lkeih eihafictis tmi M^L,

pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì cs bkhhkws? aftifeie M^L -pkhadais eivihkpie ny eidasakf lcjirs!

afbhuifdi cdtuch M^L -alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis!( ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmisi prcdtadis

-pirdiptakfs kb M^L! cfe ricdt tk tmil -ilphkyii kutdklis!( cfe tmisi ilphkyii

kutdklis risuht af kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Bafchhy( nuaheaf` upkf tmisi twk lkeihs

Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! cfe Wurdihh cfe Jaffai ->770! chsk ilpmcsazi tmi diftrch rkhi

kb ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -pridieaf` ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs!? tmiy cri

prkpksie cs c hafjaf` lidmcfasl watmaf tmi dklpcfy nitwiif aftifeie M^L ct

dklpcfy,hivih cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -sii Baùri 3!& Mkwivir( ilphkyii

pirdiptakfs kb M^L rilcaf cf ufeireivihkpie risicrdm cric af fiie kb ixphkrctakf

-@uist( 3111: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Wccuwi ->771! ridifthy

fktie? Nrafàf` ilphkyiis ncdj aftk tmi iquctakf nitwiif M^L cfe vcrakus jafes kb nktm afeavaeuch




5

cfe kr`cfazctakfch hivih kutdklis( afdhueaf` bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( as c ”dkfeatak safi quc fkf‑ bkr

cevcfdaf` tmi baihe cs c rispidtie easdaphafi -pcì 345!&

TtrctiàdMulcf

îskurdiLcfcìlift

Kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi

Ilphkyii

pirdiptakfs kb M^L

Ilphkyii

cttatueis cfenimcvakrs

Baùri 3& Umi rkhi kb ilphkyiis af tmi TM^L,kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì&

Wccuwi ->771! clkf` ktmirs -i&`& Nkxchh( Wurdihh " Pra`mt( >770: @irmcrt( >779!

crùi tk ixclafi tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii kutdklis cfe kr`cfazctakfch

kutdklis& Umi lcokraty kb tmikrais cfe dkfdiptuch lkeihs kf M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi

cssuli tmct ilphkyirs -af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! cfe ilphkyiis -af tirls

kb ilphkyii kutdklis! nktm nifibat brkl M^L& Ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs cri

alpkrtcft lidmcfasls bkr ixphcafaf` pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts kb M^L -cs eisdranie cnkvi

cfe eipadtie af Baùri 3!& Mkwivir( dratadch sdmkhcrs crùi tmct M^L pcys kbb af tirls kb

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi alpcdt kf ilphkyii aftirists

-i&`& Hi`ì( 3119: ^clscy( Tdmkhcras " Mcrhiy( >777!& Af tmas tmisas wi bkdus kf ilphkyii

cttatueis cfe ribir tk tmisi cs ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Afti`rctakf kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as

cf alpkrtcft tmikritadch risicrdm assui cs twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt tk

tmi pksatakf kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi cric kb M^L , pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm -Wccuwi(

>771: Widdia( >775: Cppihncul( >77>!& Lkrikvir( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as cf alpkrtcft

kutdkli af ats kwf ra`mt -Widdia( >775!&

Umas tmisas siijs tk ifmcfdi kur ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi dklphix cfe eyfclad

pctmwcys tmrku`m wmadm M^L -lcafhy brkl cf ilphkyii pirspidtavi? pirdiptakfs kb

M^L cfe dhalcti! afbhuifdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umi

lcokraty kb stueais kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi as dkfeudtie ct tmi

kr`cfazctakf,hivih kb cfchysas -sii Dmcptir > kb tmas tmisas bkr cf kvirvaiw!& Mkwivir( tmi

ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas -Dmcptir 4 tmrku`m 2! cri dkfeudtie ct tmi nusafiss ufat

hivih -sii Baùri >!& Kf tmi ncsas kb twk typis kb ricskfs -dkfdiptuch cfe prcdtadi,

kraiftie!( at wcs eidaeie tk ixclafi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti(

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih&




9

Nusafiss ufat hivih

TtrctiàdMulcf

îskurdiLcfcìlift

Kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi

Ilphkyiipirdiptakfs kb

M^L

DhalctiIlphkyii

wihh,niaf`

Yfatpirbkrlcfdi

Baùri >& M^L( dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih&

Barst( tmi dkfdipts kb ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` mcvi tmiar rkkts ct tmi afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas& Af ceeatakf( tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb

cf kr`cfazctakf as hcrìhy eitirlafie ny tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb tmi nusafiss ufats watmaf cf

kr`cfazctakf -@ihcei " Aviry( >774!& Patmaf hcrì kr`cfazctakfs( eabbirifdis la`mt ixast

nitwiif eisa`fie M^L ct dkrpkrcti hivihs cfe tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis cfe

ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs cfe ricdtakfs( cfe pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss nusafiss ufats -cs

eisdranie cnkvi!& Umiribkri( tmi nusafiss ufat siils cf cpprkpracti hivih tk afti`rcti tmi

M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii,wihh niaf` hatircturi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm&

C sidkfe ricskf as prcdtadi,kraiftie& Pkrjbkrdi Tdkridcre cfe Nchcfdie Tdkridcre

cpprkcdmis cri alphiliftie ct nusafiss ufat hivih& M^L prkdissis watmaf nusafiss ufats

cfe tmiar ibbidts upkf dratadch nusafiss ufat kutdklis cri ixclafie af tmisi systils&

Ttueais ct nusafiss ufat hivih prkvaei lcfcìrs watm afbkrlctakf kf nusafiss prkdissis

tmct cri tcjaf` phcdi watmaf tmi ufat bkr wmadm tmiy cri rispkfsanhi& Ncsie kf tmct jafe kb

afbkrlctakf tmiy , clkf`st ktmirs , ìfircti afsa`mts kf mkw tk afbhuifdi nimcvakr kb

ilphkyiis tkwcres tmi `kchs kb tmct ufat&

Lkrikvir( lcjaf` usi kb ectc dkhhidtie af sudm wkrjbkrdi sdkridcre systils mcs

prkvif tk ni cf aeich wcy kb dkhhidtaf` rihivcft ectc bkr M^ risicrdm( ispidachhy af tmi

bafcfdach sirvadi sidtkr wmiri tmi ilparadch wkrj kb tmas eassirtctakf as chsk satuctie -i&`&

Ncrtih( >775: @ihcei " Aviry( >774: ^ycf( Tdmlat " Okmfskf( 3112: Rcf Rihemkvif(

>779!& Af tmi fixt sidtakf tmi dkfdipts kb ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti( cfe

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri smkrthy aftrkeudie&




2

3&> Umi Dkfdipts kb Ilphkyii Wirdiptakfs kb M^L( Dhalcti cfe Pihh,niaf`

Ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L cri crùie tk ni c drudach lieactkr af tmi

rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs af bkur dkfdiptuch

lkeihs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh

" Jaffai( >770!& Mkwivir( tmi dkfdiptuchazctakf kb ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb M^L

eabbirs cdrkss tmi bkur lkeihs& Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! ribir tk tmas pmcsi cs pirdiavie

M^ prcdtadis( cfe burtmir spidabaie tmisi cs ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis -ny

ribirraf` tk psydmkhkàdch dkftrcdt cfe dhalcti hatircturi!( cfe cttranutakfs kb M^L&

Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! eastafùasmie nitwiif psydmkhkàdch cfe kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti -smcrie pirdiptakfs!& Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! eastafùasm twk prkdissis? -c!

lcfcìlift alphilifts M^ pkhadais calaf` tk nuahe cnahaty( lktavctakf cfe kppkrtufaty

tk pirbkrl wmadm cri pirdiavie ny ilphkyiis( -n! lcfcìlift crtaduhctis vchuis tk

afbhuifdi afeavaeuch cfe dkhhidtavi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Bafchhy( Wurdihh cfe Jaffai

->770! aeiftabaie pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis dhcssabaie usaf` tmi CLK lkeih( pirdiptakfs kb

kvirchh wkrj dhalcti( cfe ceeie ilphkyiis‑ okn ixpiraifdi -i&`& pcdi( cutkfkly!&

Umisi dkfdipts smkw c eavasakf af ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L& Umi barst typi as

bkdusaf` kf tmi pirdiptakf cfe ixpiraifdis kb M^ prcdtadis + pkhadais calie ct nuaheaf`

cnahaty( lktavctakf cfe kppkrtufaty -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=:

Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Umi sidkfe typi ribirs tk tmi lisscì tmct M^L dkllufadctistk ilphkyiis& Ilphkyiis pirdiavi kr aftirprit tmi `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf tmrku`m

M^L -cttranutakfs , Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=!: kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti , Kstrkbb cfe

Nkwif ->777!: lcfcìlift crtaduhctie vchuis , Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!: kvirchh wkrj

dhalcti , Wurdihh cfe Jaffai ->770!!& Nktm typis cri afdhueie af tmas tmisas -Dmcptir 9!(

nidcusi tmiy ribhidt nktm ilphkyii ixpiraifdis kb alphiliftie M^L& Pmct tmisi bkur

dkfdiptuch lkeihs burtmir smcri( as tmct tmiy chh ribir tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti tmikry bkr

ixphcafaf` mkw ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi M^L& Umiribkri( tmi dkfdipt kb kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti as aftrkeudie nihkw&

Afatachhy( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti wcs dkfdiptuchazie cs c `hknch dkfstrudt -Oclis(

Dmka( Jk( LdFiah( Laftkf( Pra`mt " Jal( >77=: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Tdmfiaeir

-3117! eibafie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cs ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb

nimcvakrs cfe cdtakfs tmct cri riwcreie cfe suppkrtie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s pkhadais(

prcdtadis( cfe prkdieuris& C ridift cpprkcdm af tmi dhalcti hatircturi as tmi ”dhalcti bkr

sklitmaf`‑ cpprkcdm -Oclis it ch&( >77=: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771! aftrkeudie ny

Tdmfiaeir -3109!( tmi sk,dchhie bcdit,spidabad dhalctis -Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Umas




0

”sklitmaf`‑ ribirs tk tmi bkdus kb aftirist( cfy strctiàd nusafiss `kch( i&`& c dhalcti bkr

sirvadi& Umi hatircturi mcs niif afdkfsastift kf wmadm dhalcti -bcdit,spidabad kr `hknch! as

lkst prieadtavi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Juifza "

Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb( Jafadja " Ucljafs( >774!& Mifdi( `hknch cfe bcdit,spidabad

dhalctis cri afdhueie af tmas tmisas&

Jkpihlcf( Nraib cfe @uzzk -3117! crùie mkw bavi `hknch dhalcti ealifsakfs cdt cs

pirbkrlcfdi riskurdis kb tmi wkrjaf` ifvarkflift fiieie bkr kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& Ceeatakfchhy( chh tmi bavi ealifsakfs cri ma`mhy rihivcft brkl cf M^

pirspidtavi cs Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! cfe ktmirs -Tpcrrkw( >773: Uishuj( Mkblcff "

Sua`hiy( >77>! ixphadathy eisdranie mkw M^L afbhuifdi tmisi dhalcti ealifsakfs&

Umiribkri( wi afdhueie `kch ilpmcsas( licfs ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt

cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt cs dkllkf ihilifts kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

-Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117! -Dmcptir 5!& Nisaeis( twk,bcdit spidabad dhalcti typis cri afdhueie

af tmas tmisas& Umas tmisas bkdusis kf dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe bkr ibbadaifdy( rispidtavihy

-Dmcptir 2!&

Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as eastafùasmie cs tmi fixt nkx af tmi M^,pirbkrlcfdi dmcaf

cbtir pirdiavie M^L cfe kr dhalcti -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777:

Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Umas tmisas afdhueis ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

ct wkrj licsuris( cs at cals tk ixclafi hafjcìs nitwiif ”wkrj‑ rihctie dkfdipts kb lcfcìlift cdtavatais -M^L! cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct

wkrj dcf nrkcehy ni eisdranie cs tmi kvirchh quchaty kb cf ilphkyii‑s ixpiraifdi cfe

bufdtakfaf` ct wkrj -Pcrr( 31=0!& Mifdi( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dcf ni vaiwie cs

ivchuctavi( af dkftrcst tk tmi eisdraptavi dkfstrudt kb pirdiptakfs kb M^L -dhalcti!

-Hcbkhitti " Tals( 3109: Wcttirskf( Pcrr " Pist( >775!&

Af tmas tmisas wi afvista`cti tmrii typis kb wkrj,rihctie wihh,niaf` af lkri eitcah?

michtm -pmysakhkàdch kr psydmkhkàdch afeadctkrs rihctie tk ilphkyii michtm!( mcppafiss

-sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis kb ilphkyiis a&i& tmiar psydmkhkàdch wihh,niaf`! -Ecffc "

@rabbaf( 3111! cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -quchaty kb rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyiis cfe

tmiar ilphkyir cfe dkhhicùis! -@rcft( Dmrastacfskf " Wradi( >770! -Dmcptir > afdhueis

chh tmrii typis( Dmcptir 2 afdhueis kfhy mcppafiss wihh,niaf`!& Chh tmrii typis cri

briquifthy usie af tmikry( dkfdiptuch lkeihs cfe ilparadch risicrdm af tmi M^L cfe

dhalcti hatircturi( af pcrtaduhcr tmi mcppafiss dklpkfift -i&`& Cppihncul it ch&( >777:

Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb it ch&(

>774: Wccuwi " âdmcreskf( 3110: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4:




=

^clscy it ch&( >777: Tpcrrkw( >773: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Afdhueaf` chh tmrii ealifsakfs af

tmi rivaiw stuey as alpkrtcft bkr tmi ricskf tmct at as pkssanhi bkr trceikbbs tk ixast

nitwiif eabbirift ealifsakfs kb wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770!&

3&4 Dmchhifìs af M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Wirbkrlcfdi isicrdm

Umi M^L hatircturi as eklafctie ny c fulnir kb euchatais cfe nchcfdi assuis(

ridifthy sullcrazie ny Nksihai( Nriwstir cfe Wccuwi ->771!& Umas Wm&E& tmisas cals tk

ixclafi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& Bkur dmchhifìs bcdaf` risicrdmirs cfe lcfcìrs wmif afti`rctaf` tmi

ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì cri aeiftabaie ny rivaiwaf`

risicrdm kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir >!( cfe kf tmi ncsas

kb ktmir dratadch rivaiws kb M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi -i&`& Nksihai it ch&( >771: Nkxchh(Wurdihh " Pra`mt( >770: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pchh " Pkke(

>779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Umisi bkur dmchhifìs cri ceerissie af tmas tmisas( cfe

cri prisiftie nihkw&

3&4&3 Dmchhifì 3? Nraeàf` îsicrdm Urceatakfs

îsicrdm kf M^L mcs niif dmcrcdtirazie ny c sphat chkf` hivih kb cfchysas -Nksihai it

ch&( >771: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Kf tmi kfi mcfe ”ladrk‑

risicrdm ribhidts c lkri bufdtakfch vaiw cfe bkdusis kf tmi ibbidt kb M^L kfafeavaeuchs& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe ”lcdrk‑ risicrdm ribhidts tmi lkri strctiàd M^L vaiw

cfe bkdusis lcafhy kf tmi hafjcìs nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umi

nricjaf` ekwf kb ncrrairs nitwiif ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ risicrdm as ma`mhy ridkllifeie(

af pcrtaduhcr tmi afti`rctakf kb ”ladrk‑ kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y + kr`cfazctakfch

nimcvakr tmikrais as fiieie tk prk`riss tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe -@uist( >773:

Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Umas tmisas cha`fs tmi kr`cfazctakfch

psydmkhk`y + kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakr kraiftctakf tkwcres tmi tkpad kb TM^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi( watm tmi lkri nusafiss,kraiftie pirspidtavi af tmrii wcys&

Barst( tmas tmisas ixclafis rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ilphkyii pirdiptakfs phcy c diftrch rkhi af tmi ridifthy

eivihkpie prkdiss lkeihs kb M^L -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=:

Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!? tmiy cri prkpksie cs c hafjaf`

lidmcfasl nitwiif aftifeie M^L ct dklpcfy,hivih cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

Af ceeatakf( ny ixphkraf` rihctakfsmaps ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih af dkftrcst tk stueais ct




1

tmi kr`cfazctakf hivih tmas tmisas bkdus kf watmaf — kr`cfazctakf vcracnahaty af -ilphkyii

pirdiptakfs kf! M^L -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!&

Tidkfehy( ny afti`rctaf` dhalcti hatircturi tmas tmisas nraeìs ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑

risicrdm& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti mcs ats bkufectakf af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y( cfe as

kbtif eipadtie cs lieactaf` lidmcfasl nitwiif M^L cfe dkhhidtavi ilphkyii cttatueis(

cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi af dkfdiptuch lkeihs -Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777: Nkxchh "

Wurdihh( >77=: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& @ihcei cfe Aviry ->774! cfe Ucjiudma( Dmif cfe

Hipcj ->771! dkfbarlie tmct tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi( cfe nitwiif M^L cfe ilphkyii cttatueis( rispidtavihy( wcs lieactie ny

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti&

Umarehy( tmas tmisas afti`rctis tmi kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y + KN pirspidtavi aftk

tmi -”lcdrk‑! TM^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì ny bkdusaf` kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

-c ”ladrk‑ rihctie kutdkli! af tmas rihctakfsmap -Dmcptir >!& Uwk dklpitaf` vaiws ncsie

kf dkfdiptuch lkeihs cfe tmikrais bkufeie af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y cfe KN cri

tistie& Umas assui as prisiftie af lkri eitcah nihkw -dmchhifì twk!&

3&4&> Dmchhifì >? Nchcfdaf` Lcfcìrach cfe Ilphkyii Aftirists

Umi sidkfe dmchhifì tmct wahh ni ceerissie af tmas tmisas as mkw tk nchcfdi

lcfcìrach -kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! cfe ilphkyii aftirists -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!&

Af tmi M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut kf tmi rkhi kb

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi M^L + dhalcti , pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmaps -Cppihncul(

>77>: Nksihai it ch&( >771: Nkxchh " Lcdjy( >771: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Wccuwi( >771:

Widdia( >775: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Umi kptalastad cpprkcdm cssulis tmct M^L +

dhalcti ifmcfdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -lutuch `cafs!(

wmirics tmi pissalastad kr sjiptadch cpprkcdm cssulis tmct M^L + dhalcti pcys kbb af

tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut ct tmi scli tali mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi

ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis! -Widdia( >775!& Mifdi( tmi lutuch`cafs pirspidtavi ixpidts tmct nktm ilphkyiis cfe ilphkyirs nifibat brkl M^L +

dhalcti( tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavis ixpidts tmct ilphkyirs nifibat brkl M^L

+ dhalcti wmahi ilphkyiis ek fkt&

Umi lcafstricl vaiw mkhes tmct M^L as nifibadach bkr ilphkyiis: tmi ìfirch aeic as

tmct M^L bkstirs ilphkyii wihh,niaf` risuhtaf` af alprkvie bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe

dklpitatavi cevcftcì -sii tmi ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif M^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi easdussie af tmi aftrkeudtakf!& Mkwivir( tmas cpprkcdm fi`hidts tmct

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt ni twk `kchs afbhuifdie ny




37

eabbirift sits kb M^ prcdtadis -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=!& Nisaeis( tmas cpprkcdm fi`hidts

tmi pkssanhi ixphkatavi fcturi kb M^L -Hi`ì( 3119!( a&i& M^L as ct tmi dkst kb ilphkyii

wihh,niaf`& Biw stueais mcvi ixclafie tmi twk chtirfctavi aftirpritctakfs kb tmi rkhi kb

wihh,niaf`( lkst kb tmi stueais mcvi bkrluhctie saf`hi mypktmisis -Pchh " Pkke( >779:

Pkke( >771! lcafhy tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi& Ixdiptakfs cri stueais ny Krhatzjy cfe

Brifjih ->779! cfe ^clscy it ch& ->777!& Mkwivir( Krhazjy cfe Brifjih ->779! dkfdhuei

tmct nktm lkeihs mce ixphcfctkry pkwir( wmahi ^clscy it ch& ->777! dkfdhuei tmct nktm

lkeihs wiri wcftaf`&

C salahcr easdussakf dcf ni bkufe af tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti hatircturi& Miri( at as

chsk crùie tmct ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -lcafhy mcppafiss + wkrj sctasbcdtakf! bufdtakf cs

aftirlieacry nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Jkpihlcf

it ch&( 3117: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Mkwivir(

cf kr`cfazctakf lcy fkt ni cnhi tk cdmaivi nktm ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi tk tmi scli ixtift( cfe fiie tk lcji c trcei,kbb af tirls kb wmadm

kutdkli tk cdmaivi& Umi dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj alphais tmct kr`cfazctakfs

dmcrcdtirazie ny c rctakfch `kch cfe aftirfch strudturi dhalcti bkdus pralcrahy kf

cdmaivaf` pirbkrlcfdi( wmahi kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie ny c mulcf rihctakfs cfe kpif

systil dhalcti bkdus pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(

31=4!& Uk ecti tmiri mcs niif hatthi risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb luhtaphi typis kb dhalcti kfkutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs -Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&(

>774: Tdmuhti( Kstrkbb( Tmluhyacf " Jafadja( >771!&

Mifdi tmiri as c fiie tk pat tmi lutuch `cafs virsus tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis

pirspidtavis nktm af tmi M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi& Kfhy tmas typi kb risicrdm dcf tist

wmitmir M^L + dhalcti risuhts af alprkvie kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tk tmi

saluhtcfikus cevcftcì kr ct tmi dkst kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umas tmisas cpphais c

nchcfdie cpprkcdm -afdhueaf` ilphkyir cfe ilphkyii aftirists!? ny licfs kb ixclafaf`

wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` tmikritadch pirspidtavis( lutuch,`cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis

prkvaeis c nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif

M^L -Dmcptir >! + dhalcti -Dmcptir 2! cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

3&4&4 Dmchhifì 4? Bkdusaf` kf Wrcdtadch îhivcfdi

Umi `cp nitwiif risicrdm cfe prcdtadi af M^L mcs niif einctie af prisaeiftach

ceerissis -i&`& ^kussicu( >772!( spidach assuis -i&`& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch( 0(

>770: Wkaft,Dkuftirpkaft -Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift Ttueais( 4( >771!( cfe nkkjs -i&`&

Nkxchh it ch&( >770!& Af tmi hcst eidcei cttilpts tk nraeì tmi `cp mcvi ivkhvie -^yfis(




33

@ahuj " Nrkwf( >770! af tmi bkrl kb ”ivaeifdi,ncsie lcfcìlift‑ -^kussicu( >772!

cfe ”cfchytadch M^L‑ -Nkxchh it ch&( >770!& Ivaeifdi,ncsie lcfcìlift as dkfdirfie

watm ”trcfshctaf` prafdaphis aftk prcdtadis tmct skhvi kr`cfazctakfch prknhils‑ -^kussicu(

>772( pcì >92!& Cfchytadch M^L as eisdranie cs ”aeiftabyaf` cfe ixphcafaf` wmct

mcppifs af prcdtadi‑ -Nkxchh it ch&( >770? 5!&

Nktm cpprkcdmis ma`mha`mt tmi fiie tk prkvaei lcfcìrs watm afbkrlctakf kf dcusch

prkdissis tmct cri tcjaf` phcdi watmaf tmiar dklpcfy nitwiif M^L eisa`fie ct

dkrpkrcti hivih kf tmi kfi mcfe cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi ktmir -Nidjir "

@irmcrt( 3112: Wurdihh it ch&( >770: ^yfis it ch&( >770!& Afdricsaf`hy( kr`cfazctakfs cri

rihyaf` kf licsurilift cpprkcdmis( sudm cs wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres tk `caf afsa`mts af

tmisi prkdissis -i&`& Musihae( Nidjir " Nictty( >779!& îhctie tk tmas( kr`cfazctakfs cri

chsk afdricsaf`hy usaf` ilphkyii surviys cs c skurdi kb afbkrlctakf kf wkrj cfe

kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs fkwcecys -Yhradm( 3110!&

Umas tmisas cekpts c prc`lctad pirspidtavi? at pcys cttiftakf tk mkw kr`cfazctakfs

dcf lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi dkftixt kb

wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres& At prkvaeis cf ahhustrctakf kb mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf lkfatkr tmi

ibbidts kb M^L,rihctie dmcfì prkdissis usaf` ilphkyii surviys ny tcdjhaf` tmrii

dmchhifìs prcdtatakfirs bcdi& Barst( ny easdussaf` mkw afeavaeuch ilphkyii surviy

afbkrlctakf dcf ni usie tk prkvaei licfaf`buh afbkrlctakf kf M^L prkdissis ctnusafiss ufat hivih -Dmcptir 4 cfe 9!& Tidkfehy( ny ixphcafaf` mkw tk lcji tilpkrch

afbirifdis nitwiif M^L afeadctkrs cfe nusafiss kutdklis -Dmcptir 9!& Bafchhy( ny

smkwaf` mkw istcnhasmie rihctakfsmaps dcf ni trcfshctie aftk rihivcft lcfcìlift

afbkrlctakf -Dmcptir 9!&

3&4&5 Dmchhifì 5? Alprkvaf` îsicrdm Litmkes

îsicrdm kf tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf pirbkrlcfdi mcs

ixpiraifdie lcokr `rkwtm& Eispati tmas( sdmkhcrs mcvi fktie litmkekhkàdch dkfdirfs watm ixastaf` M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti risicrdm -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Nksihai

it ch&( >771: @irmcrt( >770: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Wccuwi( >771: Pchh " Pkke(

>779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Nidcusi tmikritadch prk`riss -cfe lcjaf` licfaf`buh

pkhady ridkllifectakfs! eipifes kf tmi quchaty kb litmkes usie af ilparadch risicrdm(

at as oust cs alpkrtcft tk bkdus kf litmkekhk`y alprkvilift cs kf tmikry eivihkplift

-Iewcres( >77=: @irmcrt( >770: Wccuwi( >771!&

Barst( M^L cfe dhalcti risicrdm mcs niif dratadazie bkr cf kvir,rihacfdi kf drkss,

sidtakfch eisa`fs( cfe af ceeatakf pkkrhy ufeirstkke dcusch rihctakfs nitwiif M^L cfe




3>

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf tmi kfi mcfe cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi ktmir -i&`&

Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif( >779!& Umi lkst privchift

risicrdm eisa`f af tmi hatircturi as kfi wmiri kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kr M^L licsuris

cri tcjif brkl tmi scli pirake cfe cri dkuphie watm kvirhcppaf` kr ivif pridieaf`

bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ectc -Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Wcttirskf it ch&( >775: Pra`mt it ch&(

>779!& Mkwivir( tmas typi kb eisa`f ekis fkt chhkw cfy dkfdhusakfs kf earidtakfs kb

dcuschaty( safdi tilpkrch pridieifdi kb tmi dcusi as c fidisscry dkfeatakf bkr dcusch

afbirifdi -Dkkj " Dclpihh( 3101: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Umas pcudaty kb hkfàtueafch

risicrdm as prknhilctad af M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm( safdi

sivirch ixphcfctakfs bkr rivirsie kr ridaprkdch dcusctakf mcvi niif prkpksie( sudm cs

afvistlifts af M^L -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117! cfe sa`fchaf`

ibbidts -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Tdmfiaeir( Mcfìs( Tlatm " Tchvc`àk( >774!& îhctie

tk tilpkrch assuis( hatthi as jfkwf cnkut mkw M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti afbhuifdis

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss tali( a&i& hc` ibbidts -Wurdihh

" Jaffai( >770: Pra`mt " Mc`ìrty( >779!& Mifdi( hkfàtueafch risicrdm as fiieie& Af

pcrtaduhcr( ripictie licsuris kb M^L( dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi cri ridkllifeie tk

tist wmitmir c dmcfì af M^L kr dhalcti as csskdactie watm c dmcfì af kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi -@irmcrt( >770: @uist( Ladmai( Dkfwcy " Tmiimcf( >774: Pchh " Pkke(

>779!&îhctie tk tmas( c sidkfe litmkekhkàdch assui dkfdirfs tmi hcdj kb skpmastadctakf kb

tidmfaquis usie tk cfchyzi hkfàtueafch -ripictie! ectc& Biw stueais usie strudturch

iquctakf lkeihaf`( tmi pribirrie tidmfaqui tk tist hkfàtueafch ectc& Ttrudturch iquctakf

cpprkcdmis cri supirakr tk navcracti dkrrihctakfs kr ri`rissakf cfchysis( nidcusi

strudturch iquctakf lkeihs chhkw saluhtcfikus istalctakf kb dcusch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif

vcracnhis -_cpb( Ekrlcff " Brisi( 3112!& Cpphaie tk M^L cfe dhalcti risicrdm(

strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` ifcnhis cfchyzaf` tmi ibbidts kb M^L cfe dhalcti kf

pirbkrlcfdi wmahi dkftrkhhaf` bkr tilpkrch stcnahatais af M^L( dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi(

cfe afvirsi dcusctakf -pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis dhalcti cfe M^L!&

Umi tmare litmkekhkàdch assui as tmi kvir,rihacfdi kf saf`hi skurdi sihb,ripkrt

surviy ectc kf M^L( -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! cfe pirbkrlcfdi -Pchh " Pkke( >779!&

Lcfy stueais mcvi usie surviys sift tk sifakr M^ lcfcìr kr dmaib ixidutavi tk rcti tmi

M^ prcdtadis af usi cfe tk istalcti tmi pirbkrlcfdi rihctavi tk ktmirs af tmiar sidtkr

-Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Miri( ectc kf tmi afeipifeift -M^L! cfe eipifeift

-kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! vcracnhi cri dkhhidtie brkl tmi scli skurdi& Umas eisa`f as




34

sunoidt tk dkllkf litmke vcracfdi cfe rctir nacs -@irmcrt( >770!& Ekty cfe @hadj

-311=! dkfdhueie tmct dkllkf litmke vcracfdi risuhts af lkri tmcf >9 pirdift nacs af

knsirvie rihctakfsmaps& Ivif af c satuctakf wmiri afbkrlctakf ri`creaf` kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi as dkhhidtie brkl c eabbirift skurdi( rihacfdi kf c saf`hi rispkfeift la`mt

nacs tmi istalctie rihctakfsmaps( cs rispkfeifts mkhe alphadat M^L,pirbkrlcfdi tmikrais

-@crefir " Pra`mt( >771!& Burtmirlkri( tmi rihacfdi kf c saf`hi M^ prkbissakfch kr hafi

lcfcìr as ma`mhy quistakfie af tirls kb rihacnahaty cfe vchaeaty -Nkswihh( Dkhvaf "

Ecrfkhe( >77=: @irmcrt( Pra`mt( LdLcmcf " Tfihh( >777: @irmcrt( Pra`mt " LdLcmcf(

>777: @uist( >773!& Suistakfs mcvi niif rcasie cs tk wmitmir c saf`hi M^ prkbissakfch

kr hafi lcfcìr dcf prkvaei cf cddurcti eisdraptakf kb tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis af c

nrcfdm&

îhctie tk tmi privakus assui( tmi bkurtm assui dkfdirfs tmi kvir,rihacfdi kf

sunoidtavi kr pcrtach kutdkli licsuris& Wirdiptuch licsuris kb pirbkrlcfdi cri prkfi

tk dkllkf sunoidt vcracfdi( af dcsi tmi ectc kf M^L cri dkhhidtie brkl tmi scli

skurdi -@irmcrt( >770!& Ab M^L ectc cri dkhhidtie brkl c eabbirift skurdi( tmisi ectc cri

stahh sunoidt tk rispkfe nacs -@uist( >773!& Umi sidkfe pkaft kb tmas bkurtm assui dkfdirfs

tmi rihacfdi kf pcrtach knoidtavi kutdkli licsuris& Af ludm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

risicrdm pirbkrlcfdi as kfhy pcrtachhy kr afearidthy licsurie -i&`& fkf,dkftrkhhcnhi dksts

kr dustklir sctasbcdtakf!& Umi buhh prkeudtavaty rctak -kutputs cfe afputs! as siheklcssissie af tmi dhalcti hatircturi -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&

Bafchhy( c babtm litmkekhkàdch assui as tmi kvirilpmcsas kf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih kb

cfchysas -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Dklpcraf` M^L( dhalcti

cfe pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss dklpcfais af eabbirift afeustrais as prknhilctad( cs kr`cfazctakfs

prkvaei eabbirift prkeudts cfe sirvadis( cfe kpircti ufeir eabbirift nusafiss dkfeatakfs

-Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&

Af kreir tk kvirdkli tmi aeiftabaie litmkekhkàdch smkrtdklaf`s kb prakr risicrdm(

affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhkàis cri cpphaie af tmi ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas&

Umas tmisas ixtifes privakus ilparadch M^L cfe dhalcti risicrdm af bavi litmkekhkàdch

wcys? tmi cpphadctakf kb hkfàtueafch eisa`f cfe cfchysis -strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`!(

tmi dklnafctakf kb ectc brkl luhtaphi rctirs -ilphkyiis! cfe skurdis -ilphkyiis cfe

knoidtavi afeadctkrs!( cfe tmi dklpcraskf kb nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi kr`cfazctakf&

3&4&9 Umi Bkur Dmchhifìs Ceerissie af tmas Umisas

Umi dkftranutakf kb tmas tmisas dkfsasts kb tcdjhaf` tmi bkur dmchhifìs bcdaf`

risicrdmirs cfe lcfcìrs wmif afti`rctaf` tmi ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,




35

pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì& 3& Mkw tk nraeì ”lcdrk‑ nusafiss,kraiftie cfe ”ladrk‑ KN +

kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y pirspidtavis tkwcres tmi tkpad kb M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi; >&

Mkw tk nchcfdi lcfcìrach cfe ilphkyii aftirists? wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis(

lutuch,`cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis prkvaeis c nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi; Umi barst twk dmchhifìs cri

lcafhy tmikritadch af fcturi& Umas tmisas cals tk ek risicrdm kb tmikritadch cfe prcdtadch

rihivcfdi& Umiribkri( tmi tmare aeiftabaie dmchhifì bkdusis kf prcdtadch rihivcfdi? 4& Mkw

dcf kr`cfazctakfs lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviys kf M^L prkdissis cfe

pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi dkftixt kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres; Ab wi cri tk ercw dkfdhusakfs

ri`creaf` tmikry -dmchhifì 3 cfe >! cfe prcdtadi -dmchhifì 4!( at as alpkrtcft tk bkdus kf

risicrdm litmkes( tmiribkri tmi bkurtm dmchhifì as kf litmkekhk`y af tmi hatircturi kf

M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& 5& Mkw tk alprkvi tmi litmkekhkàdch ra`kr cfe quchaty kb

M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm; Umi bkur dmchhifìs cfe kur cpprkcdm tk ceeriss tmisi

cri sullcrazie af Ucnhi 3&

3&5 Umisas Ttrudturi

Umi bkur aeiftabaie risicrdm assuis wahh ni ceerissie af dmcptirs > tk 2& Uk stcrt watm(

dmcptir twk dkvirs c rivaiw kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af tmi hatircturi( twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt

tk tmi pksatakf kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi cric kb M^L,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Af tmi

barst vaiw( ilphkyirs cfe ilphkyiis nktm nifibat brkl M^L -sk,dchhie lutuch `cafs

pirspidtavi!& Af dkftrcst( af tmi sidkfe vaiw cutmkrs crùi tmct M^L pcys kbb af tirls kb

kvirchh pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcvi fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi alpcdt kf ilphkyii aftirists -sk,

dchhie dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi!& Ny licfs kb c rivaiw kb 53 stueais( tmi twk

dklpitaf` mypktmisis cri tistie&

Umi bkhhkwaf` bkur dmcptirs -4 tk 2! cri ncsie kf crdmavch hkfàtueafch surviy ectc

kntcafie brkl lkri tmcf 35(777 ilphkyiis cfe knoidtavi prkeudtavaty baùris kb 303

nrcfdmis kb c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf af tmi Fitmirhcfes& Chtmku`m tmi usi

kb tmas crdmavch ectcsit -wmadm dcf ni siif cs cf ixpcfeie dcsi stuey! mcs c fulnir kb

cevcftcìs -sii kur dmchhifì kf alprkvaf` risicrdm litmkes! tmi usi kb crdmavch ectc

dkhhidtie af kf`kaf` nusafiss prcdtadi halats tmi rcfì kb assuis wmadm dkuhe ni stueaie af

tmas eassirtctakf&



U c n h i 3 & K v i r v a i w k b J i y D m c h h i f ` i s

J i y d

m c h h i f ` i

C p p r k c d m t k c e e r i s s t m i d m c h h i f ` i s

D m c p t i r

3 & N r a e ` a f ` r i s i c r d m t r c e a t a k f s

C h a ` f a f ` t m i K N k r a i f t c t a k f t k w c r e

s t m i t k p a d k b T M ^ L c f e p i r b k r l c f d i ( w a t m t m i l k r i n u s a f i s s

k r a i f t i e p i r s p i d t a v i ( n y a f t i ` r c t a f `

d h a l c t i ( p i r d i p t a k f s k b M ^ L c f e i l p h k y i i w i h h , n i a f ` h a t i r c t u r i

> —

2

> & N c h c f d a f ` l c f c ` i r a c h c f e

i l p h k y i i a f t i r i s t s

U i s t a f ` w m a d m k b t m i d k l p i t a f ` p i r s p i d t a v i s ( l u t u c h , ` c a f s k r d k f b h a d t a f ` k u t d k l i s p r k v a e i s c n i t t i r b a t

b k r

t m i r k h i k b i l p h k y i i w i h h , n i a f `

a f t m i r i h c t a k f s m a p n i t w i i f M ^ L c f e p i r b k r l c f d i

> ( 2

4 & B k d u s a f ` k f p r c d t a d c h

r i h i v c f d i

E i s d r a p t a k f k b m k w k r ` c f a z c t a k f s d

c f l c j i n i t t i r u s i k b i l p h k y i i

s u r v i y c f e p i r b k r l c f d i e c t c a f

t m i

d k f

t i x t k b w k r j b k r d i s d k r i d c r e s

4 ( 9

5 & A l p r k v a f ` l i t m k e s

A l p r k v i l i f t k b l i t m k e k h k ` a d c h q u c h a t y ?

c & H

k f ` a t u e a f c h e i s a ` f c f e c f c h y s i s

n & T

k p m a s t a d c t a k f k b t i d m f a q u i s u s i e t k c f c h y z i h k f ` a t u e a f c h e c t c

d & L

u h t a p h i s k u r d i s - i l p h k y i i s c f e

k n o i d t a v i a f e a d c t k r s !

e & L

u h t a p h i r c t i r s - i l p h k y i i s !

i & P

a t m a f d k l p c f y e i s a ` f

5 —

2

5 —

2

5 —

2

4 —

2

4 —

2




32

Umi dkftift kb tmi ectcsit wcs eidaeie af >777: a&i& nibkri tmas eassirtctakf prkoidt

stcrtie& Ct tmct tali at wcs eidaeie tk bkdus kf mcppafiss wihh,niaf` kfhy( rctmir tmcf kf

michtm kr rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe tk bkdus kf M^L licsuris tmrku`m ilphkyii

surviys kfhy( rctmir tmcf dklnafaf` tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf watm jiy afbkrlcft

aftirvaiws& Pi easduss tmisi ristradtakfs af lkri eitcah af tmi ilparadch dmcptirs cfe tmi

easdussakf dmcptir kb tmas tmisas&

Dmcptir tmrii ixphkris tmikritadchhy cfe litmkekhkàdchhy tmi pkssanahaty bkr

c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` tk dkfstrudt

licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts& Bavi dratirac bkr ivchuctaf` c``ri`ctakf

pkssanahatais cri eivihkpie? ilirìfdi prkdissis( ribirift typi( aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs

dkibbadaifts cfe aftirrctir c`riilift& Tunsiquifthy( tmisi bavi dratirac cri cpphaie tk

surviy ectc usie af tmi tmrii rilcafaf` dmcptirs -5( 9( cfe 2! kb tmas tmisas&

Umi bkurtm dmcptir as c twk,wcvi drkss,hc`ìe stuey -cvircì aftirvch kb twk yicrs!

kf tali pridieifdi af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& At as crùie tmct bkur M^,afeudie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs

afbhuifdi kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ceeatakfchhy( at as chsk mypktmisazie tmct ma`m

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis tmi bkur kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs

tmrku`m afvistlifts af M^ prcdtadis cfe tmrku`m sa`fchaf` ibbidts& Bafchhy( at as ricskfie

tmct pkssanhy nktm prkdissis cri prisift saluhtcfikushy&Dmcptir bavi ixclafis mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf lcji sifsi kb ilphkyii surviys kf

M^L,rihctie dmcfì prkdissis af tmi dkftixt kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres& Af pcrtaduhcr tmas

dmcptir eichs watm tmrii dmchhifìs dkrpkrcti M^ lcfcìrs cfe M^ risicrdmirs bcdi af

sittaf` up cfe lcjaf` usi kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres( a&i& bafeaf` cpprkpracti M^L

afeadctkrs( istcnhasmaf` tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps( cfe prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfcìlift

afbkrlctakf& Umi tmrii dmchhifìs cri eicht watm af tmas dmcptir ny usaf` ilphkyii surviy

ectc cs cf afeadctkr kb bcdtkrs eravif ny M^L,rihctie aftirviftakfs( usaf` twk wcvis kb

ectc tk tist tmi cssulie tilpkrch rihctakfsmap( cfe usaf` cf ixtrcpkhctakf litmke tk

trcfshcti kur bafeaf`s -istalctis! aftk rihivcft lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf -af tmas dcsi?

Iurk afdricsi af prkbats!&

Umi saxtm dmcptir kb tmas tmisas tists wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( wkrj

sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry kr wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli afeadctkr( as lkri

cpprkpracti tk eisdrani tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti

bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf as eipadtie cs cf

aftirlieacry lidmcfasl( a&i& nktm strctiàd dhalcti typis pksatavihy afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty




30

tmrku`m afdricsie wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Mkwivir( cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm su``ists tmct

wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cri eabbirift kutdkli afeadctkrs? c dhalcti bkr

ibbadaifdy hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty( wmahi c dhalcti bkr sirvadi

hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf&

Af dmcptir sivif c easdussakf kb tmi risuhts as prisiftie chkf` tmi bkur aeiftabaie jiy

assuis& Ttrif`tms cfe wicjfissis kb tmi risicrdm cri easdussie& Bafchhy( alphadctakfs cfe

su``istakfs bkr buturi risicrdm cri prisiftie&




3=

3&9 îbirifdis

Cppihncul( I& ->77>!& Umi alpcdt kb fiw bkrls kb wkrj kr`cfazctakf kf wkrjirs& Af?Pkrj Ilphkylift îhctakfs af tmi Ma`m,Wirbkrlcfdi Pkrjphcdi -pp& 3>7,35=!& @&Lurrcy( O& Nihcfìr( C& @ahis( " W&C& Hcpkafti -Ies&!& Hkfekf? Dkftafuul

Cppihncul( I&( Ncahiy( U&( Nir`( W& " Jchhinir`( C& ->777!& Lcfubcdturaf` cevcftcì? Pmy ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils pcy kbb & Fiw Qkrj? Dkrfihh Yfavirsaty Wriss&

Ncrtih( C&W& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?Ivaeifdi brkl ritcah ncfjaf`& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr îhctakfs îvaiw ( 90( >( 3=3,>74&

Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift kfkr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift

Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&Nidjir( N&I&( Musihae( L&C&( Wadjus( W&T& " Tprctt( L&B& -3110!& M^ cs skurdi kb

smcrimkheir vchui? îsicrdm cfe ridkllifectakfs& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift (42( 3( 41,50&

Nksihai( W&( Nriwstir( D& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Af sicrdm kb nchcfdi,lcfcàf` tmi euchatais

kb M^L? Cf kvirvaiw kb tmi assuis& Wirskfffih ivaiw ( 4=( 9( 523,503&Nksihai( W&( Eaitz( @& " Nkkf( D& ->779!& Dkllkfchatais cfe dkftrceadtakfs af M^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 20,15&Nkswihh( P&^&( Dkhvaf( C&O&T& " Ecrfkhe( U&D& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch systils cfe

ilphkyii lktavctakf& Af? Pkrj lktavctakf? Wcst( prisift cfe buturi -pp& 423,577!& ^&Jcfbir( @& Dmif( " ^&E& Wratdmcre -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? ^kuthieì Cdceilad&

Nkwif( E& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjcìs? tmirkhi kb tmi ”strif`tm‑ kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&

Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& îsicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?Wrk`rissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 31(

3( 4,>4&Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&

Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&Nkxchh( W&( Wurdihh( O& " Pra`mt( W& ->770!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? Tdkpi( cfchysas(

cfe sa`fabadcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift -pp& 3,32!& W&Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&

Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&

Dkkj( E& " Dclpnihh( E& -3101!& Sucsa,ixpiraliftctakf? Eisa`f " cfchysas assuis bkr baihe sittaf`s & Nkstkf? Mku`mtkf Labbhaf Dk&

Ecffc( J& " @rabbaf( ^&P& -3111!& Michtm cfe wihh,niaf` af tmi wkrjphcdi? C rivaiw cfesyftmisas kb tmi hatircturi& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >9( 4( 490,4=5&

Ekty( M&E& " @hadj( P&M& -311=!& Dkllkf litmkes nacs? Ekis dkllkf litmke nacs vcracfdi richhy nacs tmi risuhts; Kr`cfazctakfch îsicrdm Litmkes ( 3( 405,572&

Iewcres( O&^& ->77=!& Uk prkspir( kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y smkuhe… kvirdklilitmkekhkàdch ncrrairs tk prk`riss& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >1( 521,513&

@crefir( U&L& " Pra`mt( W&L& ->771!& Alphadat mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift tmikry? Cpktiftach tmrict tk tmi aftirfch vchaeaty kb mulcf riskurdi prcdtadi licsuris&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( >7( 3( 90,05&

@ihcei( @& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe wkrj dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( >( 4=4,575&

@irmcrt( N& ->779!& Mulcf riskurdis cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi? Bafeaf`s( ufcfswiriequistakfs cfe cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm& Lcfcìlift îvui ( 32( >( 305,3=9&




31

@irmcrt( N& ->770!& Lkeihaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi hafjcìs& Af? Umi Kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift -pp& 99>,9=7!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&

@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L&( LdLcmcf( @&D& " Tfihh( T&C& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr afrisicrdm kf mulcf riskurdis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Mkw ludm irrkr as tmiri

cfe mkw ekis at afbhuifdi ibbidt sazi istalctis; Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 94( 5( =74,=45&@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L& " LdLcmcf( @&D& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr cfe istalctis kb

tmi M^,barl pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? Burtmir ivaeifdi cfe cfchysas& Wirskffih Wsdydmkhk`y ( 94( =99,=0>&

@rcft( C&L&( Dmrastacfskf( L&J& " Wradi( ^&M& ->770!& Mcppafiss( michtm( krrihctakfsmaps; Lcfcìrach prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` trceikbbs& Cdceily kb

Lcfcìlift Wirspidtavis ( >3( 93,24&@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? C rivaiw cfe risicrdm

cìfec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( =( 4( >24,>20&@uist( E& -3111!& ”Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt‑& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&

@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 371>,3372&

@uist( E&I&( Ladmai( O&( Dkfwcy( F& " Tmiimcf( L& ->774!& Mulcf riskurdilcfcìlift cfe dkrpkrcti pirbkrlcfdi af tmi YJ& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 53( >( >13,435&

Musihae( L&C& -3119!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift prcdtadis kf turfkvir(prkeudtavaty( cfe dkrpkrcti bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch (4=( 249,20>&

Musihae( L&C&( Nidjir( N&I& " Nictty( ^&P& ->779!& Umi wkrjbkrdi sdkridcre? Lcfcàf` mulcf dcpatch tk ixiduti strcti`y & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh Wunhasaf` Dkrpkrctakf&

Oclis( H&^&( Dmka( D&D&( Jk( D&M&I&( LdFiah( W&J&( Laftkf( L&J&( Pra`mt( L&C& " Jal(

J& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhkàdch dhalcti? C rivaiw kb tmikry cfe risicrdm& Iurkpicf Okurfch kb Pkrj cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 30( 9,4>&

Jkpihlcf( ^&I&( Nraib( C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3117!& Umi rkhi kb dhalcti cfe duhturi afprkeudtavaty& Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >=>,43=!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!&Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&

Juifza( L& " Tdmlafji( L& ->771!& Cssilnhaf` brc`lifts aftk c hifs? C rivaiw( drataqui(cfe prkpksie risicrdm cìfec bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch wkrj dhalcti hatircturi&

Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( 49( 4( 245,030&Hcbkhhitti( P&^& " Tals( M&W& -3109!& As sctasbcdtakf rieufecft watm kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti; Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr cfe Mulcf Wirbkrlcfdi ( 34( >90,>0=&Hi`ì( J& -3119!& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift? ^mitkrads cfe îchatais & Hkfekf( Ncsaf`stkji?

Lcdlahhcf&Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkr strctiàd

mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjcìs nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >>9,>5=!& E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfeBrcfdas @rkup&

Krhatzjy( L& " Brifjih( T&O& ->779!& Chtirfctavi pctmwcys tk ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrjphcdis& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 32( =( 34>9,345=&

Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af r`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O& Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&

Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C&O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&

Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929,914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ahìf( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies&!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&




>7

Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivaf` hkf` tirl vacnahaty & Kxbkre? KxbkreYfavirsaty Wriss&

Wccuwi( O& ->771!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivilifts( litmkekhkàdch assuis cfeprkspidts& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift Ttueais ( 52( 3( 3>1,399&

Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? wmct fixt;& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wccuwi( O& " âdmcreskf( ^& -3110!& Aftrkeudtakf tk spidach assui kf M^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( =( 4( >90,>2>&Wcttirskf( L&( Pcrr( W& " Pist( L& ->775!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe dklpcfy

prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb ilphkyii cbbidt cfe ilphkyii hivih& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 314,>32&

Widdia( ^& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe tmi sicrdm bkr tmi mcppy wkrjphcdi & Afcuùrchceeriss( ^kttirecl? Ircslus îsicrdm Afstatuti kb Lcfcìlift -IÂL!&

Wurdihh( O& " Jaffai( F& ->770!& M^L cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift -pp& 944 , 993!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt& -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&

Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? Ukwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfcìlift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&

^clscy( M&( Tdmkhcraks( E& " Mcrhiy( N& ->777!& Ilphkyiis kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Uistaf` afsaei tmi nhcdj nkx& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 4=( 5(973,943&

^kussicu( E& ->772!& As tmiri sudm c tmaf` cs ”Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfcìlift‑; Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( 43( >92—>21&

^ycf( C&L&( Tdmlat( L&O& " Okmfskf( ^& -3112!& Cttatueis cfe ibbidtavifiss? Ixclafaf` rihctakfs ct cf kr`cfazctakfch hivih& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 51( =94,==>&

^yfis( T&H&( @ahuj( U&H& " Nrkwf( J&@& ->770!& Umi viry sipcrcti wkrhes kb cdceilad

cfe prcdtatakfir pirakeadchs af mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? Alphadctakfs bkrivaeifdi,ncsie lcfcìlift& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 97( 9( 1=0,377=&

Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi& Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcfìs( W& O&( Tlatm( E& N& " Tchvc`àk( C& F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?

Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfasctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&

Tdmuhti( L&( Kstrkbb( D&( Tmluhyacf( T& " Jafadja( C& ->771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctidkfbaùrctakfs? îhctakfsmaps tk dkhhidtavi cttatueis( dustklir sctasbcdtakf( cfepirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 15( 4( 23=,245&

Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach Wirbkrlcfdi; Af?

Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!& Tcf Brcfdasdk(DC? Okssiy Ncss&

Tpcrrkw( W&^& ->773!& Eivihkpaf` eac`fkstads bkr ma`m pirbkrlcfdi kr`cfazctakfDuhturis& Af? Umi aftirfctakfch mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& =9,372!& D&H& Dkkpir( T& Dcrtwra`mt( " W&D& Icrhiy -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Ucjiudma( ^&( Dmif( @& " Hipcj( E&W& ->771!& Umrku`m tmi hkkjaf` `hcss kb c skdachsystil? Drkss,hivih ibbidts kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils kf ilphkyiis‑cttatueis& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 2>( 3,>1&

Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjcìs nitwiifkr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhkàdch lcfcìlift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Uruss( D& " @rcttkf( H& -3115!& Ttrctiàd mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? C dkfdiptuchcpprkcdm& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 9( 4( 225,2=2&




>3

Yhradm( E& -3110!& Licsuraf` mulcf riskurdis? cf kvirvaiw kb prcdtadi cfe cprisdraptakf bkr risuhts& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 42( 474,4>7&

Rcfeifnir`( ^&O&( âdmcreskf( M&C& " Icstlcf( H&O& -3111!& Umi alpcdt kb ma`mafvkhvilift wkrj prkdissis kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C sidkfe,kreirhctift vcracnhi cpprkcdm& @rkup cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Lcfcìlift ( >5( 4( 477,441&

Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^ prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5(47,94&

Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf îhctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,52>&

Pcrr -31=0!& Pkrj( ufilphkylift( cfe liftch michtm & Kxbkre? Dhcrifekf Wriss& Pkke( T& ->771!& M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift?

C dratadch cpprkcdm -pp& 99,05!& E&@& Dkhhaf`s( " @& Pkke -Ies&!& Hkfekf?^kuthieì Ucykr " Brcfdas @rkup&

Pra`mt( W& " Nkswihh( P& ->77>!( Eisi`ri`ctaf` M^L? C rivaiw cfe syftmisas kb ladrk

cfe lcdrk mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift risicrdm& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >=( >50,>02&

Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? Litmkekhkàdch cfe tmikritadch dmchhifìs& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C

ùaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& W& Tpcrrkw( " C&Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Pra`mt( W&( @crefir( U&( Lkyfamcf( H& " Chhif( L& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif mrprcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( >(571,552&

Pra`mt( W&L& " Mc`ìrty( O&O& ->779!& Lassaf` vcracnhis af tmikrais kb strctiàd mulcfriskurdi lcfcìlift? Uali( dcusi( cfe afeavaeuchs//& Lcfcìlift îvui ( 32( >(

325,304& Pra`mt( W&L& " LcdLcmcf( @&D& -311>!& Umikritadch pirspidtavis bkr strctiàd mulcf

riskurdi lcfcìlift& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( 3=( >( >19,4>7& Pra`mt( W&L& " Tfihh( T&C& -311=!& Ukwcre cf ufabyaf` brcliwkrj bkr ixphkraf` bat cfe

bhixanahaty af strctiàd mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw (>4( 5( =42,=22&

_cpb( E( Ekrlcff( D& " Brisi L& -3112!& Hkfàtueafch stueais af kr`cfazctakfch strissrisicrdm? C rivaiw kb tmi hatircturi watm ribirifdi tk litmkekhkàdch assuis&

Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch Michtm Wsydmkhk`y ( 3( >( 359,321&



>



C Tystilctad îvaiw kb tmi Hatircturi

Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Wccuwi( O& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& M^L(Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi? C Tystilctad îvaiw kb tmiHatircturi& Lcfusdrapt ufeir îvaiw&



Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi

>5

Cnstrcdt

Af tmi hatircturi( twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt tk tmi pksatakf kb ilphkyii

wihh,niaf` ct wkrj af M^L , pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as eisdranie

miri cddkreaf` tmrii ealifsakfs? mcppafiss( michtm( cfe rihctakfsmaps& Umas rivaiw

ixclafis wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( ”lutuch `cafs‑ kr ”dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis‑ as

lkri cpprkpracti tk eisdrani tmi rkhi kb tmisi tmrii ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts cs

bkufe af ilparadch risicrdm& At dkvirs 53 stueais punhasmie brkl 3119 tk >77=& Ncsie kf

tmi quchaty kb tmi stueais cfe tmi dkfsastifdy kb tmi stuey bafeaf`s( at as dkfdhueie tmct

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tirls kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps bufdtakf cs lutuch `caf watm

pirbkrlcfdi& Michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`( mkwivir( siils tk bufdtakf cs dkfbhadtaf`

kutdkli watm pirbkrlcfdi& Earidtakfs bkr buturi risicrdm cfe tmikritadch eivihkpliftcri su``istie&




>9

>&3 Aftrkeudtakf

Ttcrtaf` watm tmi `rkufe,nricjaf` stuey kb Musihae -3119! wmadm dhcalie tmct

Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift -M^L! mcs c sunstcftach alpcdt kf bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi( c hcrì nkey kb risicrdm ixclafaf` tmi alpcdt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi mcs niif punhasmie af tmi hcst eidcei -i&`& Nksihai( Eaitz " Nkkf( >779:

Dklns( Hau( Mchh " Jitdmif( >772!& Af tmas dkftixt M^L ribirs tk? ”Chh tmksi cdtavatais

csskdactie watm tmi lcfcìlift kb pikphi af barls‑ -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=? 3!& Hctihy

tmiri mcvi niif dchhs tk bkdus lkri kf ilphkyii,diftirie kutdklis cfe fkt kfhy kf tmi

ibbidts kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -@uist( 3111: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!&

Nkxchh cfe Lcjdy ->771! eisdranie tmas ilirìft risicrdm aftirist cs? Pi bafe kursihvis af

tmi laest kb c havihy eincti kvir tmi alpcdts kb M^L kf barls cfe kf wkrjirs& Tkli sdmkhcrs sii nifibats bkr nktm&&& wahi ktmirs quistakf tmi `cafs bkr barls&&& kr bkr wkrjirs&&& cfe skli( quati prkpirhy(

quistakf tmi vchui bkr nktm pcrtais&&& -pcì 5!&

Af tmi hatircturi( twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt tk tmi pksatakf kb

ilphkyii kutdklis af tmi cric kb M^L — kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Af tmi

barst vaiw( ilphkyirs cfe ilphkyiis nktm nifibat brkl M^L -Cppihncul( Ncahiy( Nir`

" Jchhinir`( >777: @uist( 3110! -sk,dchhie lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi!& Af dkftrcst( af tmi

sidkfe vaiw cutmkrs crùi tmct M^L pcys kbb af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi(

nut mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi alpcdt kf ilphkyii aftirists -i&`& Hi`ì( 3119: ^clscy(

Tdmkhcras " Mcrhiy( >777! -sk,dchhie dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi!& Dcpturaf` tmas

iliràf` risicrdm aftirist( tmi durrift stuey ixclafis wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf`

pirspidtavis( ”lutuch `cafs‑ kr ”dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis‑( as lkri cpprkpracti& @avif tmi

iliràf` alpkrtcfdi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif

M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi kfi mcfe -i&`& Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wccuwi "

âdmcreskf( 3110! cfe tmi alpkrtcfdi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cs cf alpkrtcft kutdkli

af ats kwf ra`mt kf tmi ktmir -Widdia( >775!( wi stuey ilphkyii aftirists af tirls kb

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj af tmas stuey&

Wrakr rivaiws kb ilparadch risicrdm kf tmi M^L , pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì -Nidjir "

@irmcrt( 3112: Nidjir " Musihae( 311=: Nksihai it ch&( >779: Dklns it ch&( >772: Birras(

Crtmur( Nirjskf( Jcphcf( Mcrrihh,Dkkj " Brafj( 311=: Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pkke( 3111:

Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>: Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif( >779! cs wihh cs rivaiws kb

ilparadch risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj -Cppihncul(

>77>: Widdia( >775! mcvi prkvaeie us watm usibuh afbkrlctakf& Dklns it ch& ->772!dkfdhueie tmct M^L as pksatavihy rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi: kf tmi ktmir mcfe Cppihncul




>2

->77>! bkufe tmct at as eabbaduht tk ercw cfy eibafatavi dkfdhusakfs cnkut tmi ibbidts kb

M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Yfbkrtufctihy( ivaeifdi kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmi

dkfdipts kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi wiri rivaiwie

sipcrctihy& Cs bcr cs wi jfkw( cf upectie rivaiw af wmadm ivaeifdi kf hafjcìs nitwiif

M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as sicrdmie cfe syftmisazie

af c dratadch lcffir mcs fkt yit niif dkfeudtie& Mifdi( tmi durrift stuey prkvaeis c

rivaiw kb qucftatctavi stueais rihctaf` M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi&

Umi dkftranutakf kb tmas rivaiw as tk ixclafi wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` tmikritadch

pirspidtavis -Pchh " Pkke( >779!( lutuch `cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis( prkvaeis c

nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Ny rivaiwaf` stueais kf tmi ibbidts kb

M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi scli tali( tmas stuey dkftranutis

tk burtmir ufeirstcfeaf` kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf luhtaphi stcjimkheirs ny afdhueaf`

lcfcìlift cs wihh cs ilphkyii,diftirie kutdklis& Umas as cf alpkrtcft assui cs tmi

prcdtadch alphadctakfs kb tmisi twk hafis kb tmku`mt eabbir& Ivaeifdi bkr lutuch `cafs

alphais tmct cekptaf` M^L cdtavatais afdricsis pirbkrlcfdi cfe ct tmi scli tali

afdricsis ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Mkwivir( ab tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi as lkri

vchae( M^L cdtavatais pksatavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcvi c eitraliftch

ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Uk stcrt watm( barst wi dhcraby kur cpprkcdm tk tmidkfdipts kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Tunsiquifthy(

wi ihcnkrcti kf tmi lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavis( risuhtaf` af twk

dklpitaf` mypktmisis&

>&>&3 Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf`

Chtmku`m ilphkyii wihh,niaf` mcs nidkli cf alpkrtcft tkpad af sdmkhcrhy risicrdm

okurfchs( tmiri as dkfsaeircnhi vcractakf af tmi dkfdiptuchazctakf kb wihh,niaf` -Ecffc "

@rabbaf( 3111!& C barst eastafdtakf dcf ni lcei nitwiif pikphi‑s kvirchh wihh,niaf` krmcppafiss cfe lkri spidabad eklcafs kb wihh,niaf` sudm cs bclahy kr wkrj -Eaifir( Tum(

Hudcs " Tlatm( 3111!& Af tmas rivaiw tmi aftirist as kf wihh,niaf` ct wkrj( cs tmi cal kb

tmas rivaiw as tk ixclafi hafjcìs nitwiif twk ”wkrj‑ dkfdipts kb lcfcìlift cdtavatais

-M^L!( cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj dcf nrkcehy ni

eisdranie cs tmi kvirchh quchaty kb cf ilphkyii‑s ixpiraifdi cfe bufdtakfaf` ct wkrj

-Pcrr( 31=0!&

Tidkfehy( eabbirift ealifsakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj cri eastafùasmie af

tmi hatircturi( bkr ixclphi( okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn striss& Patmaf tmi kr`cfazctakfch




>0

dkftixt( twk ìfirch typis kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri eabbiriftactie -Ecffc " @rabbaf(

3111: @rcft( Dmrastacfskf " Wradi( >770!& Af tmi barst typi( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as

bkdusie kf sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis cfe bufdtakfaf` ct wkrj& Umas ribirs tk okn,rihctie

ixpiraifdis cs kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf( bcdit spidabad wkrj sctasbcdtakf -i&`& sctasbcdtakf

watm pcy( prklktakf kppkrtufatais!( cfe kr`cfazctakfch dkllatlift& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe

wkrj,rihctie michtm as eastafùasmie& Michtm af tmi wkrjphcdi ifdklpcssis nktm

pmysakhkàdch cfe psydmkhkàdch afeadctkrs rihctie tk ilphkyii michtm -Ecffc " @rabbaf(

3111!( bkr ixclphi okn strcaf( kr okn striss& Af sul( nktm ealifsakfs cri eibafie cs

prkpirtais kb tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii&

Lkri ridifthy( @rcft it ch& ->770! ceeie skdach wihh,niaf` cs cf alpkrtcft tmare

ealifsakf& At smkuhe ni fktie tmct tmas ealifsakf as skliwmct eastafdt brkl tmi

ealifsakf kb sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis cfe tmi michtm ealifsakf& Pmirics tmisi hcttir

ealifsakfs cri afeavaeuch bkdusie( tmas ealifsakf as bkdusie kf aftircdtakfs tmct kddur

nitwiif ilphkyiis kr nitwiif ilphkyiis cfe tmiar supirvaskr kr tmi kr`cfazctakf tmiy

cri wkrjaf` bkr -i&`& trust( dkkpirctakf( lkrchi!& Pi eidaeie tk afdhuei tmas ealifsakf

kf rihctakfsmaps cs wihh( bkr tmi ricskf tmct tmas ealifsakf as briquifthy usie af

dkfdiptuch lkeihs -i&`& skdach ixdmcfì hatircturi( M^L prkdiss lkeihs( dklpitaf`

vchuis lkeih kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti! cfe ilparadch stueais -i&`& Ncrtih(

>775: @ihcei " Aviry( >774: @uirrirk " Ncrrcue,Eaeair( >775: Lctmaiu( @ahskf "ûeey( >772!&

At as alpkrtcft tk lcji c eastafdtakf nitwiif tmisi ealifsakfs kb wihh,niaf` ct

wkrj( nidcusi af lkst kb tmi dkfdiptuch lkeihs hafjaf` M^L tk pirbkrlcfdi( eabbirift

ealifsakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri afdhueie& Bkr ixclphi okn sctasbcdtakf

-Cppihncul it ch&( >777: @uist( >773: Wccuwi " âdmcreskf( 3110! cfe okn striss

-Cppihncul it ch&( >777: @uist( 3111!& Lkrikvir( at as pkssanhi bkr trcei,kbbs tk ixast

nitwiif eabbirift ealifsakfs kb wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770!& Bkr ixclphi wkrj

rieisa`f prcdtadis dcf ifmcfdi okn sctasbcdtakf( nut dcf chsk dcusi pmysadch strcaf ct tmi

scli tali -Dclpakf " LdDhihhcfe( 3114!& Cppihncul ->77>! chsk crùie tmct M^L

la`mt mcvi dkftrceadtkry ibbidts: M^L la`mt pksatavihy afbhuifdi dkllatlift(

sctasbcdtakf cfe trust( nut tmas la`mt ni ct tmi dkst kb afdricsie striss hivihs&

Mifdi( af tmas rivaiw stuey( ilparadch crtadhis cri dhcssabaie ny tmi bkhhkwaf` tmrii

typis kb wkrj,rihctie wihh,niaf`? michtm( mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -@rcft it

ch&( >770!& Umi kpirctakfchazctakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` waeihy eabbir cdrkss ilparadch

risicrdm -Ecffc " @rabbaf( 3111!& Umiribkri( tmi cnkvi aftrkeudie dcti`krazctakf sirvis




>=

cs cf c prakra ùaeaf` brcliwkrj( cfe tmi tmrii ealifsakfs wahh ni burtmir dhcssabaie

euraf` tmi rivaiwaf` prkdiss -tmi ixclphis prkvaeie nihkw cri bkr ahhustrctavi purpksis!&

Umi mcppafiss dklpkfift ribirs tk sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis kb ilphkyiis a&i& tmiar

psydmkhkàdch wihh,niaf`( bkr ixclphi okn sctasbcdtakf cfe kr`cfazctakfch dkllatlift&

Umi sidkfe dklpkfift( michtm( ifdklpcssis pmysakhkàdch kr psydmkhkàdch afeadctkrs

rihctie tk ilphkyii michtm -Ecffc " @rabbaf( 3111!( haji kr`cfazctakfch striss cfe fiie

bkr ridkviry& Umi rihctakfsmaps dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( skdach wihh,niaf`(

bkdusis kf tmi quchaty kb rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyiis cfe tmiar ilphkyir cfe dkhhicùis(

bkr ixclphi? trust( skdach suppkrt cfe dkkpirctakf -@rcft it ch&( >770!& Af tmas wcy tmi

dkfdiptuchazctakf kb kur wihh,niaf` dkfstrudts cddkres watm tmi wihh,niaf` typis

eastafùasmie af prakr hatircturi kf tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif mcppafiss cfe michtm,rihctie

wihh,niaf` -Ecffc " @rabbaf( 3111!( wmahi skdach wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770! as af

cddkrecfdi watm durrift M^L risicrdm& Chh tmrii ealifsakfs cri afdkrpkrctie af tmi

M^L hatircturi kf lutuch `cafs cfe kf dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis&

>&>&> Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift

Cddkreaf` tk Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! M^L ribirs tk? ”Chh tmksi cdtavatais

csskdactie watm tmi lcfcìlift kb pikphi af barls‑ -pcì 3!& Af tmas eibafatakf( M^L as

eibafie cs lcfcìlift cdtavatais& Umiribkri( stueais kf tmi ibbidtavifiss kb tmi M^

bufdtakf -i&`& Pra`mt( LdLcmcf( Tfihh " @irmcrt( >773! cri ixdhueie af tmas rivaiw& Umi

ibbidtavifiss kb tmi M^ bufdtakf ekis fkt bkdus kf tmi lcfcìlift cdtavatais atsihb( nut

kf tmi rkhi kr bufdtakf kb tmi M^ eipcrtlift af eihaviraf` lcfcìlift cdtavatais&

Tidkfehy( tmas eibafatakf strissis tmi afdkrpkrctakf kb luhtaphi lcfcìlift cdtavatais( af

dkftrcst tk bkdusaf` kf tmi ibbidts kb c saf`hi lcfcìlift cdtavaty askhctie brkl ktmir

lcfcìlift cdtavatais& At as alpkrtcft tk dklnafi luhtaphi lcfcìlift cdtavatais( cs

ilphkyii cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis cri afbhuifdie ny luhtaphi lcfcìlift cdtavatais

rctmir tmcf ny c saf`hi lcfcìlift cdtavaty -Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Mifdi( kfhy stueais watm luhtaphi lcfcìlift cdtavatais cri afdhueie af tmas rivaiw&

Pmirics tmiri rilcafs dkfdiptuch ufdhcraty kf wmadm lcfcìlift cdtavatais smkuhe

ni hcnihie cs M^L -Crtmur " Nkyhis( >770!( cfe tmas eavirìfdi as lcfabistie af tmi

eabbirift hcnihs àvif tk cfe licsurilifts kb tmi sits kb lcfcìlift cdtavatais

afvista`ctie af M^L stueais( lkri ridifthy c stricl kb wkrj dkfdiptuchazis M^L chkf`

hivihs kb cfchysas& Af c dklprimifsavi luhta,hivih lkeih Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777!

dkfdiptuchazi smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -eibafie cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti!

cs drudach lieactaf` pmcsi nitwiif M^L systils cfe ilphkyii cttranutis& Fasmaa cfe




>1

Pra`mt ->77=! eisdrani tmi M^,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì cs bkhhkws? aftifeie M^ prcdtadis

-eivihkpie M^ pkhadais ny eidasakf lcjirs! afbhuifdi cdtuch M^ prcdtadis -alphiliftie

M^ prcdtadis!( ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmisi prcdtadis -pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis! cfe ricdt tk

tmil -ilphkyii kutdklis!( cfe tmisi ilphkyii kutdklis risuht af kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& Chkf` salahcr hafis Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! dkfdiptuchazi M^L cs

lcfcìlift aftifeie cfe alphiliftie M^ pkhadais calaf` tk nuahe cnahaty( lktavctakf

cfe kppkrtufaty tk pirbkrl ct afeavaeuch hivih( cfe calaf` tk nuahe wkrjbkrdi

dcpcnahatais( wkrj kr`cfazctakf cfe wkrj cttatueis ct dkhhidtavi hivih( cfe tmare

lcfcìlift crtaduhcti vchuis tk afbhuifdi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs&

Mifdi( tmas rivaiw afdhueis c nrkce rcfì kb lcfcìlift cdtavatais ct eabbirift

hivihs kb cfchysas( i&`& kr`cfazctakf kraiftctakf tk ilphkyiis -Lahhir " Hii( >773!: bkrlch

cfe alphiliftie M^L cdtavatais -Dmcfehir( Jihhir " Hykf( >777: Jmahoa " Pcf`( >772!

ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb cdtavatais cfe ufeirhyaf` `kchs -Ncrtih( >775: Fasmaa( Hipcj "

Tdmfiaeir( >77=: Wcuh " Cfcftmcrclcf( >774: Rcf Rihemkvif( >779!&

>&>&4 Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi

Kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as c luhtabcditie dkfdipt -Wccuwi( >775!& Patmaf tmi

M^L hatircturi( Eyir cfe îivis -3119! usi bkur ealifsakfs tk eisdrani afeadctkrs kb

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? mulcf riskurdi kutdklis( kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis(

bafcfdach kr cddkuftaf` kutdklis cfe stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkrs& Mulcf

riskurdi kutdklis cri tmi lkst prkxalch kutdklis tk M^L bkr ixclphi ilphkyii

cttatueis( ilphkyii cnsiftiiasl( turfkvir& C sidkfe `rkup kb pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkrs cri

hcnihie kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis( sudm cs prkeudtavaty( quchaty cfe sirvadi& Umarehy(

bafcfdach kr cddkuftaf` kutdklis ribir tk bafcfdach afeadctkrs haji riturf kf afvistie

dcpatch kr riturf kf cssits& C bkurtm `rkup dkfdirfs stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi

afeadctkrs( cs licsurie ny stkdj vchui kr smcrimkheir riturf&

Umas rivaiw cttilpts tk pat tmi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kf tmi ibbidts kb M^Lkf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi c`cafst kfi cfktmir& Afdhueaf`

M^ kutdklis cs cf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi dcti`kry wkuhe risuht af dkfdiptuch

ufdhcraty af tmas stuey& Mifdi( af tmas rivaiw wi afdhuei kr`cfazctakfch( bafcfdach cfe

stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi licsuris cs afeadctkrs kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut

sjap M^ kutdklis&

>&>&5 Lutuch @cafs Wirspidtavi

Umi lcafstricl pirspidtavi kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf nktm ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi mkhes tmct M^L mcs pksatavi kutdklis bkr tmi




47

kr`cfazctakf cfe bkr tmi wkrjirs cs wihh& Widdia ->775! eisdranis tmas cs ”kptalastad

pirspidtavi‑ af mas typkhk`y kf tmi alpcdt kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -sii chsk

Ekrifnksdm( >771!& Diftrch tk tmas pirspidtavi as tmi aeic tmct M^L as lutuchhy

nifibadach nktm bkr ilphkyiis -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! cfe ilphkyirs -kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi! -sii Baùri 3!&

M^L

Wirbkrlcfdi

Pihh,niaf`

*

*

*

Baùri 3& Lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi

Kfi kb tmi kraàfch M^L lkeihs usie tk ixphcaf c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf

ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs as tmi ”Nimcvakrch Wirspidtavi‑( wmadm stctie tmct

ilphkylift cdtavatais cri cekptie tk ihadat cfe dkftrkh ilphkyii nimcvakrs wmadm

dkftranuti tk kvirchh kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Pra`mt " LcdLcmcf( 311>!& Cfktmir

waeihy usie tmikry tk ixphcaf tmi pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf tmi mcppafiss cfe

rihctakfsmaps dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as tmi skdach ixdmcfì tmikry ny Nhcu

-3125!& Ilphkyiis aftirpritie lcfcìlift cdtavatais cs afeadctavi kb tmi kr`cfazctakfchsuppkrt cfe dcri bkr tmil( cfe ridaprkdcti cddkreaf`hy af dkllatlift( sctasbcdtakf cfe

trust -Pmatifir( >773!& C lkri eitcahie ixphcfctakf bkr c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf tmi

tmrii eastafùasmie wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts as prkvaeie ny Cppihncul it ch& ->777!&

Cddkreaf` tk Cppihncul it ch&‑s ->777! dkfdiptuch lkeih tmi cekptakf kb lcfcìlift

cdtavatais -i&`& trcafaf`( okn eisa`f( dklpifsctakf( prklktakf( cfe afbkrlctakf,smcraf`!

afdricsis ilphkyiis‑ sjahhs( prkvaeis kppkrtufatais tk pcrtadapcti( cfe afdricsis

lktavctakf -sk,dchhie CLK tmikry!& Tunsiquifthy( tmas prkdiss mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf

ilphkyii wihh,niaf`: at afdricsis okn sctasbcdtakf( dkllatlift cfe trust( cfe kf tmi

ktmir mcfe at rieudis striss hivihs& Lkri ridifthy( Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! prisiftie cf

ixpcfsakf kb tmi lkeih hafjaf` M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi( tk wmadm tmiy ceeie tmi fktakf kb cdtuch M^ prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii

pirdiptakfs kb M^ prcdtadis& Cddkreaf` tk tmas prkdiss lkeih( aftifeie M^ prcdtadis

la`mt eabbir brkl cdtuch prcdtadis eui tk tmi alphiliftctakf pmcsi( cfe ilphkyiis

pirdiavi tmi cdtuch M^ prcdtadis cfe prkdiss tmi M^L afbkrlctakf af c wcy tmct nraf`s

cnkut pksatavi cttatueafch( dk`fatavi cfe nimcvakrch ricdtakfs&




43

Umi nimcvakrch pirspidtavi( tmi prkdiss lkeih ny Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! cfe

Cppihncul it ch&‑s ->777! lkeih alphy tmct M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` vac afeavaeuch,hivih lidmcfasls& Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! prisiftie c luhta,hivih

lkeih kb M^L& Bkhhkwaf` tmas luhta,hivih lkeih c strkf` M^L systil dcf riafbkrdi

smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs -kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti! wmadm pksatavihy cbbidt smcrie

ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs&

Af nraib( tmi ìfirch ufeirhyaf` aeic as tmct M^L bkstirs ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

-mcppafiss( michtm cfe rihctakfsmaps! risuhtaf` af alprkvie bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe

dklpitatavi cevcftcì& Mifdi( tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi siis nktm ilphkyiis -af

tirls kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! cfe ilphkyirs -af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi!

nifibataf` brkl M^L&

>&>&9 Dkfbhadtaf` Kutdklis Wirspidtavi

Cf chtirfctavi vaiw kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif

M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi as tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi& Cddkreaf` tk tmas

pirspidtavi M^L mcs fk ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( kr M^L mcs c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf

ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cddkreaf` tk Widdia‑s ->775! typkhk`y tmi ”pissalastad‑ cfe tmi

”sjiptadch vaiw‑( rispidtavihy -sii chsk Ekrifnksdm( >771! -sii Baùri >!&

M^L

Wirbkrlcfdi

Pihh,niaf`

*

0+ ,

7+,

Baùri >& Dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi

Umi sjiptadch vaiw dcf ni dhcrabaie ny tmi fktakf kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cs c

luhtaealifsakfch dkfstrudt -Wccuwi( >775!& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as dmcrcdtirazie cs c

pcrchhih kr`cfazctakfch kutdkli fixt tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!

crùie tmct ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cri twk `kchs

afbhuifdie ny eabbirift sits kb M^ prcdtadis& Cddkreaf` tk Widdia ->775! M^ prcdtadis

tmct lcxalazi ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( la`mt fkt ni tmi kfis tmct lcxalazi kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( kr`cfazctakfs lcy fiie tk lcji c trcei,kbb af tirls kb wmadm

kutdkli tk cdmaivi watm prakraty( cfe bkdus kf tmas kutdkli& Ncsie kf tmas dklpitaf`,

kutdkli fktakf Suaff cfe ^kmrncu`m -31=4! eivihkpie tmi dklpitaf` vchuis

brcliwkrj& Umiar dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj alphais tmct kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie




4>

ny c rctakfch `kch cfe aftirfch strudturi dhalcti bkdus pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` prkeudtavaty(

wmahi kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie ny c mulcf rihctakfs cfe kpif systil dhalcti bkdus

pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Bkhhkwaf` tmas

ricskfaf`( lcfcìlift cdtavatais bkdusie kf cdmaivaf` ma`m kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi

mcvi fk alpcdt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&

C lkri dratadch alphadctakf -tmi pissalastad vaiw! kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe

bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi nktm cs kutdklis as tmi aeic kb c trcei,kbb nitwiif ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? ifmcfdilifts af kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cri

cdmaivie ct tmi dkst kb rieudie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Ncsie kf hcnkr prkdiss tmikry

@kecre ->773! dkfdhueie tmct tmi nifibats kb wkrj prcdtadis tife tk eidhafi kr ivif tk

ealafasm( nidcusi kb ma`mir striss hivihs& Af cf kr`cfazctakf calie ct bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi ilphkyiis dcf ixpiraifdi hkwir hivihs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cs c risuht kb

afdricsaf` wkrj aftifsabadctakf cfe okn strcaf -^clscy it ch&( >777!& Diftrch tk tmas vaiw as

tmi ixphkatctavi fcturi kb M^L -Hi`ì( 3119!: M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi istcnhasmie tmrku`m fi`ctavi ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ibbidts&

Af nraib( tmi ìfirch ufeirhyaf` aeic as tmct M^L risuhts af alprkvie bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi cfe dklpitatavi cevcftcì( mkwivir wkrjirs ek fkt nifibat brkl M^L&

Mifdi( tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi siis ilphkyirs -af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi! nifibataf` brkl M^L( mkwivir( M^L as fkt nifibadach cfe af bcdt lcynimcrlbuh bkr ilphkyiis -af tirls kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!&

>&>&2 Dklpitaf` Mypktmisis

Umas stuey cals tk tist wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis -Pchh " Pkke( >779!(

”ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cs lutuch `cafs‑ kr ”ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cs dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis‑( as lkri cpprkpracti tk

eisdrani tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi stctie tmct M^L as nifibadachbkr kr`cfazctakfs cfe bkr wkrjirs: mifdi M^L as ixpidtie tk mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf

ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Mkwivir( tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi crùie tmct M^L

mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& M^L risuhts af fk kr -uf!

bcvkrcnhi kutdklis af tirls kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis

eipadtie af Baùri 3 cfe > wiri trcfshctie aftk tmi bkhhkwaf` risicrdm quistakf?

îsicrdm quistakf 3? As tmiri lkri ilparadch suppkrt af tmi risicrdm hatircturi bkr

lutuch `cafs -a&i& pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf wihh,niaf`! kr as




44

tmiri lkri suppkrt bkr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis -a&i& fk kr c

fi`ctavi ibbidt kb M^L kf wihh,niaf`!;

Cddkreaf` tk tmi twk pirspidtavis( M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi cfe ct tmi scli tali mcs c fi`ctavi( fk( kr pksatavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umi ufeirhyaf` aeic kb tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi mkhes tmct tmi

rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as istcnhasmie tmrku`m

afdricsie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Talahcrhy( tmi pissalastad vaiw -dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis

pirspidtavi! stctis tmct tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as

istcnhasmie tmrku`m eidricsie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Ivaeifdi bkr tmas typi kb ricskfaf`

riquaris stueais tmct afdhuei M^L( cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( kfhy stueais tmct afdhuei M^L( wihh,niaf` cs wihh cs pirbkrlcfdi

afeadctkrs wiri afdhueie af tmas rivaiw& Af ceeatakf( ivaeifdi bkr tmi typi kb ricskfaf` wi

hcae ekwf af tmi aftrkeudtakf prisulis c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& Pi tmiribkri bkrluhctie c sidkfe risicrdm quistakf tk ixphkri tmi ibbidts

kb M^L kf wihh,niaf` prkvaeie wmif tmiri as kr as fkt c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?

îsicrdm quistakf > ? Uk wmct ixtift as tmi ivaeifdi bkr lutuch `cafs cfe

dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis -risicrdm quistakf 3! eipifeift kf c

pksatavi ibbidt nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi;

>&4 Litmke

>&4&3 Hatircturi Ticrdm cfe Tihidtakf

C systilctad hatircturi sicrdm af aftirfctakfch ribiriie okurfchs af lcfcìlift(

kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakr( wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y( cpphaie psydmkhk`y( cs wihh

cs ktmir okurfchs jfkwf bkr tmiar ixphadat M^L,rihctie bkdus wcs dkfeudtie& Pi

dklphitie kur hatircturi sicrdm ny drkss dmidjaf` tmas hast watm tmi ribirifdi sidtakfs kb

33 rivaiw stueais -a&i& Cppihncul( >77>: Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Nidjir " Musihae(

311=: Nksihai it ch&( >779: Dklns it ch& >772: Birras it ch&( 3111: Widdia( >775: Pchh "

Pkke( >779: Pkke( 3111: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Kfhy crtadhis

punhasmie brkl 3119 tk >77= wiri sicrdmie& Umi yicr 3119 as dmksif cs tmi icrhaist ecti

kb aftirist nidcusi at wcs af 3119 tmct Musihae punhasmie mas piir rivaiwie ilparadch

lahistkfi stuey cnkut M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Pi kfhy afdhueie stueais usaf` luhtaphi

lcfcìlift cdtavatais( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` licsuris( cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi




49

Ttueais wiri dhcssabaie cs ixdihhift quchaty stueais wmif tmiy mce c sdkri kb 4 kr 5 kf

chh bkur aeiftabaie dratirac& Ttueais tmct sdkrie 3 kf twk -kr lkri! dratirac: kr sdkrie 3 cfe

> kf twk -kr lkri! dratirac wiri dhcssabaie cs cvircì quchaty stueais& Umi rilcafaf` af

nitwiif stueais? stueais tmct eae fkt bchh aftk dcti`kry cvircì kr ixdihhift wiri hcnihie

cs `kke quchaty stueais&

>&4&4 Tyftmisas kb Ivaeifdi

Ncsie kf tmi quchaty kb tmi stueais cfe tmi dkfsastifdy kb tmi knsirvie bafeaf`s( tmi

hivih kb ivaeifdi bkr tmi risicrdm quistakfs as cssissie& Pi dmidjie tmi ibbidts ripkrtie

nitwiif M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` kutdklis& Pi ncsie kur dkfdhusakfs kf tmi

ibbidts kb tmi lkst cevcfdie cfchysas ripkrtie af tmi stuey& Ab ibbidts nitwiif M^L cfe

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts wiri fkt ixphadathy ripkrtie( wi rihaie kf eisdraptavi

stctastads afstice kb lkri cevcfdie cfchysis& Ab lkri tmcf kfi wihh,niaf` ealifsakf kr

lkri tmcf kfi licsuri kb c saf`hi wihh,niaf` typi wcs ixclafie( risuhts wiri ripkrtie

sipcrctihy af tirls kb ectc pkafts& Af dcsi kb luhtaphi hafjcìs ripkrtie nitwiif sipcrcti

M^L cdtavatais cfe kutdklis( wi eidaeie tk ncsi kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi risuhts kb tmi

lcokraty kb ripkrtie ibbidts& Af dcsi kb stueais ripkrtaf` nktm ibbidts kb sipcrcti M^L

cdtavatais cfe ibbidts kb cf kvirchh M^L afeix( wi afdhueie tmi ibbidts kb tmi afeix& Pi

ihcnkrcti kf tmi eabbirifdis bkufe nitwiif sipcrcti cfe afeix ibbidts af tmi easdussakf&

Af dcsi kb luhtaphi kutdklis( wi ncsie kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi lkst prkxalch

kr`cfazctakfch kutdkli ripkrtie& Af ceeatakf( wi dmidjie bkr cfe ripkrt kf eabbiriftach

ibbidts kb M^L kf eabbirift kutdkli typis&

Uk cfswir kur barst risicrdm quistakf wi dchduhctie tmi rctak kb ectc pkafts

suppkrtavi kb icdm pirspidtavi tk tmi tktch fulnir kb ectc pkafts pir wihh,niaf`

ealifsakf& Burtmirlkri( wi dmidjie wmitmir tmi risuhts kb tmi ixdihhift quchaty stueais

wiri af hafi watm tmi kutdkli kb tmas rctak& Nisaeis( tk smie ha`mt kf tmi ixtift tk wmadm

tmi risuhts cri eipifeift kf M^L , kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts -ribhidtaf` kursidkfe risicrdm quistakf!( wi ripkrtie tmi rctak kb ectc pkafts suppkrtavi kb icdm

pirspidtavi prkvaeie tmiri as c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

>&5 îsuhts

>&5&3 Eisdraptakf kb tmi Ttueais

Umi hatircturi sicrdm risuhtie af 53 stueais& C dkfsaeircnhi fulnir kb stueais wiri

punhasmie af M^,bkdusie okurfchs( i&`& tmi Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift cfe tmi Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch& Ktmir stueais wiri




42

punhasmie af okurfchs af lcfcìlift -i&`& Nratasm Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift! cs wihh cs af

psydmkhk`y -i&`& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y( Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y!&

Ucnhi 3 àvis afbkrlctakf kf tmi fcturi cfe sazi kb tmi stuey pkpuhctakf( tmi

licsurilift kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi

quchaty rctaf`& Fafi stueais dkuhe ni dhcssabaie cs ixdihhift quchaty stueais: 32 stueais cs

`kke quchaty stueais cfe 32 stueais cs cvircì quchaty stueais& Ucnhi > àvis afbkrlctakf

kf tmi licsurilifts kb tmi tmrii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts&

Umrii stueais ny Mcrtir( Tdmlaet cfe Mcyis ->77>!( Tdmfiaeir( Mcfìs( Tlatm cfe

Tchvc`àk ->774! cfe Nifjmkbb -311=! afdhueie nktm M^L cfe mcppafiss licsuris(

mkwivir tmiy eae fkt ripkrt kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmisi twk dkfdipts& Umiribkri

tmisi stueais wiri fkt tcjif aftk cddkuft af tistaf` kur risicrdm quistakf( cfe cri fkt

ripkrtie af Ucnhi >&




53

Ucnhi >& Eisdraptakf kb Pihh,niaf` Dklpkfifts

Pihh,niaf` typi-fulnir kb ectc pkafts!

Kpirctakfchazctakf-fulnir kb stueais!

Barst cutmkr stuey -ribirifdi fulnir!

Mcppafiss ->9!

Tctasbcdtakf

âkrecf ->2! _if` _mku -53! Jmahoa

-30! Rcfmchc -42! @kuhe,Pahhacls-33! Mkqui -39! Rcrlc -40!

Dkllatlift

âkrecf ->2! Rcf Rihemkvif -4=! Pra`mt -41! Cmlce -3! Wcuh ->5!^clscy ->9! Pra`mt -57! @kuhe,

Pahhacls -33! Mkqui -39!Dkllatlift

dklnafie watmsctasbcdtakf

Fasmaa ->3! Krhatzjy ->>! Rcfeifnir` -49!

If`cìlift Tchcfkvc ->1!

Cttatueis

@kecre -1! @kecre -37! Jctku -32!

Wcrj ->4! @uist -34!

îhctakfsmaps ->>!

Urust Uzcbrar -4x!-45! Dkhhafs -9! Krhatzjy ->>! Brifjih -2! @kuhe,Pahhacls->x! -33!

Pkrj dhalctiNcrtih ->! @ihcei -=! @uirrirk -3>!^k`` ->0! ûaz,Lkrifk ->=!Buhlir -0! Tdmustir -43!

Lkrchi Uruss -44!Dkkpirctakf Dkhhafs -9! Hclnkkao -3=!

Uicl + Dklpcfy prkdissis

Lctmaiu -31! Lahhir ->7! Wcuh ->5!

Tkdach ixdmcfì Ucdjiuda -4>!

Michtm -=!

Ttrcaf Rcf Rihemkvif -4=! Krhatzjy ->>!^clscy ->9!

PkrjhkceDmcfehir -5! uaz,Lkrifk ->=!

Uruss -44!

Pkrj aftifsabadctakf Krhatzjy ->>!

Ilktakfchixmcustakf

Rcfmchc -42!

Af c tktch kb >> stueais csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` wiri

afvista`ctie( risuhtaf` af >9 ectc pkafts -tmrii stueais afdhueie lkri tmcf kfi

licsurilift kb mcppafiss? âkrecf it ch& ->779!( @kuhe,Pahhacls ->774!( cfe Mkqui

-3111!!& Csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` wiri ixclafie af 3=

stueais( risuhtaf` af >> ectc pkafts -tmrii stueais afdhueie lkri tmcf kfi licsurilift kb

rihctakfsmaps? Dkhhafs cfe Tlatm ->772!( @kuhe,Pahhacls ->774!( Uzcbrar ->779!!&

îhctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe michtm wihh,niaf` wiri ripkrtie af kfhy sivif stueais&

Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779! afdhueie twk licsurilifts kb michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`(

risuhtaf` af ia`mt ectc pkafts bkr tmas wihh,niaf` typi&




54

Umi tmrii ixdihhift quchaty stueais istcnhasmie pksatavi ibbidts kb M^L kf mcppafiss&

_if`m _mku( Ha( _mku cfe Tu ->77=! bkufe sa`fabadcft pksatavi rihctakfs kb hiceirsmap

quchaty cfe lcrjit kraiftctakf duhturi kf sctasbcdtakf af 3=7 Dmafisi barls& Rcf

Rihemkvif ->779! istcnhasmie pksatavi rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb

hiceirsmap( dkkpirctakf( pcy sctasbcdtakf cfe okn siduraty( cfe dkllatlift af c sclphi kb

>>4 nrcfdmis kb c bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf& âkrecf it ch& ->779! bkufe pksatavi

ibbidts kb ilphkyii afvkhvilift dhalcti kf sctasbcdtakf cfe dkllatlift usaf` c sclphi

kb afsurcfdi dklpcfais& Taxtiif ectc pkafts brkl cvircì cfe `kke quchaty stueais chsk

smkwie pksatavi csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L licsurie ny aftifeie( alphiliftie(

pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis cfe M^L systils( cfe c vcraity kb mcppafiss kutdklis -i&`&

ilphkyii cttatueis( dkllatlift( sctasbcdtakf( if`cìlift!&

Bavi ectc pkafts eae fkt smkw sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe mcppafiss

-licsurie ny sctasbcdtakf( dkllatlift cfe cttatueis!& Chtmku`m tmisi stueais smkwie

pksatavi csskdactakfs nitwiif skli kb tmi afdhueie M^L bcdtkrs cfe mcppafiss( tmi

lcokraty kb hafjcìs stueaie nitwiif M^L bcdtkrs cfe mcppafiss wiri bkufe tk ni fkf,

sa`fabadcft miri& Rcfmchc cfe Uukla ->772! bkufe tmct tmrii kut kb saxtiif afdhueie M^

licsuris wiri rihctie tk sctasbcdtakf& @uist cfe Widdia ->773! istcnhasmie fk sa`fabadcft

rihctakfsmaps nitwiif lkst kb tmi afdhueie M^L dklpkfifts cfe ilphkyii cttatueis&

Hajiwasi( Wcuh cfe Cfcftmcrclcf ->774! bkufe tmct lkst kb tmi M^L prcdtadis wirifkt csskdactie watm kr`cfazctakfch dkllatlift& Bkr lkst kb tmi M^L rihctie ribkrl

prk`rclli ealifsakfs @kecre -311= cfe >773! chsk istcnhasmie fk alprkvie cttatuei

ibbidts& Fk stueais afeadctie c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe mcppafiss&

Af smkrt( tmiri as lkeircti tk strkf` ivaeifdi tmct M^L as rihctie tk mcppafiss?

ia`mty pirdift kb chh ectc pkafts ->7+>9! afeadcti c pksatavi csskdactakf& Umi afeadctie

ma`m,quchaty stueais chsk smkwie c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf mcppafiss wihh,niaf`&

Mifdi( tmi risuhts cri af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi&

>&5&4 M^L cfe îhctakfsmaps Cspidts kb Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf`

Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` wcs ixclafie af >>

ectc pkafts& Patmaf tmas kutdkli dcti`kry( licsuris kb trust( dhalcti( dkkpirctakf( ticl

prkdissis( lkrchi cfe skdach ixdmcfì wiri afdhueie&

Bavi ixdihhift quchaty stueais chh istcnhasmie pksatavi ibbidts kb M^L kf rihctakfsmaps

wihh,niaf`& Ncrtih ->775! istcnhasmie pksatavi rihctakfs nitwiif tmrii M^L afeadis kb

sjahhs( pirbkrlcfdi cfe riwcre cfe dkllufadctakf( cfe dhalcti usaf` nrcfdmis af c

bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf& Talahcrhy( @ihcei cfe Aviry ->774! bkufe suppkrt bkr c




55

pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L ealifsakfs stcbbaf`( kvirtali( cfe prkbissakfch eivihkplift kf

dhalcti af c sclphi kb 340 nrcfdmis& Ma`m afvkhvilift prcdtadis wiri chsk bkufe tk ni

pksatavihy rihctie tk wkrj dhalcti af c sclphi kb 3=7 Brifdm kr`cfazctakfs -@uirrirk "

Ncrrcue,Eaeair( >775!& Dkhhafs cfe Tlatm ->772! smkwie tmct dkllatlift,ncsie M^

prcdtadis wiri pksatavihy rihctie tk trust cfe dkkpirctakf af c baihe stuey kb 342

tidmfkhk`y barls& Bafchhy( Lctmaiu it ch& ->772! istcnhasmie c pksatavi ibbidt nitwiif ticl

ilpkwirlift prcdtadis -i&`& M^ prcdtadis( wkrj eisa`f( hiceirsmap! cfe ticl prkdissis&

Ihivif ectc pkafts brkl cvircì cfe `kke quchaty stueais smkwie chsk pksatavi

csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L licsurie ny aftifeie( alphiliftie( pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis

cfe M^L systils( cfe c vcraity kb rihctakfch kutdklis -a&i& trust( dkkpirctakf( ticl

prkdissis cfe dhalcti!& Kfhy Uruss ->773! bkufe af c dcsi,stuey tmct lkrchi eidricsie

kvir c twk,yicr tali pirake af wmadm c fulnir kb M^ prcdtadis wiri alphiliftie&

Umi rilcafaf` bkur ectc pkafts bcahie tk smkw sa`fabadcft csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L

cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Uzcbrar ->779! smkwie pksatavi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^

prcdtadis cfe tmrii typis kb trust( mkwivir tmi lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis wiri fkt

sa`fabadcfthy rihctie tk twk kut kb tmrii trust typis& Hajiwasi( Wcuh cfe Cfcftmcrclcf

->774! bkufe tmct lkst kb tmi M^ prcdtadis wiri fkt rihctie tk ticlwkrj& Hclnkkao(

Tcfeirs( Jkstir cfe _wairs ->772! istcnhasmie fk sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L

cfe dkkpirctakf&Af smkrt( tmi stueais smkw tmct M^L as prieklafcfthy pksatavihy csskdactie watm

rihctakfsmaps cspidts kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Pi bkufe tmct 00 pirdift -30+>>! kb tmi

afdhueie ectc pkafts prkvaeie ivaeifdi bkr c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi: lkrikvir risuhts

kb chh bavi ixdihhift quchaty stueais wiri chsk af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi&

>&5&5 M^L cfe Michtm, rihctie Pihh,niaf`

îhctavihy biw stueais afdhueie c michtm,rihctie dklpkfift& Kfhy sivif stueais

afvista`ctie rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe c michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` licsuri -a&i& wkrjhkce prissuri( okn strcaf( ilktakfch ixmcustakf( wkrj aftifsabadctakf!& Kfi stuey ny

Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779! afdhueie twk typis kb michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Tuppkrt bkr

c fi`ctavi csskdactakf nitwiif M^L cfe michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` wcs bkufe bkr bavi

ectc pkafts& At wcs bkufe tmct M^L as rihctie tk afdricsie strcaf( wkrjhkce cfe wkrj

aftifsabadctakf& Rcf Rihemkvif ->779! cfe Rcfmchc cfe Uukla ->772! nktm bkufe skli

sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif afdhueie M^L bcdtkrs cfe strcaf cfe ilktakfch

ixmcustakf( mkwivir( tmi lcokraty kb rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L bcdtkrs cfe michtm wiri

bkufe tk ni fkf,sa`fabadcft& Kfhy ûaz,Lkrifk( @crdac,Lkrchis cfe Hhkrifs,Lkftis




59

->770! istcnhasmie c pksatavi ibbidt nitwiif lcfcìlift suppkrt cfe wkrjhkce af c

sclphi kb >7> kr`cfazctakfs&

Tullcrazie( == pirdift -0+=! kb tmi afdhueie ectc pkafts smkw fk kr c fi`ctavi

rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Umi hcrìst pcrt 24 pirdift

-9+=! kb tmi ectc pkafts smkwie tmct M^L as fi`ctavihy csskdactie watm michtm,rihctie

wihh,niaf`& Eui tk tmi slchh fulnir kb stueais afdhueaf` michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`( tmi

bafeaf`s smkuhe ni aftirpritie watm dcutakf&

>&5&9 Eipifeifdy kb M^L cfe Pihh,niaf` Ibbidts kf îhctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe Wirbkrlcfdi

Kur sidkfe risicrdm quistakf dkfdirfie tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi ivaeifdi bkr

lutuch `cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis eipifes kf c pksatavi rihctakfsmap bkufe nitwiif

M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi bkufe tmct af chlkst tmarty pirdift kb tmi 4=

afdhueie stueais fk rihctakfsmap wcs istcnhasmie nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Af dcsi

kb luhtaphi hafjcìs ripkrtie nitwiif sipcrcti M^L cdtavatais cfe kutdklis( wi ncsie

kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi risuhts kb tmi lcokraty kb ripkrtie ibbidts&

Cs ri`cres mcppafiss wihh,niaf`( bkr =7 pirdift kb tmi ectc pkafts ->7+>9! wi bkufe

ivaeifdi tmct M^L as pksatavihy csskdactie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf(

ixdipt kfi chh ectc pkafts chsk smkwie ct tmi scli tali c pksatavi rihctakfsmap watm

mcppafiss wihh,niaf`& Bkr 3= -kut kb >>! ectc pkafts kb rihctakfsmaps ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

wi bkufe ivaeifdi tmct M^L as pksatavihy csskdactie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

Umi risuhts kb tmi lcokraty kb tmisi ectc pkafts cri af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs

pirspidtavi& Kfhy Uruss ->773! bkufe c pksatavi pirbkrlcfdi cfe fi`ctavi rihctakfsmaps

wihh,niaf` ibbidt& Wcuh cfe Cfcftmcrclcf ->774! bkufe tmct tmi lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis

wiri rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi( cfe fkt rihctie tk rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Uzcbrar ->779!

chsk bkufe tmct tmi lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis mce c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi cfe kf kfi ealifsakf kb trust& Mkwivir Uzcbrar ->779! chsk bkufe tmct tmi

lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis wcs fkt rihctie tk twk ktmir ealifsakfs kb trust& Mifdi( bkrmcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` wi bkufe ivif strkfìr ivaeifdi bkr lutuch `cafs

prkvaeie c pksatavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? 19 cfe 0= pirdift kb

tmi ectc pkafts smkwie c pksatavi rihctakf nitwiif M^L cfe wihh,niaf`( rispidtavihy&

Bkr ilphkyii michtm( c sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi wcs

kfhy istcnhasmie af tmrii kut kb ia`mt ectc pkafts -^clscy it ch&( >777: ûaz,Lkrifk it ch&(

>770: Uruss( >773!& ^clscy it ch& ->777! cfe Uruss ->777! dkfdhueie tmct M^L wcs

pksatavihy rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( mkwivir ct tmi scli tali fi`ctavihy

rihctie tk michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Af dkftrcst( ûaz,Lkrifk it ch& ->770! bkufe tmct




52

M^L wcs pksatavihy csskdactie watm pirbkrlcfdi cfe michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Umi

ivaeifdi kntcafie bkr michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cs dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli as hiss strkf`(

prkvaeie tmiri as c rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi&

>&9 Easdussakf

Umas dmcptir dkftranutis tk tmi M^L hatircturi ny ixphkraf` tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf

lcfcìlift, cs wihh cs kf ilphkyii,diftirie kutdklis& Af tmas rivaiw c eastafdtakf mcs

niif lcei nitwiif twk mypktmisis af risicrdm kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L(

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af pcrtaduhcr( tmas rivaiw tistie

wmadm kb tmi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( lutuch `cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis nist

eisdranie tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umrii typis kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` wiri

eastafùasmie? mcppafiss( rihctakfsmaps cfe michtm& Umi lcaf risuht kb tmas rivaiw as tmct tmi cpprkpracti rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

eipifes kf tmi wihh,niaf` typi stueaie& Bkr tmi wihh,niaf` typis mcppafiss cfe

rihctakfsmaps wi bkufe lkri suppkrt bkr lutuch `cafs tmcf bkr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis& Af

dkftrcst( bkr michtm wi bkufe lkri suppkrt bkr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis tmcf bkr lutuch

`cafs& Umas alphais tmct tmiri cri eabbiriftach ibbidts prisift? M^L as pksatavihy csskdactie

watm mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -af hafi watm tmi lcafstricl kptalastad

M^L,pirbkrlcfdi vaiw!( cfe fi`ctavihy csskdactie watm michtm -af hafi watm tmi

pissalastad vaiw!& M^L as nifibadach bkr ilphkyii mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps( nut ct tmi

scli tali la`mt ni eitraliftch bkr ilphkyii michtm& Umas risuht as af hafi watm stueais ny

^clscy it ch& ->777!( cfe Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779!& Umisi stueais saluhtcfikushy

ixclafie cfe dkfbarlie tmi ”pksatavi‑ cfe ”fi`ctavi‑ dkfsiquifdis kb tmi scli sit kb

M^L cdtavatais kf luhtaphi ilphkyii wihh,niaf` typis& Mifdi( tmiri la`mt ni twk ibbidts

ct wkrj ct tmi scli tali? lutuch `cafs bkr mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe cs

c saei ibbidt dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis bkr michtm& Afvista`ctaf` tmi ibbidts kf chh tmrii typis

saluhtcfikushy dkuhe prkvaei burtmir vchaectakf kb tmas risuht&

Ny afdhueaf` kfhy stueais tmct afvista`ctie ibbidts nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi( wi dcf ihcnkrcti kf tmi bafeaf`s prkvaeie M^L as csskdactie

watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Barst( nktm pirspidtavis -lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf`

kutdklis! ixpidt c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf pirbkrlcfdi& Chtmku`m( c lafkraty kb

M^L cdtavatais dkuhe mcvi cf ibbidt kf pirbkrlcfdi af stueais ripkrtaf` hafjcìs

nitwiif sipcrcti M^L cdtavatais cfe pirbkrlcfdi( wi bkufe tmct af tmarty pirdift kb tmi

41 afdhueie stueais fk rihctakfsmap wcs istcnhasmie nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Umasrisuht quistakfs tmi aeichazie fktakf kb c ”ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi‑ wkrj systil( wmadm tcjis c




50

pksatavi rihctakf kb M^L kf pirbkrlcfdi bkr `rcftie& Tidkfehy( bkr mcppafiss cfe

rihctakfsmaps cspidts kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` tmi risuhts kntcafie prkvaeie c pksatavi

rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi( wiri ivif lkri suppkrtavi kb c lutuch

`cafs pirspidtavi& Umas prkvaeis afatach suppkrt bkr tmi aeic tmct tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif

M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as -pcrthy! istcnhasmie tmrku`m ats ibbidt kf

ilphkyii mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Af tmrii kut kb ia`mt ectc pkafts kb tmi

michtm dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( c sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi wcs istcnhasmie& Bkr kfhy kfi ectc pkaft at wcs bkufe tmct M^L afbhuifdie

pirbkrlcfdi pcrthy vac michtm ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( tmi ktmir twk ectc pkafts ripkrtie fk

rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyii michtm cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( tmi ricskfaf` tmct M^L mcs

c pksatavi ibbidt kf bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi wmadm as istcnhasmie tmrku`m fi`ctavi

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ibbidts ekis fkt siil tk mkhe miri& Ilphkyii michtm,rihctie wihh,

niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty siil tk bufdtakf lkri cs pcrchhih kr`cfazctakfch

kutdklis&

Umrii ktmir knsirvctakfs cri wkrtm liftakfaf`& Umi barst dkfdirfs tmi eabbirifdi

nitwiif ”cvirc`i‑ cfe ”ixdihhift‑ quchaty stueais& Af tirls kb risuhts( tmi ixdihhift stueais

chh dkftranuti tk kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Aftiristaf` cri tmi

risuhts kb tmi twk ”ixdihhift‑ quchaty hkf`atueafch stueais afdhueie af tmas rivaiw& Nktm

Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! cs wihh cs Rcf Rihemkvif ->779! bkufe rivirsie dcusctakfnitwiif pirbkrlcfdi( M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats

la`mt rivich c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af M^L tmcf tmksi tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m

prkbats -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Af ceeatakf( ma`m pirbkrlcfdi

sa`fchs tmct tmi kr`cfazctakf as pirbkrlaf` wihh cfe mcs bafcfdach riskurdis( cfe tmus

la`mt ni pirdiavie ny ilphkyiis cs c pksatavi sa`fch cs ri`cres ilphkylift siduraty

-Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779!( c`caf mcvaf` cf upwcre afbhuifdi kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&

C sidkfe assui afvkhvie tmi hivih kb cfchysas& Uwifty,bavi stueais ixclafie

rihctakfsmaps ct tmi kr`cfazctakfch hivih( = ct nusafiss ufat, kr phcft hivih -Cmlce "

Tdmrkieir( >774: Ncrtih( >775: @ihcei " Aviry( >774: Wcrj it ch&( >774: Tchcfkvc it ch&(

>779: Rcf Rihemkvif( >779: Pra`mt it ch&( >774 cfe >779!( kfi ct ticl hivih -Lctmaiu it

ch&( >772! cfe kfi ct afeavaeuch hivih -@kuhe,Pahhacls( >774!& Umrii stueais usie c

dklnafctakf kb hivihs( tmi afeavaeuch, cfe kr`cfazctakf hivih -Hclnkkao it ch&( >772:

Rcfmchc " Uukla( >772! cfe tmi afeavaeuch, cfe nusafiss ufat, kr phcft hivih -Fasmaa it

ch&( >77=!& Umi kvir,rihacfdi kf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih kb cfchysas as rilcrjcnhi bkr tmas baihe

kb risicrdm& Eabbirift M^L cdtavatais cri drictie cfe kpirctaf` ct eabbirift hivihs( i&`&




5=

bkrlch cfe alphiliftie M^L cdtavatais( ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -Fasmaa "

Pra`mt( >77=!& Af ceeatakf( tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri lcafhy

ixphcafie ny lidmcfasls kpirctaf` ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih&

Umi tmare assui as tmi afdhusakf kb luhtaphi licsurilifts kb M^L -saf`hi prcdtadis

kr cf afeix! cs wihh cs pirbkrlcfdi -tmi afdhusakf kb luhtaphi typis!& Eabbirifdis cri

bkufe nitwiif ibbidts kb saf`hi prcdtadis cfe afeadis kb prcdtadis& Bkr ixclphi Lctmaiu

it ch& ->772! bkufe tmct cf kvirchh ticl ilpkwirlift dkfstrudt as pksatavihy csskdactie

watm pirbkrlcfdi tmrku`m rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Umi dklpkfifts kb tmas ticl

ilpkwirlift dkfstrudt( mkwivir( smkwie eabbiriftach rihctakfsmaps watm ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Fasmaa it ch& ->77=! chsk dkfbarlie eabbiriftach ibbidts( af tmiar

stuey ixphkatctakf cttranutakfs wiri fi`ctavihy rihctie tk dkllatlift cfe sctasbcdtakf(

wmirics quchaty ifmcfdilift cttranutakfs wiri pksatavihy rihctie& Cs ri`cres

licsurilift kb pirbkrlcfdi( c fulnir kb stueais afdhueie luhtaphi pirbkrlcfdi

kutdklis( a&i& c dklnafctakf kb kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis( bafcfdach kr cddkuftaf`

kutdklis cfe stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkrs& Ta`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe

nitwiif eabbirift kutdkli typis -i&`& @uist " Widdia( >773: Wcuh " Cfcftmcrclcf(

>774: Pra`mt it ch&( >774 cfe >779!& Umisi cutmkrs dkfdhueie tmct M^L cfe wihh,niaf`

mce lkri alpcdt kf lkri prkxalch -kr`cfazctakfch! kutdklis tmcf kf eastch -bafcfdach!

kutdklis&

>&9&3 Halatctakfs

Umi barst halatctakf kb tmas rivaiw stuey dkfdirfs tmi dmkadi kb quchaty dratirac

cpphaie af tmas rivaiw& Umi bkur dratirac usie? -3! sclphi sazi cfe rispkfsi rcti: ->! quchaty

kb risicrdm eisa`f: -4! rihacnahaty cfe vchaeaty kb tmi M^L( wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi

licsuris( cfe -5! tmi ceiqucdy kb stctastadch tist( ribhidt dkllkf afsa`mts kntcafie brkl

risicrdm af tmi baihe kb M^L -Nidjir " Musihae( 3119: @irmcrt( >770: @uist( >773: Pchh

" Pkke( >779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Mkwivir( ktmir dratirac crichsk pkssanhi& Kfi sudm dratirakf dkfdirfs tmi afdhusakf kb dkftrkh vcracnhis& At mcs niif

cr`uie tmct ispidachhy af drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm tmiri as tmi fiie tk dkftrkh bkr tmare

bcdtkrs( bkr ixclphi kr`cfazctakfch sazi kr trcei ufakf afvkhvilift -Pchh " Pkke(

>779!& Cfktmir rihctie quchaty dratirakf as wmitmir aftircdtakf ibbidts cri tistie bkr& At

wkuhe ni aftiristaf` tk sii ufeir wmadm dkfeatakfs tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf wihh,niaf`

cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cri strif`tmifie kr wicjifie&

Umas rivaiw as fcrrctavi af fcturi: c litc,cfchysas mcs fkt niif dkfeudtie& Ny litc,

cfchyzaf` tmi ilparadch stueais( tmi sazi kb tmi rihctakfsmaps dkuhe ni lkri cddurctihy




51

istalctie( cfe tmi mypktmisazie lkeihs dkuhe ni tistie lkri earidthy& Mkwivir( ct tmas

pkaft af tali( wi eidaeie tk pirbkrl c fcrrctavi rivaiw& Umas typi kb rivaiw lcjis at

pkssanhi tk afdhuei chh tmi ilparadch stueais -chsk tmi cvircì quchaty stueais!( tmiriny

àvaf` c riprisiftctavi vaiw kb tmi wmkhi nkey kb risicrdm kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Nisaeis( àvif tmi ifkrlkus vcracfdi af M^L(

wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi licsuris( cs wihh cs af hivih kb cfchysas kb tmi stueais(

c``ri`ctaf` tmi risuhts kb tmi stueais usaf` litc,cfchysas ekis fkt siil suatcnhi ct tmas

stcì& Burtmirlkri( àvif tmct kur mypktmisis cri tistie bkr tmrii wihh,niaf` typis( usaf`

c halatie fulnir kb stueais( litc,cfchysas risuhts wkuhe ni nacsie eui tk tmi slchh

fulnir kb ectc pkafts&

Umare( chtmku`m c dkfsaeircnhi fulnir kb stueais kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf

mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi wiri bkufe( tmi fulnir kb

stueais kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi wcs slchh&

Umas ristradtie tmi kppkrtufaty tk lcji strkf` afbirifdis cnkut tmi rkhi kb michtm,rihctie

wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( tmi bafeaf`s brkl

michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` smkuhe ni aftirpritie watm dcutakf&

C bafch halatctakf kb tmas rivaiw as tmct wi afdhueie risuhts brkl c fulnir kb tmi

afdhueie stueais luhtaphi talis -stueais watm luhtaphi licsuris kb c saf`hi wihh,niaf`

dklpkfift kr stueais tmct ripkrtie ibbidts kb luhtaphi wihh,niaf` typis!& Brkl tmi 4=stueais afdhueie af tmas rivaiw( 34 stueais prkvaeie lkri tmcf kfi ectc pkaft& Umi tktch

fulnir kb ectc pkafts bkr chh wihh,niaf` typis tkìtmir wcs 99& C rihctie halatctakf as tmct

skli kb tmi stueais wiri pcrthy ncsie kf tmi scli ectc sit -i&`& @kecre( 311= cfe >773:

Pra`mt it ch&( >774 cfe Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Umas alphais tmct afdhusakf kb tmisi stueais

cfe tmi afdhusakf kb luhtaphi ectc pkafts kut kb kfi stuey ek fkt prkvaei afeipifeift

ivaeifdi ri`creaf` kur risicrdm quistakf kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&

>&9&> îdkllifectakfs bkr Buturi îsicrdm Kf tmi ncsas kb tmas rivaiw wi aeiftabaie tmrii assuis tmct fiie lkri cttiftakf af

buturi risicrdm kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi&

3& Hkfàtueafch risicrdm & Lkri hkfàtueafch risicrdm as fiieie& Barst( wmirics at as

waeihy cdjfkwhieìe tmct pirbkrlcfdi la`mt afbhuifdi M^L cfe wihh,niaf` -tmi

pkssanahaty kb rivirsie dcusctakf! -Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!( lkst kb tmi

ilparadch stueais cri drkss,sidtakfch af fcturi& Umas typi kb risicrdm eisa`f ekis fkt

chhkw cfy dkfdhusakfs kf tilpkrch kreir& Tidkfehy( tmi trui alpcdt kb sunstcftach M^L




97

dmcfìs kf wkrjir, cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis -alprkvilift kr eidhafi! lcy kfhy ni

vasanhi kvir c hkfìr pirake& Mifdi( burtmir hkfàtueafch risicrdm watm ripictie licsuris

smkuhe afvista`cti tmi eyfclad aftirphcy nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe

pirbkrlcfdi& Af hafi watm tmas ridkllifectakf( c hkfàtueafch eisa`f as cpphaie af

dmcptirs 5 tmrku`m 2 kb tmas tmisas&

>& Uistaf` dklpitaf` mypktmisis & Lkri risicrdm smkuhe tist dklpitaf` mypktmisis& ^ctmir

tmcf bkrluhctaf` cfe tistaf` c saf`hi mypktmisas wmadm dcf afeudi dkfbarlctakf nacs(

stueais smkuhe pat dklpitaf` pirspidtavis c`cafst kfi cfktmir ilparadchhy -Pchh " Pkke(

>779!& îsicrdm tmct ixclafis tmi rkhi kb michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakf

nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi af pcrtaduhcr( as sdcrdi& Lkri risicrdm as

fiieie tmct pats tmi lutuch `cafs virsus tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavis ny tistaf`

lkeihs tmct afdhuei M^L( michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cs wihh cs kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi& Kfhy tmas typi kb risicrdm dcf tist wmitmir M^L risuhts af alprkvie

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi wmahi ct tmi scli tali niaf` nifibadach kr eitraliftch tk

ilphkyii michtm wihh,niaf`& Af ceeatakf( lkri risicrdm as fiieie kf eabbiriftach ibbidts

kb M^L kf wkrjir cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis& Af pcrtaduhcr( skli lcfcìlift

cdtavatais la`mt mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe ct tmi scli tali mcvi

fk kr c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( wmahi ktmir lcfcìlift cdtavatais

la`mt mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcvi fk kr c fi`ctaviibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umi eabbiriftach ibbidts kb dhalcti kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as tistie af dmcptir 2 kb tmas tmisas&

4& Luhta,skurdi + Luhta,rctir risicrdm & Bafchhy( lkri risicrdm as fiieie tmct afdhueis

luhta,skurdi cfe luhta,rctir ectc& Patm ri`cre tk luhta,skurdi ectc( buturi risicrdm dkuhe

nifibat ny usaf` sipcrcti afbkrlcfts bkr M^L( wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi licsurilifts& Af pcrtaduhcr( risicrdm usaf` saf`hi lcfcìrs ripkrtaf` kf

M^L( cfe kf tmiar pirdiptakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi

as sunoidt tk dkllkf litmke nacs cfe tk rctir nacsis -@irmcrt( >770!& Af pcrtaduhcr(

risicrdm usaf` lcfcìrs‑ sihb,ripkrts kf M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi lcjis at

eabbaduht tk ivchucti tmi rkhi kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps cspidts kb wihh,niaf`& C

rihctie assui dkfdirfs tmi rihacfdi kf saf`hi afbkrlcfts& Umas rcasis vchaeaty quistakfs&

Mkwivir( tmas as fkt kfhy c litmkekhkàdch assui( cs ilphkyiis ufeirstcfe( pirdiavi cfe

rispkfe eabbirifthy tk M^L -Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >775: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!& Mifdi(

buturi risicrdm smkuhe ceeriss sudm quistakfs( tk kntcaf c buhhir ufeirstcfeaf` kb mkw

ilphkyiis pirdiavi cfe ricdt tk M^L& Af tmi rilcafaf` bavi dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas luhta,




93

rctir ectc brkl ilphkyiis cri usie& Af ceeatakf( luhta,skurdi ectc cri usie af dmcptirs 5

tmrku`m 2&

>&9&4 Dkfdhusakf

Umas rivaiw afvista`ctie tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiifM^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Af sul( wi bafe lkri ivaeifdi bkr tmi kptalastad tmcf bkr tmi

pissalastad kr sjiptadch vaiw& Umi ibbidts kb M^L kf mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,

niaf` cri af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi& Michtm( mkwivir( siils tk bufdtakf

lkri cs c dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli& Af tirls kb prcdtadch alphadctakfs tmas alphais tmct

cekptaf` M^L cdtavatais pksatavihy alpcdts rihctakfsmaps cfe mcppafiss ilphkyii wihh,

niaf`& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe M^L cdtavatais la`mt mcvi c eitraliftch ibbidt kf michtm,

rihctie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Brkl c lcfc`ilift pirspidtavi alphiliftaf` M^L

cdtavatais as nifibadach bkr ilphkyiis af tirls kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`

cfe bkr tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb tmi kr`cfazctakf cs wihh& Mkwivir( lcfc`ilift chsk fiies

tk pcy cttiftakf tk tmi pkssanhi fi`ctavi saei ibbidts kf ilphkyii michtm: tmas dcf nidkli

dksthy nktm bkr ilphkyiis cfe kr`cfazctakfs af tmi hkf` ruf af tirls kb cnsiftiiasl cfe

turfkvir&




9>

>&2 îbirifdis

/ Ttueais afdhueie af rivaiw

/Cmlce( T& " Tdmrkieir( ^&@& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift

prcdtadis kf kpirctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? îdk`fazaf` dkuftry cfe afeustry eabbirifdis& Okurfch kb Kpirctakfch Lcfcìlift ( >3( 31,54&

Cppihncul( I& ->77>!& Umi alpcdt kb fiw bkrls kb wkrj kr`cfazctakf kf wkrjirs& Af?Pkrj Ilphkylift îhctakfs af tmi Ma`m,Wirbkrlcfdi Pkrjphcdi -pp& 3>7 , 35=!& @&Lurrcy( O& Nihcfìr( C& @ahis( " W&C& Hcpkafti -Ies&!& Hkfekf? Dkftafuul

Cppihncul( I&( Ncahiy( U&( Nir`( W& " Jchhinir`( C& ->777!& Lcfubcdturaf` cevcftcì? Pmy ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils pcy kbb & Fiw Qkrj? Dkrfihh Yfavirsaty Wriss&

Crtmur( O&N& " Nkyhis( U& ->770!& Rchaectaf` tmi mulcf riskurdi systil strudturi? Chivihs,ncsie strctiàd M^L cpprkcdm& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( 30( 00,1>&

/Ncrtih( C&W& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?

Ivaeifdi brkl tmi ritcah ncfjaf`& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr îhctakfs îvaiw ( 90( >( 3=3,>74&

Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift kfkr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift

Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&Nidjir( N&I& " Musihae( L& -311=!& Ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils cfe barl

pirbkrlcfdi? C syftmisas kb risicrdm cfe lcfcìrach alphadctakfs& îsicrdm af Wirskffih cfe Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 32( 3( 94,373&

/Nifjmkbb( N& -311=!& C tist kb tmi M^L lkeih? `kke bkr ilphkyirs cfe ilphkyiis&Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch 0( 5( 55,27&

Nhcu( W&L& -3125!& Ixdmcfì cfe pkwir af skdach habi & Fiw Qkrj? Pahiy&

Nksihai( W&( Eaitz( @& " Nkkf( D& ->779!& Dkllkfchatais cfe dkftrceadtakfs af M^L cfepirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 20,15&

Nkwif( E&I& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjcìs? Umirkhi kb tmi strif`tm kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&

Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&

Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& îsicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?Wrkdissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 31( 3(4,>4&

Nrkwf( L&W&( Tturlcf( L&D& " Talliraf`( L&O& ->774!&Dklpifsctakf pkhady cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Umi ibbadaifdy( kpirctakfch( cfe bafcfdachalphadctakfs kb pcy hivihs cfe pcy strudturi& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 2( 2(09>,02>&

Dclpakf( L&C& " LdDhihhcfe( D&H& -3114!& Bkhhkw,up cfe ixtifsakf kb tmiaftireasdaphafcry dksts cfe nifibats kb ifhcrìe okns& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (0=( 4( 441,493&

/Dmcfehir( @&( Jihhir( D& " Hykf( E&P& ->777!& Yfrcvihaf` tmi eitirlafcfts cfedkfsiquifdis kb cf affkvctakf,suppkrtavi kr`cfazctakfch duhturi& Iftriprifiursmap? Umikry cfe prcdtadi ( 4( 91,02&

/Dkhhafs( D&O& " Tlatm( J&@& ->772!& Jfkwhièi ixdmcfì cfe dklnafctakf? Umi rkhi kb mulcf riskurdi prcdtadis af tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb ma`m,tidmfkhk`y barls& Cdceily

kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 51( 4( 955,927&




94

Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m, pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfasctakfchpirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&

Ecffc( J& " @rabbaf( ^&P& -3111!& Michtm cfe wihh,niaf` af tmi wkrjphcdi? C rivaiw cfesyftmisas kb tmi hatircturi& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >9( 4( 490,4=5&

Eaifir( I&( Tum( I&L&( Hudcs( ^&I& " Tlatm( M&H& -3111!& Tunoidtavi wihh,niaf`? Umriieidceis kb prk`riss& Wsydmkhkàdch Nuhhitaf ( 3>9( >( >02,47>&

Ekrifnksdm( H& ->771!& Lcfcìlift ny vatchaty & Wm&E& eassirtctakf( Uahnur`? Uahnur` Yfavirsaty&

Eyir( H& " îivis( U& -3119!& Brkl mulcf riskurdi strctiàis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Pmct ek wi jfkw cfe wmiri ek wi fiie tk `k; Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfc`lift ( 2( 4( 290,220&

Birras( @&^&( Crtmur( L&L&( Nirjskf( M&L&( Jcphcf( E&L&( Mcrrihh,Dkkj( @& " Brafj(E&E& -311=!& Ukwcre c skdach dkftixt tmikry kb tmi mulcf riskurdilcfcìlift,kr`cfazctakf ibbidtavifiss rihctakfsmap& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( =( 4( >49,>25&

/Brifjih( T& " Krhatzjy( L& ->779!& Kr`cfazctakfch trustwkrtmafiss cfe wkrjphcdi hcnkrprkeudtavaty? Uistaf` c fiw tmikry& Csac Wcdabad Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdis ( 54( 3(45,93&

/Buhlir( A&T&( @irmcrt( N& " Tdktt( J&T& ->774!& Cri tmi 377 nist nittir; Cf ilparadchafvista`ctakf kb tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif c ”`rict phcdi tk wkrj‑ cfe barlpirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( 5( 129,114&

/@ihcei( @& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe wkrj dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( >( 4=4,575&


/@kecre( O& -311=!& Pkrjphcdi ribkrls( lcfcìrach knoidtavis cfe lcfcìrach kutdklis? Umi pirdiptakfs kb Dcfceacf A^+M^L lcfcìrs& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 1( 3( 3=,57&

/@kecre( O& ->773!& Niykfe tmi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l; Cf cfchysas kb vcractakf afDcfceacf lcfcìrach pirdiptakfs kb ribkrl prk`rclli ibbidtavifiss& Nratasm

Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 41( 3( >9,9>&/@kuhe,Pahhacls( O& ->774!& Umi alpkrtcfdi kb M^ prcdtadis cfe wkrjphcdi trust af

cdmaivaf` supirakr pirbkrlcfdi? C stuey kb punhad,sidtkr kr`cfazctakfs&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 35( 3( >=,95&


Lcfcìlift Wirspidtavis ( >3( 93,24&/@uirrirk( T& " Ncrrcue,Eaeair( R& ->775!& Ma`m,afvkhvilift prcdtadis cfe pirbkrlcfdi

kb Brifdm barls& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 39( =( 357=,35>4&

@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? c rivaiw cfe risicrdmcìfec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( =( >24,>02&

@uist( E& -3111!& ”Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt‑& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&

@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 371>,3372&

/@uist( E&I& " Widdia( ^& ->773!& Wcrtfirsmap ct wkrj? Lutuchaty cfe tmi nchcfdi kb

cevcftcì& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 41( >( >70,>42&




95

/Mcrtir( O&J&( Tdmlaet( B&H& " Mcyis( U& ->77>!& Nusafiss,ufat,hivih rihctakfsmap nitwiifilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( ilphkyii if`cìlift( cfe nusafiss kutdklis? C litc,cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( >( >2=,>01&

/Mkqui( J& -3111!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe pirbkrlcfdi af tmi YJ mktihafeustry& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 40( 4( 531,554&

Musihae( L&C& -3119!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift prcdtadis kf turfkvir(prkeudtavaty( cfe dkrpkrcti bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch (4=( 249,20>&

/Jctku( C& " Nuemwcr( W&T& ->772!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift systils cfekr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C tist kb c lieactaf` lkeih af tmi @riij lcfubcdturaf` dkftixt& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 30( 0(3>>4,3>94&

/Jmahoa( T&I& " Pcf`( ]& ->772!& 'Aftifeie' cfe 'alphiliftie' M^L? Umi lassaf` hafdmpaf af strctiàd mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift risicrdm& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 30( 0( 3303,33=1&

/Hclnkkao( L&( Tcfeirs( J&( Jkstir( B& " _wairs( L& ->772!& Mulcf riskurdi prctadis

cfe kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Dcf tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì ni ixphcafieny tmi dkkpirctavi nimcvakurs kb ilphkyiis; Lcfcìlift îvui 30( 4( >>4,>57&

Hi`ì( J& -3119!& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift? ^mitkrads cfe îchatais & Lcdlahhcf?Ncsaf`stkji( Hkfekf&

/Lctmaiu( O&I&( @ahskf( H&H& " ûeey( U&L& ->772!& Ilpkwirlift cfe ticlibbidtavifiss? Cf ilparadch tist kb cf afti`rctie lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 13( 3( 10,37=&

/Lahhir( E& " Hii( O& ->773!& Umi pikphi lcji tmi prkdiss? dkllatlift tk ilphkyiis(eidasakf lcjaf`( cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >0( 324,3=1&

/Fasmaa( H&M&( Hipcj( E&W& " Tdmfiaeir( N& ->77=!& Ilphkyii cttranutakfs kb tmi ”wmy‑ kb mr prcdtadis? tmiar ibbidts kf ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs( cfe dustklir

sctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 974,959&Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkr strctiàd

mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjcìs nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs & E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfe Brcfdas@rkup&

/Krhatzjy( L& " Brifjih( T&O& ->779!& Chtirfctavi pctmwcys tk ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrjphcdis& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 32( =( 34>9,345=&

Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&

Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi ? Cdmaivaf` hkf` tirl vacnahaty& Kxbkre? Kxbkre

Yfavirsaty Wriss&Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? wmct fixt;& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wccuwi( O& " âdmcreskf( ^& -3110!& Aftrkeudtakf tk spidach assui kf M^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( =( 4( >90,>2>&/Wcrj( M&O&( Latsumcsma( M&( Biy( D&B& " Nokrjlcf( A& ->774!& Umi ibbidt kb mulcf

riskurdi lcfcìlift prcdtadis kf Ocpcfisi LFD sunsaeacry pirbkrlcfdi? Cpcrtach lieactaf` lkeih& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 35( =(3413,3572&

/Wcuh( C&J& " Cfcftmcrclcf( ^&F& ->774!& Alpcdt kb pikphi lcfcìlift prcdtadis kfkr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Cfchysas kb c dcusch lkeih& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb

Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 35( 0( 3>52,3>22&




99

Widdia( ^& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe tmi sicrdm bkr tmi mcppy wkrjphcdi & Afcuùrchceeriss( ^kttirecl? Ircslus îsicrdm Afstatuti kb Lcfcìlift -IÂL!&


/^clscy( M&( Tdmkhcraks( E& " Mcrhiy( N& ->777!& Ilphkyiis kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Uistaf` afsaei tmi nhcdj nkx& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 4=( 5(973,943&

/âkrecf( D&L&( Rcfeifnir`( O& " âdmcreskf( M&C& ->779!& Ilphkyii afvkhviliftdhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 55( 5( 503,5==&

/^k``( J&H&( Tdmlaet( E&N&( Tmuhh( D& " Tdmlatt( F& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi prcdtadis(kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >0( 543,551&

/ûaz,Lkrifk( C&^&( @crdac,Lkrchis( R&O& " Hhkrifs,Lkftis( B&O& ->770!& Umilkeirctaf` ibbidt kb kr`cfazctakfch shcdj kf tmi rihctakf nitwiif pirdiptakfs kb

suppkrt bkr affkvctakf cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Wirskffih ivaiw ( 40( 9( 971,9>9&/Tchcfkvc( L&( Cùt( T& " Wiark( O&L& ->779!& Hafjaf` kr`cfazctakfch riskurdis cfe wkrj

if`cìlift tk ilphkyii pirbkrlcfdi cfe dustklir hkychty? Umi lieactakf kb sirvadi dhalcti& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 17( 2( 3>30,3>>0&

/Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcfìs( W&O&( Tlatm( N& " Tchvc`àk( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb

Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&/Tdmustir( B&I&( Euffaf`( J&I&( Lkreif( E&H&( Mc`cf( D&L&( Ncjir( U&I& " LdJcy( A&T&

-3110!& Lcfcìlift prcdtadi( kr`cfazctakf dhalcti( cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cfixphkrctkry stuey& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Nimcvakrch Tdaifdi ( 44( >( >71,>>2&

Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach Wirbkrlcfdi; Af?


/Ucjiudma( ^&( Hipcj( E&W&( Pcf`( M& " Ucjiudma( J& ->770!& Cf ilparadch ixclafctakfkb tmi lidmcfasls lieactaf` nitwiif ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils cfe tmipirbkrlcfdi kb Ocpcfisi kr`cfazctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 1>( 5( 3721,37=4&

/Uruss( D& ->773!& Dklphixatais cfe dkftrkvirsais af hafjaf` M^L watm kr`cfazctakfchkutdklis& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift Ttueais ( 4=( =( 33>3,3351&

/Uzcbrar( T&T& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif trust( M^L prcdtadis cfe barlpirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 32( 1( 3277,32>>&

/Rcfeifnir`( ^&O&( âdmcreskf( M&C& " Icstlcf( H&O& -3111!& Umi alpcdt kb ma`m

afvkhvilift wkrj prkdissis kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C sidkfe,kreirhctift vcracnhi cpprkcdm& @rkup cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Lcfcìlift ( >5( 4( 477,441&

/Rcfmchc( T& " Uukla( J& ->772!& M^L( dklpcfy pirbkrlcfdi cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Lcfcìlift îvui ( 30( 4( >53,>99&

/Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^ prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5(47,94&

/Rcrlc( C&( Nictty( ^&P&( Tfiair( D&I& " Yhradm( E&K& -3111!& Ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Ixdataf` easdkviry kr pcssaf` bce; Mulcf îskurdi Whcffaf` ( >>( 3( >2,40&

Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf îhctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,

52>& Pcrr -31=0!& Pkrj( ufilphkylift( cfe liftch michtm & Kxbkre? Dhcrifekf Wriss&




92

Pmatifir( I&L& ->773!& Ek ”ma`m dklatlift‑ mulcf riskurdi prcdtadis cbbidt ilphkyiidkllatlift; Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >0( 939,949&

Pkke( T&O& -3111!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift îvaiws ( 3( 420,534&

Pra`mt( W& " Nkswihh( P& ->77>!( Eisi`ri`ctaf` M^L? C rivaiw cfe syftmisas kb ladrk


Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? litmkekhkàdch cfe tmikritadch dmchhifìs& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C

ùaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& E& Mkhlcf( U&E& Pchh( D&P& Dhi``( W& Tpcrrkw( " C& Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

/Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L& " Lkyfamcf( H&L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb M^ prcdtadis kftmi pirbkrlcfdi kb nusafiss ufats& Mulcf riskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch( 34( 4( >3,42&

/Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L&( Lkyfamcf( H&L& " Chhif( L&^& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmapnitwiif mr prcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( 571,552&

Pra`mt( W&L& " LcdLcmcf( @&D& -311>!& Umikritadch pirspidtavis bkr strctiàd mulcfriskurdi lcfcìlift& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( 3=( >( >19,4>7&

Pra`mt( W&L&( LdLcmcf( @&D&( Tfihh( T&C& " @irmcrt( N& ->773!& Dklpcraf` hafi cfe M^ ixidutavis' pirdiptakfs kb mr ibbidtavifiss? Tirvadis( rkhis( cfe dkftranutakfs&Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 57( >( 333,3>4&

/_if`m _mku( J&_&( Ha( O&O&( _mku( F& " Tu( D& ->77=!& Lcrjit kraiftctakf( oknsctasbcdtakf( prkeudt quchaty( cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ivaeifdi brkl Dmafc&Ttrctiàd Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( >1( 1=9,3777&



4

Eivihkplift cfe Cpphadctakf kb

Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc tk

tmi Nusafiss Yfat Hivih

Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O&Eivihkplift cfe Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc tk tmi NusafissYfat Hivih& Lcfusdrapt af Wripcrctakf bkr Tunlassakf&



Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc

9=

Cnstrcdt

Umas dmcptir ixphkris nktm tmikritadchhy cfe litmkekhk`adchhy tmi pkssanahaty bkr

c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` tk dkfstrudt

licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih licsuris& Bavi dratirac bkr ivchuctaf` c``ri`ctakf

pkssanahatais cri eivihkpie? ilir`ifdi prkdissis( ribirift typi( twk typis kb aftrcdhcss

dkrrihctakfs dkibbadaifts cfe aftirrctir c`riilift& Tunsiquifthy( tmisi bavi dratirac cri

cpphaie tk surviy ectc kf M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` usie af tmi tmrii rilcafaf`

dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas& Umi dmcptir as dkfdhueie ny prisiftaf` cfe easdussaf` tmi

suppkrt bkufe bkr c``ri`ctakf kb afeavaeuch surviy ectc aftk licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,

hivih dkfstrudts&




91

4&3 Aftrkeudtakf

Ilphkyii surviys dkfstatutaf` c skurdi kb afbkrlctakf kf wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch

bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis cri pirakeadchhy cvcahcnhi af lcfy kr`cfazctakfs fkwcecys -Yhradm(

3110!( cfe cri afdricsaf`hy afdhueie af licsurilift cpprkcdmis( sudm cs nchcfdie cfe

wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres -i&`& Nidjir( Musihae " Yhradm( >773: Musihae( Nidjir " Nictty(

>779: Lcyk( >773: Wmahaps( Ttkfi " Wmahaps( >773!& Umi ufeirhyaf` aeic kb alphiliftaf`

licsurilift cpprkcdmis as bafeaf` kut af c dcusi,cfe,ibbidt hkàd tmi jiy prkdissis kb

mkw mulcf riskurdis -ilphkyiis! watmaf cf kr`cfazctakf cee vchui -bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi! -i&`& Musihae it ch&( >779: Jcphcf " Fkrtkf( >773!&

Alphiliftie wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres bcdahatcti dklpcraskf kb wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch

bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis ny licfs kb ilphkyii surviys cfe kutdklis watmaf dklpcfais(cfe prkvaeie tmi systil rilcafs af usi: sudm systils bcdahatcti dklpcraskf kb sdkris

cdrkss tali& Alphiliftie licsurilift cpprkcdmis prkvaei nusafiss ufat lcfcìrs watm

lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf wmadm ifcnhis tmil tk jiip trcdj kb wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch

bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis watmaf tmiar nusafiss ufat cfe tmiar ibbidts upkf dratadch nusafiss

ufat kutdklis& Umas typi kb afbkrlctakf as kb `rict alpkrtcfdi( cs lcfcìlift cdtavatais

usuchhy kddur ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( cfe dratadch kutdklis bkr wmadm lcfcìrs cri

cddkuftcnhi cri kbtif hkdctie ct tmas hivih& Dkfsiquifthy( lcfcìrs watmaf dklpcfais

tife tk bkdus lkri kf afbkrlctakf ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih tmcf ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih&

Nidcusi wkrjbkrdi systils prkvaei afbkrlctakf ct eipcrtliftch,( nusafiss ufat

hivih( kr ivif ct ma`mir hivihs watmaf cf kr`cfazctakf( afeavaeuch surviy afbkrlctakf mcs tk

ni c``ri`ctie tk sdkris ct tmi ma`mir hivihs watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf tk ifcnhi afdhusakf kb

tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf af licsurilift systils& Dkhhidtaf` cfe c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch

surviy ectc tk licsuri `rkup,hivih pmifklifc mcs niif easdussie waeihy brkl c

litmkekhkàdch cf`hi af luhtahivih hatircturi -i&`& Dmcf( 311=: Mkusi( ^kussicu "

Umklcs,Muft( 3119: Jhiaf( Ecfsiricu " Mchh( 3115: Jhiaf " Jkzhkwsja( >777:

Lkrìskf " Mkbblcf( 3111: ^kussicu( 31=9!& Bkr ixclphi Jhiaf cfe Jkzhkwsja ->777?

39! stctie? Lcfy pmifklifc af kr`cfazctakfs mcvi tmiar tmikritadch bkufectakf af tmi dk`fatakf( cbbidt(

nimcvakr cfe dmcrcdtirastads kb afeavaeuchs( wmadm ,tmrku`m skdach aftircdtakf( ixdmcfì cfe clphabadctakf,

mcvi ilirìft prkpirtais tmct lcfabist ct ma`mir hivihs&

Ma`mir hivih dkfstrudts ilirìe brkl afeavaeuch surviy ectc kf dk`fatakfs cfe

cbbidt mcvi niif ixphkrie ispidachhy af tmrii sunbaihes kb KN cfe M^L hatircturi? tmi

risicrdm trceatakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as eibafie cs smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb nimcvakrs




2>

Tunsiquifthy( wi ihcnkrcti kf mkw tmisi afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis ilirì

aftk ma`mir hivih dkfstrudts cs ixphcafie af tmi tmrii risicrdm trceatakfs kb M^L( dhalcti

cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf`&

4&>&3 Dkfdiptuch Licfaf` Ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L mcvi tmiar rkkts af tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii wmk

pirdiavis cfe ixpiraifdis mas kr mir wkrj satuctakf& Wirdiptakfs kb M^L cri

dkfdiptuchazie ct tmi afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa "

Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Mkwivir( Fasmaa cfe

Pra`mt ->77=!( Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! cfe Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! ilpmcsazi tmct

afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L dcf ni smcrie watmaf c ufat kr kr`cfazctakf& Nkxchh cfe

Wurdihh ->77=! prkpksi tmct M^L pkhadais cri alphiliftie tk nuahe dkhhidtavi wkrjbkrdi

dcpcnahatais( wkrj kr`cfazctakf cfe wkrj cttatueis( cfe tmct M^L dkllufadctis vchuis

risuhtaf` af smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L& Af ceeatakf( Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif

->777! crùi tmct M^L dcf risuht af smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -af tmiar

lkeih ribirrie tk cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti!&

Dhalcti risicrdm ixclafis ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmiar wkrj ifvarkflift&

Wsydmkhkàdch dhalcti ribhidts cf afeavaeuch cssisslift kb tmi wkrj ifvarkflift af tirls

kb tmi psydmkhkàdch licfaf` tk tmi afeavaeuch -Oclis " Oclis( 31=1!& Af dklpcraskf(

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ribirs tk ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb nimcvakrs

cfe cdtakfs tmct cri riwcreie cfe suppkrtie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s pkhadais( prcdtadis( cfe

prkdieuris -Tdmfiaeir( 3117!& Pmirics psydmkhkàdch dhalcti ribhidts afeavaeuch

pirdiptakfs( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti riprisifts smcrie pirdiptakfs clkf` lilnirs kb tmi

scli ufat -i&`& @hadj( 31=9: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti lcy mcvi

iatmir c `hknch kr strctiàd bkdus -`hknch dhalcti virsus bcdit,spidabad dhalcti! -i&`& Oclis(

Dmka( Jk( LdFiah( Laftkf( Pra`mt( Jal it ch&( >77=: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!&

Jkpihlcf( Nraib cfe @uzzk -3117! aeiftabaie tmi bkhhkwaf` bavi ealifsakfs? `kchilpmcsas licfs ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt(

cs dkllkf ihilifts kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Af dkftrcst( Tdmfiaeir -3109!

aftrkeudie tmi ”dhalcti bkr sklitmaf`‑ cpprkcdm& Umas ”sklitmaf`‑ ribirs tk tmi bkdus kb

aftirist( cfy strctiàd nusafiss `kch& Umas hafi kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti hatircturi bkdusis

kf spidabad dhalctis( sudm cs dhalcti bkr scbity -_kmcr( 31=9!( dhalcti bkr sirvadi

-Tdmfiaeir( 3117!( dhalcti bkr affkvctakf -Cfeirskf " Pist( 311=!&

Hajiwasi( chtmku`m wihh,niaf` as tmikritadchhy eibafie cs c dmcrcdtirastad kb

afeavaeuchs( afeavaeuch cbbidtavi cttatueis dcf mcvi ilirìft prkpirtais ct ma`mir hivihs kb




24

cfchysas -Jhiaf " Jkzhkwsja >777!& Umi `rkup‑s smcrie cbbidtavi cttatuei dcf ni

aeiftabaie cs c `rkup,hivih dmcrcdtirastad wmadm smcpis ufaqui `rkup prkdissis cfe

kutdklis -Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>!& Uwk smcrie mcppafiss wihh,niaf` dkfstrudts cri

prkpksie af tmi hatircturi& @ikrì -3112? 0=! eibafie `rkup cbbidtavi tkfi cs dkfsastift

kr mklkìfikus cbbidtavi ricdtakfs watmaf c `rkup& Talahcrhy( Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>?

>=5! eibafie `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf cs tmi `rkup‑s smcrie cttatuei tkwcres ats tcsj cfe

tmi csskdactie wkrj ifvarkflift& Umiri as cf alpkrtcft eabbirifdi nitwiif `rkup tcsj

sctasbcdtakf cfe `rkup cbbidtavi tkfi( mkwivir& @rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf tifes tk ni lkri

dkfdirfie watm wkrj,rihctie sctasbcdtakf( wmirics `rkup cbbidtavi tkfi ekis fkt

fidisscrahy mcvi c spidabadchhy wkrj,rihctie kraàf? at as tmi cbbidt tmct lcttirs( fkt ats

dcusis af tmi wkrj dkftixt&

Cf alpkrtcft licsurilift dkfsaeirctakf as mkw tk riprisift tmi uppir,hivih

dkfstrudts kb pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` ncsie kf tmi

rispkfsis ct tmi hkwir hivih -afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs cfe biihaf`s!& Dmcf -311=! aftrkeudie

c typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs wmadm spidaby tmi bufdtakfch rihctakfsmaps clkf`

dkfstrudts ct eabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas& Umisi cri ceeatavi( earidt,dkfsifsus( ribirift,

smabt( easpirsakf cfe prkdiss lkeihs& Umi ceeatavi( earidt,dkfsifsus cfe ribirift,smabt

lkeihs cri lkst rihivcft tk kur easdussakf kb pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe

mcppafiss wihh,niaf`( cfe wi aftrkeudi kfhy tmisi lkeihs& Cf ceeatavi dklpksatakf lkeih cvircìs hkwir hivih sdkris ri`crehiss kb tmi hivih kb

c`riilift watmaf tmi ufat& Dmcf -31=1! ricskfie tmct af tmas lkeih tmi vcracfdi kb hkwir

hivihs ufats as kb fk tmikritadch dkfdirf bkr c``ri`ctaf` tmi afeavaeuch,hivih dkfstrudt tk

riprisift c ufat,hivih dkfstrudt& Mkwivir( smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis cri tmi

bkufectakfs kb ufat pirdiptakfs kb M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe ufat cttatueis& Umi

earidt,dkfsifsus lkeih cfe tmi ribirift,smabt lkeih nktm riquari c`riilift watmaf

sdkris nibkri c``ri`ctakf& Umisi lkeihs eabbir af tmi brcli kb ribirifdi usie -tmi

nusafiss ufat( tmi hiceir kr sihb!& Af tmi earidt,dkfsifsus lkeih afeavaeuchs rispkfe cs tk

tmiar kwf pirdiptakf kr cttatuei( wmirics af tmi ribirift,smabt lkeih afeavaeuchs rispkfe

cs tk tmiar pirdiptakfs kr cttatueis kb c ufat kr hiceir& Af tmas wcy( ufat M^L pirdiptakfs(

dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` dklpksie kb smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis cri

dkfdiptuchhy eastafdt ivif tmku`m tmiy cri eiravie brkl afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs cfe

cttatueis -Dmcf( 311=!&

C stcfecre bkr ribirift,smabt kr earidt,dkfsifsus mcs fkt ilirìe yit af tmi

hatircturi kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L -Crtmur " Nkyhis( >770!( dhalcti -Juifza " Tdmlafji(




25

>771! cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` -Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>!& Mkwivir( cddkreaf` tk @hadj

-31=9!( usaf` ribirift,smabt typkhk`y alprkvis tmi cddurcdy cfe dkfstrudts vchaeaty& Af

tmas dcsi rispkfeifts cri trictie cs jiy afbkrlcfts( eisdranaf` tmiar wkrj ifvarkflift

cfe fkt tmiar kwf ixpiraifdis& Talahcrhy( Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>! crùie tmct `rkup,

hivih sctasbcdtakf smkuhe cpphy tk cfe ni smcrie ny chh `rkup lilnirs( cfe cddkreaf`hy

atils smkuhe ni brclie watm c `rkup ribirift& Mifdi( tk tist tmi c``ri`ctakf pkssanahatais

kb tmi afdhueie surviy sdchis tmi typi kb ribirifdi -sihb( hiceir kr nusafiss ufat! wahh ni

ixclafie af tmas dmcptir&

4&>&> Ilirìfdi Wrkdissis Nktm smcrie pirdiptakfs kb M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf`

ilirì brkl mklkìfkus pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis kb ufat lilnirs& Nktm tmi earidt,

dkfsifsus cfe ribirift,smabt lkeih eibafi watmaf `rkup c`riilift cs pririquasati bkr

smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis& Umiribkri( c sidkfe tmikritadch assui ceerissie miri

dkfdirfs tmi ilirìfdi kb ma`mir hivih dkfstrudts& Eabbirift ixphcfctakfs mcvi niif

kbbirie cnkut mkw afeavaeuchs‑ pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis cri trcfsbkrlie aftk ma`mir

hivih ufat dkfstrudts -sk,dchhie ilirìfdi prkdissis! -i&`& Csmbkrtm( 31=9: Nkwif "

Kstrkbb( >775: @ikrì( 3112: Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>: Famsaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb it

ch&( >774: Tdmfiaeir( 31=0!&

Umi prkdiss lkeihs kb M^L -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh

" Jaffai( >770! suppksi tmct cdtuch prcdtadis -prcdtadis tmct cri alphiliftie! risuht af

ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmksi prcdtadis& Af tmas prkdiss tmi rkhi kb hiceirs as drudach

-Eif Mcrtk`( Nksihai " Wccuwi( >775: Wurdihh " Mutdmafskf( >770!& Hiceirs cri tmi

alphiliftirs kb M^L prcdtadis( cfe tmiriny afbhuifdi smcrie pirdiptakfs kb cfe smcrie

ricdtakfs tk M^ prcdtadis -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!& Af ceeatakf tk tmi lkri bufdtakfch +

afstruliftch rkhi kb alphiliftaf` M^ prcdtadis( hiceirs chsk dkllufadcti tk ilphkyiis

tmi fcturi kb tmi barl( tmiar vchui cfe tmi nimcvakrs tmct cri ixpidtie -Nkxchh " Wurdihh(>77=: Wurdihh " Mutdmafskf( >770: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=!

prkpksi tmct skdach aftircdtakf clkf` ufat lilnirs cfe dkllkf ixpiraifdis kb M^L

hice tk tmi eivihkplift kb smcrie pirdiptakfs& Burtmirlkri( Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=!

rihy kf tmi CTC,prafdaphi -Tdmfiaeir( 31=0! tk ixphcaf tmi eivihkplift kb smcrie

pirdiptakfs& Nkwif cfe Kstrkbb ->775! prkpksi tmct wmif ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi cf M^

systil tmct as ma`m kf eastafdtavifiss( dkfsastifdy cfe dkfsifsus( tmas wahh risuht af

smcrie pirdiptakfs -ribirrie tk cs dhalcti!& Nisaeis( ncsie kf dhalcti hatircturi( Nkwif




22

cnkut tmiar wkrjaf` ifvarkflift& Lkrikvir( tmrku`m `rkup skdachazctakf prkdissis

lilnirs kb c wkrj sittaf` hicrf wmct as cpprkpracti af c sittaf`( risuhtaf` af dkfsastifdy

af cbbidt cfe nimcvakrs -@ikrì( 3112!& Bafchhy( ilktakfch dkftcàkf( tmi prkdiss kb

laladjaf` icdm ktmirs biihaf`s as put bkrwcre cs c bcdtkr tmct wahh risuht af mklkìfiaty

kb ixpiraifdis watmaf c `rkup -Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>!&

Uk ixphkri tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe

mcppafiss wihh,niaf` tk nusafiss ufat,hivih licsuris kfi fiies tk ixclafi rihctakfsmaps

watm bcdtkrs tmct cri ixpidtie tk dricti dkfsifsus af afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L(

dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf`& Af tmas pcpir wi bkdus kf tmrii sudm bcdtkrs& Barst(

ncsie kf strudturch cfe dkftixtuch ixphcfctakfs cfe prakr ilparadch risicrdm -@kfzchiz,

^klc( Wiark " Ukreirc( >77>: Jkzhkwsja " Ekmirty( 31=1: Hurac( >77=: _kmcr "

Uiffi,@czat( >77=! wi ixpidt tmct afsparctakfch hiceirsmap as pksatavihy rihctie tk

dkfsifsus& Tidkfehy( ncsie kf Tdmfiaeir‑s -31=0! CTC,brcliwkrj wi afvista`cti tmi

ibbidt kb turfkvir kf tmi ilirìfdi kb smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis& Pi ixpidt

tmct wmif tmi turfkvir rcti as ma`m watmaf c nusafiss ufat( tmiri as hiss rkkl bkr

dkfsifsus eivihkplift& Umare( wi ixpidt tmct skdach aftircdtakf as pksatavihy rihctie tk

smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis& Tivirch stueais bkufe c pksatavi hafj nitwiif skdach

aftircdtakf cfe dkfsifsus -@kfzchiz,^klc( Wiark " Ukreirc( >77>: Hurac( >77=: Lcskf(

>772: _kmcr " Uiffi,@czat( >77=!&

4&4 Eivihkplift kb Dratirac? Litmkekhkàdch Assuis

Uk oustaby tmi c``ri`ctakf kb afeavaeuch,hivih surviy ectc tk `rkup,hivih dkfstrudts

twk typis kb afeadis cri dkllkfhy usie af tmi luhtahivih hatircturi -Nhaisi( >777:

HiNritkf " Tiftir( >77=: Rcf Lairhk it ch&( >77=!& Umi barst sit kb afeadis as ribirrie tk cs

”`rkup,hivih rihacnahatais‑& Umi sidkfe sit kb afeadis as ribirrie tk cs ”aftirrctir c`riilift‑&

Nktm afeadis ceeriss quistakfs kf wmitmir kr fkt sdkris brkl kfi rctir cri ”salahcr‑ tk

sdkris kb kfi kr lkri ktmir rctirs: mkwivir tmiy eabbir af tmi eibafatakf kb aftirrctir

salahcraty -Hinritkf " Tiftir( >77=!& Umi `rkup,hivih rihacnahaty afeadis tcji tmi

dkfsastifdy af rispkfsis kb lilnirs kb tmi scli `rkup dklpcrie tk lilnirs kb

eabbirift `rkups( wmahi aftirrctir c`riilift afeadis tcji tmi ei`rii tk wmadm `rkup

lilnirs prkvaei salahcr rctaf`s -Rcf Lairhk it ch&( >77=!& Uk ahhustrcti tmi eabbirifdi

nitwiif tmi twk typis cssuli tmi bkhhkwaf` dcsi& ^ctaf`s burfasmie ny lilnirs kb tmi

scli `rkup cri tk c hcrì ixtift salahcr( cfe tmi licfs vcry hatthi brkl `rkup tk `rkup&

Af tmas dcsi c risicrdmir usaf` aftirrctir c`riilift licsuris dkfdhueis tmct c``ri`ctakfas oustabaie( àvif ma`m aftirrctir salahcraty& Mkwivir c risicrdmir usaf` `rkup,hivih




20

rihacnahaty licsuris dkfdhueis tmct c``ri`ctakf as fkt oustabaie( àvif tmi hcdj kb

eabbirifdis nitwiif `rkups& Mifdi( tk tist tmi c``ri`ctakf pkssanahatais kb tmi afdhueie

surviy sdchis nktm typis wahh ni ixclafie af tmas dmcptir&

4&4&3 @rkup,hivih îhacnahaty Af tmi KN hatircturi rihacnahaty kb `rkup licfs as dkllkfhy cssissie ny licfs kb

aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakf dkibbadaifts -ADD3( ADD>! dchduhctie brkl c kfi wcy rcfekl ibbidts

CFKRC& Umi ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch ilphkyii

sdkris cttranutcnhi tk tmi `rkup -Nhaisi( >777!& ADD3 as eibafie cs -Nhaisi( >777? 499!?

- !Z \ LTP j LTN

LTP LTN ADD

/33

∞*

∞<

Af tmi bkrluhc( LTN as tmi nitwiif,`rkup licf squcri( LTP as tmi watmaf,`rkup

licf squcri( cfe j as tmi `rkup sazi& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi

rihacnahaty kb dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf `rkup sdkris -Nhaisi( >777!& ADD> as eibafie cs

-Nhaisi( >777? 492!?

LTN

LTP LTN ADD

∞<>

Uk oustaby c``ri`ctakf ADD3 smkuhe yaihe sa`fabadcft vchuis( cfe ADD> smkuhe yaihe

cddiptcnhi vchuis -Rcf Lairhk it ch&( >77=!& Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ADD3 licsuri as

cssissie watm cf B,tist -kb tmi CFKRC usie tk dchduhcti ADD3 cfe ADD> sdkris!? c

sa`fabadcft B,tist afeadctis tmct tmi nitwiif,`rkup vcracfdi as hcrìr tmcf tmi watmaf,

`rkup vcracfdi -Nhaisi( >777!& At smkuhe ni fktie tmct hkw tk lkeist ADD3 vchuis cri af

tmilsihvis fkt prknhilctad ab tmi F kb dcsis as hcrì ifku`m -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Cs

ri`cres cddiptcnhi vchuis kb ADD>( ADD> vchuis dcf ni aftirpritie cs cfy ktmir rihacnahaty

licsuri& Cs ri`cres ADD>( Jhiaf it ch& ->777! afeadctie tmct ADD> vchuis cnkvi &07 cri

cddiptcnhi( vchuis nitwiif &97 cfe &07 cri lcràfch( cfe vchuis nihkw &97 cri pkkr&

4&4&>& Aftirrctir C`riilift

Umi lkst briquifthy usie licsuri kb aftirrctir c`riilift as Oclis( Eilcrii cfe

Pkhb‑s -31=5! ^w` cfe ^w` -O! afeadis -Nhaisi( >777: HiNritkf " Tiftir( >77=!& Umi barst

liftakfie ^w` as eisa`fie bkr c saf`hi atil: tmi sidkfe liftakfie ^w` -O! as eisa`fie

bkr luhta,atil sdchis& Umi ^w` -O! afeadis cri cssissie ny dklpcraf` tmi knsirvie

vcracfdi watmaf c `rkup watm tmi ixpidtie vcracfdi ab `rkup lilnirs wkuhe rispkfe

rcfeklhy -Oclis it ch&( 31=5!& Cf ^w` -O! sdkri dcf ni dklputie bkr icdm `rkup&

Uk oustaby c``ri`ctakf ncsie kf ^w` -O! sdkris( risicrdmirs smkuhe lcji oue`liftsncsie kf tmi lc`fatuei cfe tmi pcttirf kb tmi ^w` -O! vchuis -Hinritkf " Tiftir( >77=!&




21

4&9 Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac? Litmkes

4&9&3 îsicrdm Dkftixt

Umas tmisas usis ectc brkl c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf af tmi Fitmirhcfes&

Umi hcrìst pcrt kb tmas kr`cfazctakf dkfsasts kb cpprkxalctihy 477 hkdch nrcfdmis watm

49(777 ilphkyiis& At as kfhy tmi hkdch nrcfdmis af tmi Fitmirhcfes wmadm pcrtadapcti af

tmas tmisas& Umi spmiri kb cdtavaty kb icdm nrcfdm as halatie tk ats ìk`rcpmadch cric& Icdm

nrcfdm as rispkfsanhi bkr tmi smcpaf` kb pkhadais( prkdieuris cfe prcdtadis watmaf at&

Af >777 tmi kr`cfazctakf aftrkeudie c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb lcfcìlift

systil bkr tmrii lcokr crics? bafcfdi( dustklir cfe ilphkyii -Jcphcf " Fkrtkf( 3112:

Wcyfi( Mkht " Brkw( >773!( af kreir tk prkvaei nrcfdmis watm suatcnhi lcfcìlift

afbkrlctakf& Af tmas sdkridcre bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl knoidtavi

riàstrctakfs kb bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs( dustklir afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl rkutafi

lcrjit risicrdm cdtavatais( cfe ilphkyii afbkrlctakf as `ctmirie ny licfs kb surviy

risicrdm cfe knoidtavi riàstrctakfs kf pirskffih& Umas systil prkvaeie us tmi ufaqui

kppkrtufaty tk c dkhhidtakf kb ectc cdrkss bavi yicrs( cfe tmiriny ifcnhaf` us tk usi c

hkfàtueafch eisa`f af tmi rilcafaf` tmrii ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmisas& Chh dmcptirs usi c

twk,wcvi eisa`f? surviy ealifsakfs cfe kutdklis cri icdm licsurie twadi& Nihkw tmi

eitcahs kb tmi surviy afbkrlctakf cri eisdranie&

Af tmi ilphkyii surviy systil 303 nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie kf twk kddcsakfs nitwiif>777 cfe >779 -54 pirdift kb tmi tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >774!& Ct tali pkaft 3 -U3!

quistakffcari ectc kf 35(500 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Umi cvircì rispkfsi rcti af tmi

ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Umi cvircì fulnir kb

pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =5&0& Ct tali pkaft > -U>! quistakffcari ectc kf 35(=27

ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Ct tmi nrcfdm hivih tmi cvircì rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii

surviys wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvircì fulnir kb pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =2&1&

Chtmku`m nrcfdm pcrtadapctakf af tmi surviy systil as fkt dklpuhskry( pcrtadapctakf

as strkf`hy prklktie ny tmi suprc,hkdch kr`cfazctakf cfe dcf ni siif cs pcrt kb tmi

riùhcr wcy kb lcfcàf` ilphkyiis watmaf tmas kr`cfazctakf& Uk ixdhuei sihidtavaty kb tmi

sclphi( wi dmidjie tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs

kb >774! ct nktm tmi nrcfdm cfe tmi afeavaeuch hivih& Ct nrcfdm hivih( riprisiftctavifiss

kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch pkpuhctakf af tmi kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb riàkf

af tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe nrcfdm sazi& Ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs

dmidjie af tirls kb cì dhcss -bavi hivihs? >9 yicrs cfe ufeir( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs(

49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99 yicrs cfe kheir! fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -ufeir




07

42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( kvir 42 mkurs!( cfe ìfeir& Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni

ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf ct nktm hivihs cfe nktm tali pkafts

af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis liftakfie: tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi

pkpuhctakf wcs ct c lcxalul bavi pirdift bkr icdm dcti`kry kb tmi cnkvi,liftakfie

vcracnhis&

4&9&> Turviy Tdchis

Umi ilphkyii surviy dkvirs c waei rcfì kb tkpads kf M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti(

wkrj cttatueis( cfe psydmkskdach okn dkfeatakfs dcpturaf` tmi tmrii risicrdm trceatakfs kb

M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf`& Af cddkrecfdi watm tmi risicrdm quistakfs dkvirie af

dmcptir 5 tmrku`m 2( c halatie fulnir kb surviy sdchis cri usie&

Bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti baihe( sdchis kf quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss

kraiftctakf( dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( pikphi kraiftie

hiceirsmap( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf cri sihidtie& Cs pirdiavie

M^L cdtavatais pcy sctasbcdtakf( eivihkplift( okn siduraty( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( `kch

ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf cfe quchaty kraiftctakf cri afdhueie& Cs ri`cres wihh,niaf`( c

wkrj phicsuri sdchi cfe c okn sctasbcdtakf atil cri sihidtie -ribhidtaf` tmi mcppafiss

dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770!!& Tkli sdchis cri ribirrie tk nktm

cs M^L bcdtkr cfe cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti bcdtkr: tmas ribhidts tmi afdricsaf` dkfdiptuch

kvirhcp nitwiif tmisi twk risicrdm trceatakfs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt(

>77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& Lkrikvir( tmas kvirhcp ribhidts cf afti`rctie( prc`lctad

brcliwkrj bkr ectc dkhhidtakf cfe cfchysas cs prklktie af nchcfdie cfe wkrjbkrdi

sdkridcres -Rcf Rihemkvif( >779!& Ucnhi > dkftcafs sclphi quistakfs bkr chh tmi surviy

sdchis cfe afeadctis tmi dmcptir-s! af wmadm tmi surviy sdchis cri afdhueie& Umi surviy

sdchis cri eisdranie nihkw&

3& Suchaty kraiftctakf as c tmrii,atil sdchi ncsie kf tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari

-Rcf Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei Patti " Ncst( 3112! wmadm licsuris kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umas afstrulift as ncsie kf Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(

31=4!& Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi quchaty sdchi af tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti

Afviftkry afsparie ny tmi scli dklpitaf` vchuis lkeih -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!&

îspkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcfàf` brkl ”A dklphitihy

c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &02 -U3!

cfe &05 -U>!&

>& @kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf as cssissie watm c tmrii,atil sdchi& Dkftift as dklpcrcnhi

tk tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif it ch&( 3112!( cfe tmi ribhixavaty sdchi kb




03

tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!( nktm kb wmadm cri ncsie kf

Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Bavi,pkaft rispkfsi

sdchis wiri usie tk afeadcti tmi ixtift kb c`riilift watm c stctilift -A dklphitihy c`rii(

A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Drkfncdm‑s

chpmc sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &09 -U3! cfe &04 -U>!&

4& Dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf as licsurie watm c fafi,atil sdchi ncsie kf tmi Eutdm

BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif it ch&( 3112!& Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi

kutwcre bkdus sdchi af tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!( cfe

dhalcti bkr sirvadi eibafie ny Tdmfiaeir -3117!& îspkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf

c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcfàf` brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Drkfncdm‑s

chpmc sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &13 -U3! cfe &17 -U>!&

5& Afbkrlctakf smcraf` as cssissie watm c bavi,atil sdchi chsk ncsie kf tmi Eutdm

BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif it ch&( 3112! wmadm licsuris kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti&

Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi dhcraty kb kr`cfazctakfch `kchs sdchi af tmi

Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!& îspkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi

atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcfàf` brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑&

Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi cri &0= -U3! cfe &01 -U>!&

9& Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap& Umas bavi,atil sdchi licsurie tmi ixtift tk wmadm

ilphkyiis cri trictie watm rispidt ny tmiar supirvaskrs ny smkwaf` afeavaeuchaziedkfsaeirctakf& Umi sdchi as ncsie kf Eif Mcrtk` -3110!( wmk cecptie at brkl tmi LHS

ny Ncss cfe Cvkhak -31=1!& Ilphkyiis cri csjie tk dkllift kf tmi ìfirch tifeifdy kb

tmiar hiceir tk àvi tmil pirskfch cttiftakf cfe tk staluhcti tmil& Bavi,pkaft rispkfsi

sdchis wiri usie tk afeadcti tmi ixtift kb c`riilift watm c stctilift -A dklphitihy c`rii(

A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Drkfncdm‑s

chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &1> ct nktm tali pkafts&

2& Wcy sctasbcdtakf & Umas bavi,atil sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe

Liaolcf -3115!& Atil dkftift as eiravie brkl Tlatm( Jifechh cfe Muhaf -3121! cfe

Mcdjlcf cfe Khelcf -3109!& Ysaf` c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif(

Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!( rispkfeifts cri csjie tk ivchucti durrift pcy af sivirch wcys(

afdhueaf` skdach dklpcraskf& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi cri &=4 -U3! cfe &=9 -U>!&




04

0& Eivihkplift dkfsasts kb twk atils& Umi barst atil csjs rispkfeifts tk rcti tmi

ìfirch tifeifdy kb tmiar hiceir tk staluhcti tmi eivihkplift kb tmiar tchifts kf c bavi,

pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -A dklphitihy c`rii( A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct

easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Umi sidkfe atil dkfdirfs tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi

kr`cfazctakf kbbirs kppkrtufatais bkr wkrj,rihctie trcafaf`& Umas atil wcs cssissie usaf`

c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& Ttcfecreazie

-nitwiif 7 cfe 377! atil sdkris( wiri cvircìe tk ìt c eivihkplift ealifsakf sdkri&

Umi dkrrihctakf nitwiif tmisi twk atils cri &41 -U3! cfe &4= -U>!&

=& Okn siduraty as licsurie watm c bkur,atil sdchi dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe

Liaolcf -3115!& Umi sdchi csjs rispkfeifts tk rcti tmiar fiie bkr lkri siduraty watm

ri`cre tk sivirch okn cttranutis( sudm cs tmi dkftafuaty kb tmiar dkftrcdt kr tmiar okn stctus&

Bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchis wiri usie bkr cf ivchuctakf af tirls kb briquifdy -Chwcys(

Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &15 ct nktm tali pkafts&

1& Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj& Umas 33,atil sdchi as dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe

Liaolcf -3115!( ncsie kf icrhair wkrj ny Jcrcsij -31=9!& Atil dkftift as eieadctie tk

psydmkskdach okn eilcfes( nut kfhy af c qucftatctavi sifsi? mkw ludm wkrj as tmiri( cfe

af mkw ludm tali ekis at mcvi tk ni ekfi; Lkri risicrdm kf tmas sdchi dcf ni bkufe af

stueais kb Ei Drkkf( Thuatir( Nhkfj( Nrkirsif cfe Braf`s,Erisif ->775! cfe Rcf Qpirif

cfe Ocfssif ->77>!& Umas sdchi mce twk,pkaft cfswiraf` dcti`krais kb tmi Qis+Fk typi&Drkfncdm‑s chpmc as &=1 ct nktm tali pkafts&

37& Pkrj phicsuri as licsurie watm c 1,atil wkrj phicsuri sdchi -Rcf Rihemkvif "

Liaolcf( 3115!& Umas sdchi mce twk,pkaft cfswiraf` dcti`krais kb tmi Qis+Fk typi&

Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi cri &03 -U3! cfe &0> -U>!&

33& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf as cssissie watm c saf`hi atil& îspkfeifts wiri csjie tk

dkllift kf tmi quistakf? ”Chh tmaf`s dkfsaeirie( A cl sctasbaie watm wkrjaf` bkr tmas

nrcfdm‑ kf c bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi& C saf`hi atil licsuri kb kvirchh sctasbcdtakf mcs

cddiptcnhi rihacnahaty kb ct lafalul &20 -Pcfkus( îadmirs " Muey( 3110!&

4&9&4 Ceeatakfch Licsuris

Bkr tmi purpksi kb tistaf` tmi ilirìfdi kb ufat,hivih dkfstrudts( -sii dratirakf 3!

twk sdchis cfe kfi knoidtavi afeadctkr wiri usie& Aftircdtakf watmaf c nusafiss ufat wcs

licsurie watm 2,atil dkkpirctakf nitwiif eipcrtlifts sdchi& Umas sdchi afeadctis mkw

wihh ilphkyiis watmaf c nrcfdm cri wkrjaf` tkìtmir tk cdmaivi dkhhidtavi `kchs& Atils

wiri licsurie kf c Hajirt,typi sdchi tmct rcfìe brkl 3 -strkf`hy c`rii! tk 9 -strkf`hy

easc`rii!& C sclphi stctilift as? ”Ilphkyiis wkrj wihh tkìtmir tk ìt tmi okn ekfi‑&




05

Drkfncdm‑s chpmc cri &=0 -U3! cfe &== -U>!& Afsparctakfch hiceirsmap wcs licsurie watm c 1,

atil hiceirsmap sdchi& Ilphkyiis cri csjie tk dkllift kf tmi ìfirch tifeifdy kb tmiar

hiceir tk prkvaei c vasakf cfe afspari tmil& Umi sdchi as ncsie kf Eif Mcrtk` -3110!(

wmk cecptie at brkl tmi LHS ny Ncss cfe Cvkhak -31=1! cfe tmi RNHS ny Mkusi(

Eihnidq cfe Ucras -3110!& C sclphi stctilift as? ”Ly hiceir drictis tmi biihaf` tmct wi

wkrj tkwcres cf alpkrtcft `kch + lassakf‑& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc as &19 ct nktm tali pkafts&

Uurfkvir wcs eibafie cs tmi kutbhkw kb BUI‑s euraf` c yicr& Umas fulnir wcs dchduhctie

ny eavaeaf` tmi fulnir kb BUI tmct hibt tmi nrcfdm af c yicr ny tmi fulnir kb BUI af c

nrcfdm ct tmi ife kb c yicr&

4&2 Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac? isuhts

Uk vchaecti tmi c``ri`ctakf kb tmi afeavaeuch,hivih surviy sdchis tk ufat,hivihdkfstrudts( barst( wi ixclafie rihctakfsmaps nitwiif dkkpirctakf nitwiif eipcrtlifts(

afsparctakfch hiceirsmap cfe turfkvir( cfe tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyii surviy

ealifsakfs cri smcrie watmaf c ufat -licsurie ny ^w` -O! vchuis!& Ucnhi 4 eipadts

navcracti dkrrihctakfs nitwiif tmi tmrii prieadtkrs cfe tmi ^w` -O! vchuis bkr icdm sdchi&

Pi dchduhctie dkrrihctakfs ct nktm tali pkafts( sk tmi risuhts dcf ni dkfsaeirie cs risuhts

kb twk sipcrcti sclphis( kfi bkr icdm tali pkaft& Ct nktm tali pkafts( ilphkyii surviy

ectc cfe tmi mypktmisazie prieadtkrs wiri dkuphie dkftilpkrcfikushy&

Ucnhi 4& îsuhts kb Ilirìfdi Wrkdissis

Tdchi Uurfkvir Dkkpirctakf Hiceirsmap3& Suchaty kraiftctakf ,&>53/ ,&7=0 &954/ &49>/ &>03/ &3=2/>& @kch ibbidtavifisskraiftctakf

,&7=9 ,&3=3/ &475/ &4>4/ &>11/ &>59/

4& Dustklir sirvadikraiftctakf

,&>=2/ ,&321/ &90=/ &931/ &>41/ &>12/

5& Afbkrlctakf smcraf` ,&>33/ ,&374 &274/ &494/ &97>/ &525/9& Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap ,&>95/ ,&715 &599/ &447/ &904/ &272/

2& Wcy sctasbcdtakf ,&719 ,&75> &>51/ &744 &302/ &7>90& Eivihkplift ,&344 ,&725 &415/ &43=/ &501/ &942/=& Okn siduraty &710 &775 &3=0/ &707 &77> &79=1& Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj ,&337 ,&757 &4>0/ &3>= &34> &7=537& Pkrj phicsuri ,&>>=/ ,&310/ &53>/ &3=7/ &475/ &479/33& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf ,&7== ,&>>2/ &554/ &5>3/ &>20/ &410/

Fktis / p 8 7&79 F < 303

Umi risuhts afeadcti tmct turfkvir as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk bavi cfe bkur ilphkyii

surviy ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >( rispidtavihy& Dustklir sirvadi

kraiftctakf cfe wkrj phicsuri cri dkrrihctie ct nktm tali pkafts& Bkr quchaty kraiftctakf(`kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap cfe wkrj




09

sctasbcdtakf sa`fabadcft dkrrihctakfs cri bkufe ct kfi tali pkaft& Bkr tmi rilcafaf` surviy

ealifsakfs fk sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri istcnhasmie& Bkr dkkpirctakf nitwiif

eipcrtlifts( tmi sidkfe mypktmisazie cftidieift( lkri suppkrt wcs bkufe& Ct tali

pkaft 3 chh surviy ealifsakfs smkwie pksatavi rihctakfsmaps watm dkkpirctakf nitwiif

eipcrtlifts& Ct tali pkaft > pcy sctasbcdtakf( okn siduraty cfe pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj

mce fk rihctakfsmap watm dkkpirctakf nitwiif eipcrtlifts& Bafchhy( afsparctakfch

hiceirsmap wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk fafi cfe ia`mt ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs ct tali

pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >( rispidtavihy& Fk rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe bkr tmi surviy sdchis

kf okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj -nktm tali pkafts! cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf -tali

pkaft >!&

Umi sidkfe dratirakf dkfdirfie tmi typi kb ribirift usie& Miri wi lcei c

eastafdtakf nitwiif sihb( hiceir( kr nusafiss ufat -sii Ucnhi 5!&

Ucnhi 5& îbirift Uypi

îbirift Tdchi

Nusafiss ufatSuchaty kraiftctakf( kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf(afbkrlctakf smcraf`( dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf

Hiceir Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap

Laxie( lcokraty nusafiss

ufatEivihkplift

Laxie( lcokraty sihb Wcy sctasbcdtakf

Tihb Okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( wkrj phicsuri( wkrj sctasbcdtakf

At wcs bkufe tmct tmi atils kb tmi surviy ealifsakfs quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch

ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( cfe dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf usie

nusafiss ufat cs ribirift& îspkfeifts wiri csjie tk prkvaei rctaf`s kb tmiar nusafiss

ufat& Bkr hiceirsmap( chtmku`m rispkfeifts cri csjie cnkut tmiar kwf satuctakf -i&`& ly

hiceir tricts li( cfe hastifs tk ly dkfdirfs!( rispkfeifts cri csjie tk rcti tmiar hiceir&

Umiribkri( tmi hiceir wcs usie cs ribirift bkr tmi atils kb tmas sdchi& Wcy sctasbcdtakf cfe

eivihkplift( usie c lax kb nusafiss ufat, cfe sihb,ribirifdie atils& Bkr eivihkplift(

kfi atil wcs kf tmi ìfirch tifeifdy kb tmi hiceir tk staluhcti tmi eivihkplift kb tmiar

tchifts( tmi ktmir atil dkfdirfie tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi nusafiss ufat kbbirs

kppkrtufatais bkr wkrj,rihctie trcafaf`& Bkr pcy sctasbcdtakf( rispkfeifts wiri csjie tk

ivchucti tmiar pcy& îspkfeifts wiri csjie tk rcti tmiar nusafiss ufat -> atils! cfe tmiar




02

kwf satuctakf -4 atils!& Umi lcokraty kb atils wiri sihb ribirifdie& Umi surviy sdchis kf

okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( wkrj phicsuri( wkrj sctasbcdtakf afdhueie sihb,

ribirifdie atils& îspkfeifts wiri csjie tk rcti tmiar kwf satuctakf kr biihaf`s

ri`creaf` wkrj&

Umi bafch sit kb dratirac cpphaie dkfdirfie stctastadch prkdieuris tk cssiss tmi

cpprkpractifiss bkr c``ri`ctakf& Umi barst licsuris dchduhctie wiri tmi aftrcdhcss

dkrrihctakf dkibbadaifts -ADD3 cfe ADD>!( wmadm afeadcti tmi rihacnahaty kb tmi nusafiss

ufat,licf sdkris -sii Ucnhi 9!&

Ucnhi 9& Aftrcdhcss Dkrrihctakf Dkibbadaifts

Tdchi ADD3 B,tist ADD>

U3 U> U3 U> U3 U>

Suchaty kraiftctakf &703 &707 0&5=/ 0&55/ &=0 &=0@kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf &707 &70> 0&40/ 0&24/ &=2 &=0Dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf &7=5 &795 =&0>/ 9&19/ &=1 &=4Afbkrlctakf smcraf` &3>0 &37> 34&>2/ 37&01/ &1> &13Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap &757 &741 5&9>/ 5&55/ &0= &00Wcy sctasbcdtakf &750 &7>5 9&39/ 4&3>/ &=3 &2=Eivihkplift &753 &755 5&2>/ 5&13/ &0= &=7

Okn siduraty &757 &745 5&9>/ 4&11/ &0= &09Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj &742 &750 5&30/ 9&>>/ &02 &=3

Pkrj phicsuri &741 &749 5&5=/ 5&33/ &0= &02 Pkrj sctasbcdtakf &734 &734 >&32/ >&71/ &95 &9>

Fkti?

/ p 8 7&79

Cs smkw af Ucnhi 9( chh tmi B,tists cri sa`fabadcft& Umas afeadctis tmct tmi nusafiss

ufat vcracfdi as hcrìr tmcf tmi watmaf, nusafiss ufat vcracfdi bkr chh surviy ealifsakf&

Umi ADD3 vchuis wiri nitwiif 3 cfe 34 pirdift&

Umisi vchuis cri fkt ma`m( mkwivir tmi B,tist afeadctie tmct tmi vcracfdi

dklpkfifts cttranutcnhi tk tmi nusafiss ufat wiri stctastadchhy sa`fabadcft& Umi ADD>

vchuis wiri nitwiif &9> cfe &1>& ADD> vchuis kntcafie bkr quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch

ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` smkwie`kke rihacnahaty -tmi sdkris wiri cnkvi &=7!& Bkr pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap( eivihkplift(

okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( cfe wkrj phicsuri cddiptcnhi rihacnahaty sdkris

wiri bkufe -tmi sdkris rcfìe nitwiif &07 cfe &=7!& Wcy sctasbcdtakf smkwie `kke

rihacnahaty ct tali pkaft 3 -&=3!( mkwivir ct tali pkaft > tmi rihacnahaty erkppie tk &2=& Bkr

tmi saf`hi sctasbcdtakf atil wi bkufe lcràfch vchuis kb &9> cfe &95&

Hcst( wi dchduhctie cf aftirrctir c`riilift licsuri -^w` -O!! bkr chh surviy

ealifsakfs -sii Ucnhi 2!&




0=

Ucnhi 0& Ivchuctakf kb tmi Cpprkpractifiss kb C``ri ctakf

Tdchi Ilirìfdi îbirift ADD3 ADD> ^w`

3& Suchaty kraiftctakf-U3!////-U>!///

//// //// //// ////

>& @kch ibbidtavifisskraiftctakf

-U3!///-U>!////

//// //// //// ////

4& Dustklir sirvadikraiftctakf

//// //// //// //// ////

5& Afbkrlctakf smcraf` -U3!////-U>!///

//// //// //// ////

9& Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap-U3!////-U>!///

/// //// //// ////

2& Wcy sctasbcdtakf-U3!///

-U>!/// //// //// ////

0& Eivihkplift /// /// //// ////-U3!////

-U>!///

=& Okn siduraty -U3!//-U>!/

/ //// ////-U3!//

-U>!///

1& Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj -U3!//-U>!/

/ //// //// ////

37& Pkrj phicsuri //// / //// //// ////

33& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf-U3!///

-U>!///// //// ///

-U3!////-U>!///

Af tmas dmcptir wi cpphaie tmi dratirac twadi -tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >!( tmi

risuhts dcf ni dkfsaeirie cs risuhts kb twk sipcrcti sclphis& Tkli surviy ealifsakfs

ridiavie eabbirift rctaf`s ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >& Umas as ribhidtie af tmi

cssa`flift kb twk sdkris -tmi tali pkaft as àvif nitwiif pcriftmisis!& Ucnhi 0 prisifts

tmi sdkris kb tmi ihivif surviy ealifsakfs kf tmi bavi dratirac& Umi fulnir kb stcrs

vcraie cdrkss tmi eivihkpie dratirac( ixdipt bkr ADD3& Chh tmi surviy sdchis mce sa`fabadcft

ADD3 vchuis( afeadctie ny tmi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi B,tist& Uk aftirpritie tmisi vchuis wi

eidaeie tk dklpcri tmi lc`fatuei kb tmi ADD3 vchuis bkufe af tmas dmcptir watm ADD3

vchuis bkufe af prakr ilparadch wkrj kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfemcppafiss wihh,niaf`& Umi ihivif surviy ealifsakfs dkuhe nrkcehy ni eavaeie af tmrii

dcti`krais ncsie kf tmi bavi ivchuctakf dratirac? skdach kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs( wkrj, cfe

okn hivih,rihctie cspidts cfe okn cttatueis&

4&0&3 Ivchuctakf kb tmi Cpprkpractifiss kb C``ri`ctakf tk tmi Nusafiss Yfat Hivih

Umi barst sit kb surviy ealifsakfs kntcafie bkur stcrs kf chlkst chh bavi dratirac(

afeadctaf` strkf` suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf& Umisi cri tmi surviy ealifsakfs afeadctaf`

skdach kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs? quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( dustklir

sirvadi kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf` cfe pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap& Cs ixpidtie




=7

Tchvc`àk ->774! ripkrtie cf ADD3 vchui kb &39 bkr c sctasbcdtakf watm pcy sdchi( mkwivir(

tmas wcs c`caf ncsie kf vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk tmi kr`cfazctakf& Dklpcrie watm ^w` -O!

vchuis ripkrtie ny ^ycf( Tdmlaet cfe Okmfskf -3112! bkr sctasbcdtakf watm trcafaf` -^w`

-O! wcs &2=!( tmi ^w` -O! vchui bkufe bkr eivihkplift af tmas dmcptir siilie ricskfcnhi&

Umi ^w` -O! sdkris bkr pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj smkwie viry strkf` c`riilift( wmirics

tmi ^w` -O! sdkris bkr okn siduraty smkwie wicj tk lkeircti c`riilift& Umisi rihctavihy

hkw sdkris -&51 cfe &93! la`mt ni dcusie ny tmi halatie fulnir kb atils cfe cfswir

dcti`krais bkr tmi okn siduraty sdchi& Umi ADD3 vchuis bkufe bkr pcdi cfe clkuft kb

wkrj -cvircì as &75! cri kf tmi hkw saei dklpcrie tk tmi &3> ripkrtie ny Kstrkbb -311>!&

Mkwivir( dklpcrie watm ^w` -O! vchuis ripkrtie ny ^ycf it ch& -3112! bkr wkrj striss

-^w` -O! wcs &03!( tmi ^w` -O! vchui bkufe bkr pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj af tmas dmcptir as

rihctavihy ma`m& Bkr okn siduraty tmi cvircì ADD3 vchui wcs &75& Dklpcrie watm tmi ADD3

vchui kb &31 ripkrtie ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! bkr tmi sctasbcdtakf watm siduraty sdchi tmas

as kf tmi hkw saei& Cs afeadctie cnkvi( c barst ixphcfctakf as pkssanhy tmi risicrdm sittaf`(

af tmas dmcptir surviy sdkris cri c``ri`ctie aftk nusafiss ufat dkfstrudts( af Tdmfiaeir it

ch&‑s ->774! stuey surviys cri c``ri`ctie aftk kr`cfazctakf sdkris& Tidkfehy( af tmas

dmcptir tmi ribirift bkr chh tmi okn siduraty atils wcs sihb( wi csjie rispkfeifts mkw

tmiy biih cnkut( cfe ab tmiy fiie lkri siduraty ri`creaf` c fulnir kb okn cttranutis& Af

dkftrcst( Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! csjie rispkfeifts tk rcti tmiar dklpcfy af prkvaeaf` oknsiduraty& îsicrdm mcs smkwf tmct usaf` cf kr`cfazctakf ribirift virsus c li ribirift

risuhtie af `rictir watmaf `rkup c`riilift cfe lkri nitwiif,`rkup vcracnahaty -Jhiaf it

ch&( >773!&

Bafchhy( tmi wkrj phicsuri sdchi cfe tmi wkrj sctasbcdtakf atil dkuhe ni `rkupie

tkìtmir& Nktm smkwie lkeircti suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf& Nktm sdchis smkwie suppkrt

bkr c``ri`ctakf af tirls kb sa`fabadcft ADD3 vchuis cfe sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif

turfkvir( hiceirsmap cfe dkkpirctakf( cfe tmi ilirìfdi kb tmisi dkfstrudts& Umi ^w`

-O! sdkris bkr wkrj phicsuri cfe tmi ADD> vchuis smkwie strkf` suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf(

wmirics tmi ^w` -O! cfe ADD> sdkris bkr okn sctasbcdtakf smkwie lkeircti suppkrt bkr

c``ri`ctakf& Umisi rihctavihy hkw sdkris bkr okn sctasbcdtakf la`mt ni dcusie ny tmi usi kb

c saf`hi atil& Umi ADD3 vchuis kb wkrj phicsuri cfe okn sctasbcdtakf -&740 cfe &734(

rispidtavihy! cri kf tmi hkw saei dklpcrie tk prakr wkrj ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774!(

Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->779!( cfe Rcf Rihemkvif it ch& ->77>!& Umi ADD3( mkwivir( as

dklpcrcnhi watm aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cs ripkrtie af c stuey ny Lcrjhufe( Nkhaf cfe

Rkf Issif ->77=!&




=3

4&0&> Dkfdhusakf

Umas dmcptir eivihkpie c brcliwkrj bkr ivchuctaf` tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf`

afeavaeuch,surviy ectc aftk licfaf`buh nrcfdm,hivih dkfstrudts& Tunsiquifthy( tmas

brcliwkrj wcs tistie kf surviy sdchis kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe mcppafiss

ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&

Barst( tmi risuhts smkwie tmct tmi pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe dhalcti dkuhe nrkcehy ni

eavaeie aftk twk `rkups& Umi barst `rkup smkwaf` strkf` suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf as kf

skdach kr`cfazctakfch cspidts? quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( dustklir

sirvadi kraiftctakf( cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` cfe hiceirsmap& Umi sidkfe `rkup dkftcafs

wkrj, cfe okn hivih,rihctie cspidts? eivihkplift cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf( okn siduraty cfe

pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj& Umas `rkup smkwie hiss suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf tmcf prakr

M^L stueais ny Ucdjiudma it ch& ->774! cfe Pra`mt it ch& ->779!& Mkwivir( wi fiie tk

tcji aftk cddkuft tmct tmi licsuris kb Ucjiudma it ch& ->770! cfe Pra`mt it ch& ->779!

bkdusie kf ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Umiy csjie ilphkyiis tk prkvaei c eisdraptakf kb

prcdtadis ifcdtie cfe alphiliftie af tmiar kr`cfazctakf kr nusafiss ufat( rispidtavihy(

wmirics tmi sdchis kf M^L pirdiptakfs csjie bkr eisdraptakf çfe cf ivchuctakf kb tmi

prcdtadis& Umas la`mt ni afeadctaf` tmct tmisi sdchis cri dkfdiptuchhy nittir suatie tk tmi

afeavaeuch kr okn rctmir tmcf tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( cs tmisi sdchis ixphadathy csjie bkr

ilphkyiis‑ pirskfch ixpiraifdis& Af tmas risicrdm dkftixt at as ricskfcnhi tk ixpidt tmcteabbirift ilphkyii `rkups( bkr ixclphi tihhirs cfe hafi lcfc`irs pirdiavi cfe ixpiraifdi

wkrj bcdtkrs eabbirifthy&

Cs ri`cres mcppafiss wihh,niaf`( wi bkufe lkeircti suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf -bkr

wkrj phicsuri cfe okn sctasbcdtakf!& Chtmku`m tmi twk dklpkfifts kb mcppafiss wihh,

niaf` smkwie sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps watm ixpidtie prieadtkrs( cfe smkwie `kke ADD>

cfe ^w` -O! vchuis( tmi ADD3 vchuis wiri kf tmi hkw saei& Cf ixphcfctakf la`mt ni tmct

af tmi prisift dmcptir tmi bkdus as kf nrcfdm sdkris eiravie brkl ilphkyii oue`lifts

cnkut afeavaeuch okns -tmi ribirift as tmi afeavaeuch!& Kf tmas pkaft( kur aftirpritctakf

eabbirs brkl tmct kb Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>! wmk eibafi `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf cs tmi

`rkup‑s cttatuei tkwcres ats wkrj ifvarkflift& Mkwivir( chtmku`m Lcskf cfe @rabbaf

->77>! cr`uie tmct `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf bufdtakfs eabbirifthy brkl licf hivih okn

sctasbcdtakf( tmas wcs fkt dkfbarlie af rihctakf tk `rkup pirbkrlcfdi -tmi kutdkli kb

aftirist af tmi rilcafaf` dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas!&

Afeavaeuch surviy afbkrlctakf as briquifthy c``ri`ctie tk sdkris ct ma`mir hivihs

watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf tk ifcnhi afdhusakf kb tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf af wkrjbkrdi




=>

systils& Af tmas dmcptir bavi dratirac cri prisiftie tmct dcf ni usie bkr eivihkpaf`

ilphkyii surviys cfe bkr cfchyzaf` surviy afbkrlctakf ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& C barst

ridkllifectakf as tmi afdhusakf kb licsuris kf skdach kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs wmadm csj

ilphkyiis tk rcti tmiar ufat kf tmi ufat `kchs kr tmiar hiceir& Cs ri`cres tmi wkrj, cfe

okn hivih,rihctie cspidts( cfe tmi ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts( c ridkllifectakf

dkuhe ni tk csj tmi ilphkyii tk rcti mas kr mir nusafiss ufat( cfe fkt tk prkvaei

afbkrlctakf kf mas kr mir kwf ixpiraifdi& Umas wkuhe prkncnhy risuhts af mklkìfkus

cssisslifts kb wmitmir M^L prcdtadis( dhalcti ealifsakfs kr wihh,niaf` ixasts af tmi

nusafiss ufat cs c wmkhi& Mkwivir( tmi scli typi kb quistakfs dkuhe prkncnhy ni

cfswirie ny barst hafi lcfcìrs& Lkri alpkrtcfthy( tmas wkuhe rieudi tmi radmfiss kb

afbkrlctakf kf mkw ilphkyiis pirdiavi( ixpiraifdi( cfe aftirprit bcdtkrs af tmiar wkrj

cfe okn ifvarkflift( cfe kf mkw tmiy biih cnkut tmiar wkrj& Cfktmir kptakf as tk stuey

tmisi dkfdipts cfe tmiar ibbidts ct okn hivih& Hatircturi kf okn dmcrcdtirastads cfe M^L

-i&`& Jcrcsij " Umikrihh( 3117: Hipcj " Tfihh( >77>! ilpmcsazi tmi alpkrtcfdi tk stuey

wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs cfe tmiar dkfsiquifdis ct tmi okn hivih& Burtmirlkri( at

as alpkrtcft tk litmkekhkàdchhy dmidj tmi cpprkpractifiss kb c``ri`ctakf ny dchduhctaf`

twk typis kb afeadis nibkri ripkrtaf` cfe aftirpritaf` licf sdkris cfe hafjcìs nitwiif

tmisi sdkris cfe kutdklis&

Af tmi rilcafaf` tmrii ilparadch dmcptirs -5 tmrku`m 2! kb tmas tmisas wi c``ri`ctihkfàtueafch surviy ectc kf M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` tk tmi nusafiss ufat hivih af

kreir tk stuey rihctakfsmaps watm knoidtavi nusafiss ufat kutdklis& Kvirchh( tk c `rict

ixtift tmi bafeaf`s af tmas dmcptir suppkrt tmi usi kb c``ri`ctie surviy sdchis tk licsuri

licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts& Ttrkf` suppkrt wcs bkufe bkr tmi surviy sdchis

kf dhalcti cfe bkr tmi lcokraty kb M^L pirdiptakfs( lkeircti suppkrt -cs ri`cres ADD3

vchuis! wcs bkufe bkr okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( wkrj phicsuri cfe okn

sctasbcdtakf& Mkwivir( ncsie kf ADD> cfe ^w` -O! vchuis wi dkfdhueie tmct c``ri`ctakf

wcs chsk oustabaie bkr tmisi sdchis&




=4

4&= îbirifdis

Cfeirskf( F&^& " Pist( L&C& -311=!& Licsuraf` dhalcti bkr wkrj `rkup affkvctakf?eivihkplift cfe vchaectakf kb ticl dhalcti afviftkry& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( 31( >49,>9=&

Crtmur( O&N& " Nkyhis( U& ->770!& Rchaectaf` tmi mulcf riskurdi systil strudturi? Chivihs,ncsie strctiàd cpprkcdm& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( 30( 00,1>&

Csmbkrtm( N&I& -31=9!& Dhalcti bkrlctakf? Assuis cfe ixtifsakfs& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 37( =40,=50&

Csmjcfcsy( F&L&( Paheirkl( D& " Witirskf( L&B& ->777!& Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti & Hkfekf? Tcì&

Ncss( N&L& " Cvkhak( N&O& -31=1!& Lcfuch bkr tmi Luhtabcdtkr Hiceirsmap Suistakffcari & Wchk Chtk( DC? Dkfsuhtaf` Wsydmkhkàsts Wriss&

Ncss( N&L&( Cvkhak( N&O&( Ouf`( E&A& " Nirskf( Q& ->774!& Wrieadtaf` ufat pirbkrlcfdi ny cssissaf` trcfsbkrlctakfch cfe trcfscdtakfch hiceirsmap& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >70,>3=&

Nidjir( N&I&( Musihae( L&C& " Yhradm( E& ->773!& Umi M^ sdkridcre? Hafjaf` pikphi( strcti`y cfe pirbkrlcfdi & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh&

Nhaisi( W&E& ->777!& Patmaf,`rkup c`riiilift( fkf,afeipifeifdi( cfe rihacnahaty?Alphadctakfs bkr ectc c``ri`ctakf cfe cfchysas& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& 451,4=>!& J& O& Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& TcfBrcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&

Nkwif( E&I& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjcìs? Umirkhi kb tmi strif`tm kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&

Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&

Dmcf( E& -311=!& Bufdtakfch rihctakfs clkf` dkfstrudts af tmi scli dkftift eklcaf cteabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas? C typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >45,>52&

Dmif( @& " Nhaisi( W&E& ->77>!& Umi rkhi kb eabbirift hivihs kb hiceirsmap af prieadtaf` sihb, cfe dkhhidtavi ibbadcdy? Ivaeifdi bkr easdkftafuaty& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( 4( 951,992&

Dmif( @&( Jarjlcf( N&H&( Jcfbir( ^&( Chhif( E& " ^ksif( N& ->770!& C luhtahivih stuey kb hiceirsmap( ilpkwirlift( cfe pirbkrlcfdi af ticls& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (>( 443,452&

Dkhquatt( O&C&( Fki( ^&C& " Ocdjskf( D&H& ->77>!& Oustadi af ticls? Cftidieifts cfedkfsiquifdis kb prkdieurch oustadi dhalcti& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 99( 3( =4,371&

Ei Drkkf( I&L&( Thuatir( O&J&( Nhkfj( ^&P&N&( Nrkirsif( O&W&O& " Braf`s,Erisif( L&M&P&->775!& Ttrissbuh wkrj( psydmkhkàdch strcaf( cfe turfkvir? C >,yicr prkspidtavidkmkrt stuey kb trudj eravirs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =1( 55>,595&

Eif Mcrtk`( E&F& -3110!& Afsparctakfch Hiceirsmap& Wm&E& eassirtctakf( Clstirecl? BriiYfavirsaty&

Eif Mcrtk`( E&F&( Nksihai( W& " Wccuwi( O& ->775!& Wirbkrlcfdi lcfcìlift? C lkeihcfe risicrdm cìfec& Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y? Cf aftirfctakfch îvaiw ( 94( 5( 992,921&

@ikrì( O& -3117!& Wirskfchaty( cbbidt( cfe nimcvakr af `rkups& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (09( >( 370,332&

@ikrì( O&L& -3112!& @rkup cbbidtavi tkfi& Af? Mcfenkkj kb wkrj`rkup psydmkhk`y -pp& 00,15!&L& C& Pist -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&





=2

Wurdihh( O& " Mutdmafskf( T& ->770!& Brkft,hafi lcfcìrs cs cìfts af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi dcusch dmcaf? Umikry( cfchysas cfe ivaeifdi& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 30( 3( 4,>7&Wurdihh( O& " Jaffai( F& ->770!& M^L cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb

mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift -pp& 944,993!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt& -Ies&!&

Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&Wmahhaps( O&O&( Ttkfi( ^&E& " Wmahhaps( W&W& ->773!& Umi mulcf riskurdis sdkridcre? licsuraf` tmi

riturf kf afvistlift& Nkstkf( LC? Nuttirwkrtm — Miafilcff&Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? tkwcre c

dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfcìlift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&

^knirskf( S& ->772!& Oustadi af ticls? Umi cdtavctakf cfe rkhi kb sifsilcjaf` af tmiilirìfdi kb oustadi dhalctis& Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr cfe Mulcf Eidasakf Wrkdississ (377( 300,31>&

^kussicu( E&L& -31=9!& Assuis kb hivih af kr`cfazctakfch risicrdm? Luhta,hivih cfe drkss,hivih pirspidtavis& îsicrdm af Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( 0( 3,40&


Tchcfdaj( @&^& " Wbibbir( O& -310=!& C skdach afbkrlctakf prkdissaf` cpprkcdm tk okncttatueis cfe tcsj eisa`f& Celafastrctavi Tdaifdi Suctirhy ( >4( >>5,>94&

Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -31=0!& Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi& Wirskffih Wsdymkhk`y ( 57( 540,594&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi & Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcfìs( W&O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc`àk( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst(

ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( =42, =93&

Tdmfiaeir( N& " îadmirs( C&I& -31=4!& Kf tmi itakhk`y kb dhalctis& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 42(

31,41&Tillir( F&( _cpb( E& " @riab( T& -3112!& ”Tmcrie okn strcaf‑? C fiw cpprkcdm bkr

cssissaf` tmi vchaeaty kb okn striss licsurilifts& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 21( >14,437&

Tavcsunrclcfacl( F&( Lurry( P&E&( Cvkhak( N&O& " Ouf`( E&A& ->77>!& C hkfàtueafchlkeih kb tmi ibbidts kb ticl hiceirsmap cfe `rkup pktifdy kf `rkuppirbkrlcfdi& @rkup cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Lcfcìlift ( >0( 3( 22,12&

Tlatm( W&( Jifechh( H& " Muhaf( D& -3121!& Umi licsurilift kb sctasbcdtakf af wkrj cfe ritarilift? c strcti`y bkr tmi stuey kb cttatueis & Dmadc`k? ^cfe LdFchhy&

Ucjiudma( ^&( Hipcj( E&W&( Pcf`( M& " Ucjiudma( J& ->770!& Cf ilparadch ixclafctakf kb tmi lidmcfasls lieactaf` nitwiif ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils cfe tmi

pirbkrlcfdi kb Ocpcfisi kr`cfazctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 1>( 5( 3721,37=4&


Rcf Lairhk( M&( Rirluft( O&J& " ûtti( D&@& ->771!& Dklpksaf` `rkup,hivih dkfstrudtsbrkl afeavaeuch,hivih surviy ectc& Kr`cfazctakfch îsicrdm Litmkes ( 3>( >( 42=,41>&

Rcf Luaoif( O( Jkkplcf( W( Ei Patti( J " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur? mit dkfdurrifei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur & Tdmkkfmkvif?

Cdceilad Tirvadi& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^

prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5(

47,94&




=0

Rcf Rihemkvif( L&( Ei Okfì( O&( Nrkirsif( T&( Jklpair( L& " Liaolcf( U& ->77>!&Tpidabad rihctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkskdach okn dkfeatakfs cfe okn,rihctie striss?

C tmrii,hivih cfchytadch cpprkcdm& Pkrj cfe Ttriss ( 32( 4( >70,>>=& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U&B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit

iif vrcìfhaost? ei vrcìfhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?

Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif& Rcf Qpirif( F&P& " Ocfsif( K& ->77>!& Bctaùie cfe eassctasbaie kr bctaùie nut

sctasbaie; @kch kraiftctakfs cfe rispkfsis tk ma`m okn eilcfes& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 59( 3323,3303&

Rcf Qpirif( F&P& " Tfaoeirs( U&C&N& ->777!& C luhtahivih cfchysas kb tmi eilcfes,dkftrkh lkeih? As striss ct wkrj eitirlafie ny bcdtkrs ct tmi `rkup hivih kr tmiafeavaeuch hivih; Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch Michtm Wsydmkhk`y ( 9( 3( 3=>,317&

Pchtir( B& " Nrudm( M& ->77=!& Umi pksatavi `rkup cbbidt sparch? C eyfclad lkeih kb tmiilirìfdi kb pksatavi cbbidtavi salahcraty af wkrj `rkups& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >1( >41,>23&

Pcfkus( O&W&( îadmirs( C&I& " Muey( L&O& -3110!& Kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf( mkw `kke cri

saf`hi, atil licsuris; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =>( >50,>9>& Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L&( Lkyfamcf( H&L& " Chhif( L&^& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap

nitwiif mr prcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( 571,552&

_kmcr( E& -31=9!& Tcbity dhalcti af afeustrach kr`cfazctakfs? Umikritadch cfe cpphaiealphadctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( 3( 12,37>&

_kmcr( E& " Uiffi,@czat( K& ->77=!& Urcfsbkrlctakfch hiceirsmap cfe `rkup aftircdtakfcs dhalcti cftidieifts? C skdach fitwkrj cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 14(5( 055,090&



Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi

13

5&3 Aftrkeudtakf

Lcfcìrs cfe risicrdmirs mcvi niif cssulaf` tmct kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti mcs cf

alpkrtcft ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& Csmjcfcsy( Paheirkl " Witirskf(

>777: Tdmfiaeir( 3117!& Umi ufeirhyaf` prkdiss as ìfirchhy eisdranie cs bkhhkws? mulcf

riskurdi lcfcìlift prcdtadis afbhuifdi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmiar wkrjaf`

ifvarkflift cfe ilphkyii nimcvakrs( cfe tmisi nimcvakrs af turf wahh risuht af alprkvie

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& Nkrudja " Nurji( 3111: Jkpihlcf( Nraib " @uzzk(

3117: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& @ihcei cfe Aviry ->774! bkufe tmct tmi ibbidts kb M^

prcdtadis kf pirbkrlcfdi wiri lieactie ny kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Hiss cttiftakf as

niaf` pcae af tmi hatircturi tk tmi pkssanahaty tmct kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt chsk

afbhuifdi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Mkwivir( Taimh cfe Lcrtaf -3117! crùie bkr sudmrivirsi dcusctakf? ma`m pirbkrlaf` kr`cfazctakfs mcvi tmi riskurdis tmrku`m wmadm tmiy

dcf eivihkp kr sustcaf cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Cfktmir chtirfctavi vaiwpkaft as tmct

nktm earidtakfs kb dcuschaty cri prisift ct tmi scli tali -Oclis " Okfis( 3102: Kstrkbb(

Jafadja " Ucljafs( >774! a&i& kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi cfe ct tmi scli tali kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti&

Lkst kb tmi ilparadch stueais bcah tk prkvaei c eisa`f tk eilkfstrcti tmct tmi ibbidt

kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as cdtuchhy dcusch? kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti risuhts af ma`mir kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Wcttirskf( Pcrr " Pist( >775!&

Ixdiptakfs cri stueais ny ^ycf( Tdmlat cfe Okmfskf -3112! cfe Tdmfiaeir( Pmati cfe

Wcuh -311=!& Nktm stueais mcvi prkvaeie laxie risuhts? rivirsi dcusctakf cfe euch

dcuschaty wcs bkufe& Tk( ufdirtcafty ixasts cnkut tmi tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap

nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Nisaeis( ^ycf it ch&

-3112! usie ilphkyii cttatueis afstice kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti licsuri cfe

Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! usie dustklir pirdiptakfs af dkftrcst tk knoidtavi ectc cs c

pirbkrlcfdi kutdkli& Cpprkpractihy tistaf` tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi pkssanhi ridursavi fcturi kb tmas

rihctakfsmap riquaris c drkss,hc`ìe eisa`f -Dkkj " Dclpnihh( 3101! watm licsurilift

kb nktm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe knoidtavi pirbkrlcfdi kvir tali& Uk ecti( cs bcr cs wi

jfkw( sudm c risicrdm eisa`f mcs fkt niif usie af tmas spidabad hatircturi&

Umas pcpir ripkrts c twk,wcvi stuey -cvircì aftirvch twk yicrs! tmct afvista`ctis tmi

tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif bkur ìfirchazie kr`cfazctakfch dhalctiealifsakfs cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umas stuey usis crdmavch kr`cfazctakfch




14

Barst( af ludm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti risicrdm prkeudtavaty as kfhy pcrtachhy licsurie(

kfhy kfi kr c biw afputs cri licsurie( bkr ixclphi hcnkr prkeudtavaty kr fkf,

dkftrkhhcnhi dksts -Jkys( >773!( kr skli afearidt istalctis kb kutputs cri usie( bkr

ixclphi dustklir sctasbcdtakf -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!& Tk( af lkst kb tmi stueais c prkxy

bkr licsuraf` prkeudtavaty as usie& Umi buhh prkeudtavaty rctak -kutputs cfe afputs! as

sihekl cssissie af tmi dhalcti hatircturi -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&

C sidkfe dmchhifì dkfdirfs tmi hivih kb cfchysas& Af skli risicrdm tmi rihctakfsmap

nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi as stueaie ct tmi dkrpkrcti hivih

-Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!& Dklpcraf` pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss dklpcfais af eabbirift afeustrais

la`mt ni prknhilctad eui tk afeustry ibbidts -Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Patmaf afeustry

stueais risicrdmaf` vcracfdi af pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih prkvaei tmi

kppkrtufaty tk dkftrkh bkr afeustry cfe dklpcfy ibbidts&

Af tmas stuey wi wahh usi cf knoidtavi prkeudtavaty licsuri -af tirls kb buhh dksts cfe

rivifuis! kb nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf& Pi stuey tk

wmct ixtift nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi dcf ni prieadtie ny kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( cfe

tmi ktmir wcy crkufe& Af tmi fixt sissakf wi wahh aftrkeudi tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

dkfdipt&

5&>&> Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti

îsicrdmirs bcdi c fulnir kb dkfdiptuch dmchhifìs af tmi licsurilift kb

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti -i&`& Wcttirskf( Pist( Tmcdjhitkf( Ecwskf( Hcwtmkl( Lcathas it ch&(

>779!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ribirs tk ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb


prcdtadis( cfe prkdieuris -Tdmfiaeir( 3117!& Tmcraf` licfs tmct tmiri as ifku`m

pirdiptuch c`riilift nitwiif afeavaeuch ilphkyiis( sk tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs dcf ni

trictie cs cf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih dkfstrudt -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!& Chtmku`m wi dcf

eibafi tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti dkfdipt cs smcrie ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb cspidts aftmiar wkrjaf` ifvarkflift( tmiri as stahh hatthi c`riilift kf tmi spidabad ihilifts kb cf

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti&

Af tmas dmcptir wi dmkksi tk cekpt bavi `hknch ealifsakfs? `kch ilpmcsas( licfs

ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt( cs dkllkf

ihilifts kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117!

crùie mkw tmisi bavi dkri ealifsakfs cdt cs pirbkrlcfdi riskurdis kb tmi wkrjaf`

ifvarkflift fiieie bkr kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Lkrikvir( tmisi kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti ihilifts cri cpphadcnhi cdrkss luhtaphi wkrj ifvarkflifts cfe strctiàd bkda&




15

Ceeatakfchhy( chh tmi bavi ealifsakfs cri ma`mhy rihivcft brkl cf M^ pirspidtavi cs wihh&

Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! ixphadathy eisdranie mkw sax M^ prcdtadis? maraf`( phcdaf`(

riwcreaf`( lkfatkraf`( eivihkpaf` cfe prklktaf` afbhuifdi tmi dhalcti ealifsakfs&

Nisaeis( Jkpihlcf it ch&‑s -3117! cpprkcdm as briquifthy usie af privakus stueais cs c

ncsas bkr ixphkraf` tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi( bkr ixclphi af brcliwkrjs kb Tpcrrkw ->773! cfe kb Uishuj( Mkblcff

cfe Sua`hiy ->77>!& Bafchhy( tmas cpprkcdm as chsk briquifthy usie bkr aftirpritaf`

ilparadchhy knsirvie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti dcti`krais -@ihcei " Aviry( >774!& Jkpihlcf

it ch& -3117? >12! eibafie tmi bavi dkri ihilifts cs bkhhkws?

3& @kch ilpmcsas — tmi ixtift tk wmadm lcfcìlift lcjis jfkwf tmi typis kb

kutdklis cfe stcfecres tmct ilphkyiis cri ixpidtie tk cddklphasm

>& Licfs ilpmcsas — tmi ixtift tk wmadm lcfcìlift lcjis jfkwf tmi

litmkes cfe prkdieuris tmct ilphkyiis cri ixpidtie tk usi af pirbkrlaf`

tmiar okns

4& îwcre kraiftctakf — tmi ixtift tk wmadm vcrakus kr`cfazctakfch riwcres cri

pirdiavie tk ni chhkdctie kf tmi ncsas kb okn pirbkrlcfdi

5& Ucsj suppkrt — tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmct tmiy cri niaf`

supphaie watm tmi lctirachs( iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis fidisscry tk

pirbkrl tmiar okns

9& Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt — tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmct tmiar

pirskfch wihbcri as prktidtie ny c jafe( dkfsaeircti( cfe ìfirchhy mulcfi

lcfcìlift

Chtmku`m tmi dkfstrudts cri cpphadcnhi cdrkss luhtaphi wkrj dkftixts( tmi dkftift

bkdus kb tmi ealifsakfs( af pcrtaduhcr kb tmi `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ealifsakfs as

rihctie tk tmi strctiàd bkdus af tmi wkrj dkftixt -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!& Af tmi

kr`cfazctakf stueaie miri quchaty bkdus as tmi lkst alpkrtcft strctiàd `kch bkr chh

nusafiss ufats( nut ct tmi scli tali ludm ilpmcsas as phcdie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf kf

ibbadaifthy eihaviraf` ma`m quchaty sirvadi tk dustklirs -^cnkncfj( >777!& Umiribkri( tmi

ealifsakfs kb `kch ilpmcsas cfe licfs ilpmcsas cri dklnafie aftk kfi ealifsakf

calie ct tmi strctiàd `kchs kb tmi nusafiss ufat cfe tmi wcy tmiy cri cdmaivie&

C sidkfe dmchhifì dhalcti risicrdmirs bcdi af tmi licsurilift kb kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti as wmitmir tk dklnafi tmi ealifsakfs aftk kfi ìfirch dhalcti afeix kr tk

afdhuei spidabad dhalcti ealifsakfs af tmi cfchysas& Af tmas stuey wi eidaeie tk afdhueitmi ealifsakfs kb kur dhalcti dkfstrudt sipcrctihy& Pi ricskfie tmct dkfstrudtaf` kfi




19

dhalcti afeix dkuhe maei rihctakfsmaps nitwiif spidabad dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe

prkeudtavaty& Lkrikvir( Kstrkbb it ch& ->774! crùie tmct tmiri as c fiie tk stuey tmi

rihctavi alpkrtcfdi kb dhalcti ealifsakfs bkr c `hknch ibbidtavifiss afeadctkr haji

prkeudtavaty& Tk( cpcrt bkrl stueyaf` tmi tilpkrch kreir( wi chsk afvista`cti tmi rihctavi

ibbidts kb bkur spidabad dhalcti ealifsakfs kf kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty& Af tmi fixt

sidtakf wi wahh easduss tmikritadch ixphcfctakfs bkr rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmi bkur

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

5&>&4 Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti , Wirbkrlcfdi ihctakfsmaps

Bkrwcre dcusctakf? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti hatircturi( usuchhy c dcusch earidtakf as cssulie wmiri c pksatavi

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti risuhts af ma`mir kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi vac ilphkyii

nimcvakrs -i&`& Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! mcvi prisiftie c lkeih

tmct lcjis lkri ixphadat tmi aftirvifaf` prkdissis nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe

kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty& Umiy prkpksi ”dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis‑ -pralcrahy wkrj

lktavctakf cfe okn sctasbcdtakf! cfe ”schaift kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs‑ haji cttcdmlift

-cttifeaf` cfe stcyaf` af tmi kr`cfazctakf!( okn pirbkrlcfdi -tcsjs af kfi‑s kr`cfazctakfch

rkhi! cfe datazifsmap -mihpbuh dkftranutakfs tmct cri fkt lcfectkry! cs hafjaf`

lidmcfasls&

Af hafi watm `kch sittaf` tmikrais( Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! ricskfie tmct `kch cfe

licfs ilpmcsas rieudi rkhi dkfbhadt cfe clnaùaty( cfe riwcre kraiftctakf sa`fchs tk

wkrjirs tmi dkfsiquifdis kb tmiar nimcvakrs( risuhtaf` af ilphkyii lktavctakf& Umisi

ealifsakfs prkvaei ilphkyiis watm jfkwhieì cnkut tmi `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf cfe

cnkut mkw tk cha`f tmiar nimcvakr& Tdmfiaeir -3109! crùie tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs dcf

sirvi cs c brcli kb ribirifdi bkr ùaeaf` cpprkpracti cfe cecptavi tcsj nimcvakrs& Af

ceeatakf( bcdahatctaf` pirbkrlcfdi tmrku`m c dkftixt wmiri `kchs cri dhicr( wkrj litmkes

cri lcei jfkwf( cfe riwcres cri cha`fie( ceiqucti riskurdis cfe suppkrtavi hiceirsmapcri fiieie tk bcdahatcti wkrj cddklphasmlift -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=: Tdmfiaeir( Nkwif(

Imrmcrt " Mkhdklni( >777: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Ucsj suppkrt rieudis pmysadch strcaf

cfe lktavctis ilphkyiis( nidcusi tmiy cri supphaie watm tmi fidisscry lctirachs(

iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis tk pirbkrl tmiar okns -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!& Af hafi

watm tmi kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt tmikry -^mkceis " Iasifnirìr( >77>!( Jkpihlcf it ch&

-3117! crùie tmct ilphkyiis‑ nihaibs tmct tmi kr`cfazctakf vchuis tmiar dkftranutakf cfe

dcris cnkut tmiar wihh,niaf` wahh dkftranuti tk tmiar kvirchh wihh,niaf`&




12

îsuhts kb c litc,cfchysas -Wcrjir( Nchtis( Qkuf`( Mubb( Chtlcff( Hcdkst( it ch&(

>774! afeadcti tmct tmi rihctakfsmap kb dhalcti watm pirbkrlcfdi as lieactie ny

ilphkyiis‑ wkrj cttatueis ct tmi afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas& Af ceeatakf( Acbbchecfk cfe

Ludmafsjy -31=9! cfe Oueì( Umkrisif( Nkfk cfe Wcttkf ->773! bkufe rihctakfsmaps

nitwiif okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi& Wksatavi wkrj cttatueis ek chsk ìfirchhy

prieadt watmercwch nimcvakr haji cnsiftiiasl -Ludmafsjy( 3100!( turfkvir -@rabbitm(

Mkl " @cirtfir( >777!( cfe datazifsmap -Kr`cf( 31==!& Burtmirlkri( Raswisvcrcf cfe

Kfis ->777! crùie af tmiar hatircturi kvirvaiw kb okn pirbkrlcfdi tmct watmercwch

nimcvakr dcf fi`ctavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi cfe

datazifsmap nimcvakr dcf pksatavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Chtmku`m wi wkf‑t

afvista`cti lieactaf` lidmcfasls miri( wi ixpidt af hafi watm tmi bkrwcre dmcaf kb

dcuschaty nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe prkeudtavaty tmct?

Mypktmisas 3c& @kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft 3 mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt

kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas 3n & îwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf

prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas 3d & Ucsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf


Mypktmisas 3e & Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf


îvirsi dcusctakf? Kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cbbidts kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umi pkssanahaty

tmct kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti -rivirsie dcuschaty! as

liftakfie af tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch duhturi hatircturi -Dkkji "

Tzulch( >777: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117! cfe af tmi M^L hatircturi -Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Taimh

cfe Lcrtaf -3117! crùie tmct kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats la`mt mcvi lkri riskurdis

cfe la`mt rivich c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af wkrjphcdi aftirviftakfs tmcf tmksi

kr`cfazctakfs tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats& @kecre ->773! afeiie bkufe tmct

kr`cfazctakfs watm lkri riskurdis alphilift lkri suddissbuhhy wkrjphcdi aftirviftakfs

tmcf kr`cfazctakfs watm biwir riskurdis&

Ma`m prkeudtavaty prkvaeis ilphkyiis watm tmi jfkwhieì tmct tmiar nrcfdm as

pirbkrlaf` wihh( cfe tmct at as cddklphasmaf` ats prkeudtavaty `kchs& Ct tmi scli tali tmas

sa`fchs tk ilphkyiis wmct tmi `kch kb tmi kr`cfazctakf as -af tmas stuey dustklir quchaty!

cfe at riafbkrdis tmi wcy mkw tmisi `kchs cri cdmaivie -af tmas stuey ibbadaifdy!& Cs crisuht at dcf ni ixpidtie tmct ma`m prkeudtavaty sdkris pksatavihy afbhuifdi tmi




10

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs licfs cfe `kch ilpmcsas& At as chsk crùie tmct

kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats pcy tmiar ilphkyiis lkri( yaiheaf` af ma`mir sdkris kf tmi

riwcre kraiftctakf ealifsakf -Tdmfiaeir( Mcfìs( Tlatm " Tchvc`àk( >774!& Ma`m

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi dcf pksatavihy afbhuifdi tmi tcsj suppkrt ealifsakf&

Kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`mir prkbats mcvi lkri rkkl bkr afvistlifts af lctirachs(

iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis& Nisaeis( lkfiy dcf ni afvistie cs c nubbir bkr

hkwiraf` tmi rasj kb ixdissavi wkrjhkces bkr afstcfdi ny maraf` tilpkrcry wkrjirs -Rcf

Rihemkvif( >779!& Af tmi scli wcy( ma`m prkeudtavaty dcf pksatavihy afbhuifdi skdak,

ilktakfch suppkrt: ma`m pirbkrlaf` kr`cfazctakfs mcvi ceeatakfch riskurdis cvcahcnhi tk

prktidt tmiar ilphkyiis‑ wihh,niaf`( afdhueaf` tmiar aftirpirskfch rihctakfsmaps&

Lkrikvir( ma`m kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi dkuhe chsk pksatavihy cbbidt ilphkyiis‑

pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis& Lkst ilphkyiis cri lktavctie ny pirskfch cs wihh cs

kr`cfazctakfch suddiss: ixdihhift nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi risuhts af biihaf`s kb praei

-Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779!& Cs c risuht ilphkyiis‑ ìfirch pirdiptakfs kb chh kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti ealifsakfs la`mt ni lkri pksatavihy nacsie& Tk( wi ixpidt tmct?

Mypktmisas >c & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf `kch cfe

licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas >n & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf riwcre

kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas >d & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf tcsj suppkrt

ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas >e & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf skdak,

ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft >

Nktm earidtakfs kb dcuschaty cri prisift ct tmi scli tali& Bafchhy( at as pkssanhi tmct nktm

prkdissis cs eisdranie cnkvi cri prisift ct tmi scli tali& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( mkwivir saluhtcfikushy kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as

afbhuifdie ny kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! celattie tmct tmiar

prkpksie lkeih as c salphabadctakf: tmiy eae fkt afdhuei biiencdj hkkps cfe ridaprkdch

rihctakfsmaps af tmiar lkeih& Oclis cfe Okfis -3102! prkpksie c dklphix brcliwkrj bkr

ixphkraf` rihctakfsmaps nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kutdklis& Af tmiar eitcahie

lkeih tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kutdklis as eisdranie cs cf

kpif systil( af wmadm ridaprkdch afbhuifdaf` kddurs& Kstrkbb it ch& ->774! chsk afdhueie

biiencdj hkkps af tmiar afti`rctie luhtahivih lkeih kb duhturi cfe dhalcti& Tdmfiaeir itch& ->774! prkpksie c ridursavi lkeih( af wmadm M^ prcdtadis afbhuifdi okn sctasbcdtakf(




1=

okn siduraty cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf tmrku`m kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( cfe af wmadm pcy

sctasbcdtakf mcs cf ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tmrku`m kr`cfazctakfch

datazifsmap nimcvakr& Pahiy cfe Nrkkjs ->777! prkpksie c ridursavi lkeih( af wmadm

dhalcti afbhuifdis pirbkrlcfdi( cfe pirbkrlcfdi sunsiquifthy afbhuifdis dhalcti& Af hafi

watm tmisi dkfdiptuch lkeihs wi ixpidt tmct?

Mypktmisas 4c & @kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft 3 mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt

kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3

mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas 4n & îwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf

prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs

c pksatavi ibbidt kf riwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas 4d & Ucsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf


c pksatavi ibbidt kf tcsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft >

Mypktmisas 4e & Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf


c pksatavi ibbidt kf skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft >

5&>&5 îsicrdm Eisa`f Assuis

Umi lkst privchift risicrdm eisa`f af tmi hatircturi as kfi wmiri kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti licsuris cri tcjif brkl tmi scli pirake cfe cri dkuphie watm bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi ectc eiravie brkl c pirake tmct kvirhcps kr pridieis tmi kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti licsuris -Wcttirskf it ch&( >775!& Mkwivir( tmas typi kb eisa`f ekis fkt chhkw cfy

dkfdhusakfs kf earidtakfs kb dcuschaty( safdi tilpkrch pridieifdi kb tmi dcusi as c

fidisscry dkfeatakf bkr dcusch afbirifdi -Dkkj " Dclpihh( 3101!& Af tmi fixt sidtakf wi

wahh àvi cf kvirvaiw kb skli ixdiptakfs tk tmas ìfirch risicrdm eisa`f a&i& tmi biw

hkfàtueafch stueais kf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti af rihctakf tk kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

Aeichhy( risicrdm quistakfs kf tilpkrch kreiraf` riquari nktm licsurilift kb

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi kvir tali& Pi ixpidt tmct wkrj ifvarkflifts

rilcaf tk c dirtcaf ixtift stcnhi cdrkss tali& Cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as bkrlie ny tmi

M^ prcdtadis kb tmi kr`cfazctakf -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!( wi ixpidt( af hafi watm

Tdmfiaeir( Nraib cfe @uzzk -3112!( tmct kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as eabbaduht tk dmcfì cfe

rctmir stcnhi& Lkrikvir( wi ixpidt tmct tmi rihctavi bafcfdach pksatakf kb nrcfdmis as

prieadtavi kb tmiar buturi bafcfdach pksatakf( alphyaf` stcnahaty& Af kreir tk dkftrkh bkr tmistcnahaty af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe prkeudtavaty sdkris( at as ridkllifeie tk lcji usi




11

kb c drkss,hc`ìe pcfih eisa`f af risicrdm kf tilpkrch kreir -_cpb( Ekrlcff " Brisi(

3112!& Af tmas wcy wi cri cnhi tk eitirlafi wmitmir c dmcfì af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

pridieis c dmcfì af pirbkrlcfdi& Bkur privakus stueais af tmas baihe lcei usi kb

luhtaphi ectc wcvis&

Nkrudja cfe Nurji -3111! stueaie 912 stkris kb c hcrì ritcah dklpcfy usaf` twk

wcvis kb ilphkyii cfe dustklir surviy ectc cfe bafcfdach stkri ectc& Umiy bkufe tmct

sirvadi dhalcti as prieadtavi kb schis pirskffih sirvadi pirbkrlcfdi( cfe schis pirskffih

sirvadi pirbkrlcfdi as prieadtavi kb stkri bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774!

usie ilphkyii cttatuei cfe bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ectc -^KC cfe IWT! brkl 49

dklpcfais kvir = yicrs& Umiy bkufe sa`fabadcft cfe stcnhi rihctakfsmaps bkr 4 kut kb 0

sdchis cdrkss vcrakus tali hc`s& Mkwivir( kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf cfe sctasbcdtakf watm

siduraty wiri prieadtie ny pcst pirbkrlcfdi lkri strkf`hy tmcf af tmi rivirsi cfchysas(

cfe sctasbcdtakf watm pcy ixmanatie c ridaprkdch rihctakfsmap watm pirbkrlcfdi licsuris&

Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! dkfdhueie af c stuey kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif c dhalcti bkr

sirvadi cfe sirvadi quchaty af 345 nrcfdmis kb c ncfj tmct tmiri as c ridaprkdch ibbidt

nitwiif c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe sirvadi quchaty& ^ycf it ch& -3112! ripkrtie c stuey tmct

usis ectc brkl 35> nrcfdmis af c dcr bafcfdi dklpcfy af twk dkfsidutavi yicrs& Umiy

bkufe sivirch sa`fabadcft rihctakfs nitwiif cttatuei bcdtkrs cfe pirbkrlcfdi watmaf

suddissavi yicrs( mkwivir tmiy ufixpidtiehy bkufe tmct dustklir sctasbcdtakf af yicr 3prieadtie ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf af yicr >( nut fkt vadi virsc&

Cddkreaf` tk _cpb( Ekrlcff cfe Brisi -3112! strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` as

supirakr tk navcracti dkrrihctakfs kr ri`rissakf cfchysis( nidcusi strudturch iquctakf

lkeihs chhkw saluhtcfikus istalctakf kb dcusch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif vcracnhis&

Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! kfhy ripkrtie navcracti dkrrihctakfs cfe eae fkt cpphy strudturch

iquctakf lkeihs& Nkrudja cfe Nurji -3111! cpphaie strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`( nut

tmiy kfhy tistie twk drkss,sidtakfch pctm lkeihs& Af tmas risicrdm cric( kfhy ^ycf it ch&

-3112! cfe Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! cpphaie sudm drkss,hc`ìe cfchysis usaf` HATÎH&

Wrivakus hkfàtueafch stueais kf tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi prkeudie laxie risuhts& Pi fiie

ct hicst twk wcvis kb ectc af kreir tk dkftrkh bkr stcnahaty af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe

pirbkrlcfdi sdkris& Tunsiquifthy( tmisi ectc fiie tk ni cfchyzie watm strudturch

iquctakf tidmfaquis tk ixclafi bkrwcre cfe rivirsi dcusctakf siquifdis saluhtcfikushy

wmahi dkftrkhhaf` tali > kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi licsuris bkr tali 3

licsuris& Umiribkri( tmi barst cal kb tmas stuey as tk cpphy cf cpprkpracti risicrdm eisa`f




377

af tmi M^L,dhalcti,pirbkrlcfdi baihe& C sidkfe dkftranutakf kb tmas stuey dkfdirfs tmi

licsurilift kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Pi dkfdiptuchazie kur dhalcti

dkfstrudt ncsie kf c waeihy usie brcliwkrj watm c ma`m ei`rii kb rihivcfdi brkl cf

M^L pkaft kb vaiw( cfe afvista`cti tmi ibbidts kb dhalcti ealifsakfs sipcrctihy&

Ceeatakfchhy( wi lcji usi kb cf knoidtavi pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkr& Bafchhy( wi wahh tist kur

mypktmisis watm strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`& Chh tmrii mypktmisis cri sullcrazie af

Baùri 3&

@kch " Licfs ilpmcsas

îwcre kraiftctakf

Ucsj suppkrt

Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt

Wrkeudtavaty


îwcre kraiftctakf

Ucsj suppkrt


Wrkeudtavaty

Uali pkaft 3 Uali pkaft >

3c

>n

Baùri 3& îsicrdm lkeihFktis? 3c? bkrwcre dmcaf kb dcuschaty( >n? rivirsie dmcaf kb dcuschaty

5&4 Litmkes

5&4&3 Dkftixt

Umas stuey usie ectc brkl c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf af tmi Fitmirhcfes(

kpirctaf` kf tmi ncsas kb dkkpirctavi prafdaphis& Umi hcrìst pcrt kb tmas kr`cfazctakf

dkfsasts kb cpprkxalctihy 477 hkdch nrcfdmis watm 49(777 ilphkyiis& Umi bcdt tmct at as c

dkkpirctavi licfs tmct lcfy pirskffih rihctie bcdtkrs cri dkkreafctie ny tmi diftrch

kr`cfazctakf( nut ct tmi scli tali nrcfdmis mcvi dkfsaeircnhi hiiwcy af tmi wcy tmiy

lcfcì pirskffih assuis&

Af >777 tmi kr`cfazctakf aftrkeudie c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb lcfcìlift

systil bkr tmrii lcokr crics? bafcfdi( dustklir cfe ilphkyii -Jcphcf " Fkrtkf( 3112:Wcyfi( Mkht " Brkw( >773!( af kreir tk prkvaei nrcfdmis watm suatcnhi lcfcìlift




373

afbkrlctakf& Af tmas sdkridcre bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl knoidtavi

riàstrctakfs kb bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs( dustklir afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl rkutafi

lcrjit risicrdm cdtavatais( cfe ilphkyii afbkrlctakf as `ctmirie ny licfs kb surviy

risicrdm cfe knoidtavi riàstrctakf kf pirskffih&

5&4&> Tunoidts

Turviy ectc brkl >777,>779 wiri usie tk licsuri kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& 303

nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie twk talis af tmi ilphkyii surviy euraf` tmas pirake -watm c

lcxalul kb tmrii yicrs nitwiif tmi ilphkyii surviys!& Umi cvircì aftirvch nitwiif

tmi ilphkyii surviys as >5 lkftms -watm c stcfecre eivactakf kb 0&3!& Ct tali pkaft 3

-U3! quistakffcari ectc kb 35(500 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi bkr tmi 303 nrcfdmis af tmas

stuey -4= pirdift kb tmi tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >773!& Umi cvircì rispkfsi rcti af

tmi sipcrcti ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Umi cvircì fulnir

kb rispkfeifts af tmi nrcfdmis wcs =5&0& Ct tali pkaft > -U>! quistakffcari ectc kb

35(=27 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi bkr tmi 303 nrcfdmis af tmas stuey -54 pirdift kb tmi

tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >774!& Umi cvircì rispkfsi rcti af tmi sipcrcti ilphkyii

surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvircì fulnir kb rispkfeifts af tmi

nrcfdmis wcs =2&1&

Chtmku`m pcrtadapctaf` af tmi ilphkyii surviy systil as ridkllifeie ny tmi

diftrch kr`cfazctakf( nktm nrcfdmis cfe afeavaeuchs cri brii tk pcrtadapcti af tmi ilphkyii

surviy& Uk afvista`cti pkssanhi sihidtavaty kb tmi sclphi( wi dmidjie riprisiftctavifiss

kb tmi sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs kb >774! ct tmi nrcfdm cfe afeavaeuch hivih&

Ct tmi nrcfdm hivih( riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch pkpuhctakf af tmi

kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb riàkf af tmi Fitmirhcfes cfe af tirls kb nrcfdm

sazi& Ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs dmidjie bkr cì dhcss -bavi hivihs? >9

yicrs cfe nihkw( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99 yicrs cfe

kheir! fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -nihkw 42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( cnkvi 42 mkurs! cfeìfeir& Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch

kr`cfazctakf ct nktm tali pkafts af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis liftakfie& Bkr icdm dcti`kry

kb tmisi vcracnhis tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi pkpuhctakf wcs fkt hcrìr

tmcf 9 pirdift&

5&4&4 Licsuris

Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Pi sihidtie bavi ilphkyii surviy sdchis bkr tmi licsurilift

kb tmi bavi dkllkf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs? `kch ilpmcsas( licfs ilpmcsas(riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt( cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&




37>

Cs c licsuri bkr `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas wi usie c quchaty kraiftctakf cfe `kch

ibbidtavifiss sdchi& Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf

Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei Patti " Ncst( 3112! cfe tmi quchaty sdchi cfe tmi ribhixavaty sdchi

kb tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!( ncsie kf tmi dklpitaf`

vchuis cpprkcdm ny Suaff -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Ilphkyiis cri csjie tk ivchucti

tmiar nusafiss ufat( af hafi watm prakr risicrdm ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=!&

Pi licsurie riwcre kraiftctakf watm c pcy sctasbcdtakf sdchi( cs dkllkf af

dklpcrcnhi risicrdm -@ihcei " Aviry( >774!& Ilphkyiis ivchucti tmi ixtift tk wmadm

riwcres cri chhkdctie af rihctakf tk tmiar okn pirbkrlcfdi& Umas sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny

Rcf Rihemkvif cfe Liaolcf -3115!& Atil dkftift `kis ncdj tk Tlatm( Jifechh cfe

Muhaf -3121! cfe Mcdjlcf cfe Khelcf -3109!& Umi rispkfeift as csjie tk ivchucti

durrift pcy af sivirch wcys( afdhueaf` skdach dklpcraskf&

Pi sihidtie tmi wkrj spiie cfe qucftaty sdchi tk licsuri tmi tcsj suppkrt

ealifsakf& Umi sihidtakf kb tmas sdchi ristradtie tmi dkftift tk tmi qucftaty cfe

cvcahcnahaty kb tali bkr wkrj cs afeadctkr bkr tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmct

tmiy cri niaf` supphaie watm tmi lctirachs( iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis fidisscry tk

pirbkrl tmiar okns& Aeichhy( wi wkuhe mcvi hajie tk afdhuei tmi cvcahcnahaty kb chh tmisi

riskurdis af kur stuey& Mkwivir( tmi cvcahcnahaty kb tali as tmi lkst alpkrtcft riskurdi

bkr Eutdm ilphkyiis& Rcf Rihemkvif cfe Liaolcf -3115! dkfstrudtie tmas sdchi( ncsiekf icrhair wkrj ny Jcrcsij -31=9!& Atil dkftift as eieadctie tk psydmkskdach okn

eilcfes( nut kfhy af c qucftatctavi sifsi? mkw ludm wkrj as tmiri( cfe af mkw ludm

tali ekis at mcvi tk ni ekfi; Lkri risicrdm kf tmas sdchi dcf ni bkufe af stueais kb Ei

Drkkf( Thuatir( Nhkfj( Nrkirsif cfe Braf`s,Erisif ->775! cfe Rcf Qpirif cfe Ocfssif

->77>!&

Cs c licsuri bkr skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt wi usie c pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap

sdchi& Umas sdchi licsurie tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis cri trictie watm rispidt ny tmiar

supirvaskrs ny smkwaf` afeavaeuchazie dkfsaeirctakf& Umi sdchi as dkfstrudtie ny Eif

Mcrtk` -3110!( wmk cecptie at brkl tmi LHS ny Ncss cfe Cvkhak -31=1!& Ilphkyiis cri

csjie tk dkllift kf tmi `ifirch tifeifdy kb tmiar hiceir tk `avi tmil pirskfch cttiftakf

cfe tk staluhcti tmil&

Af Ucnhi 3( psydmklitrad afbkrlctakf kf tmi bavi surviy sdchis as hastie& Umi Ucnhi

afdhueis tmi fulnir kb atils( tmi fulnir kb rispkfsi dcti`krais( cfe sdchi rihacnahaty

-Drkfncdm‑s chpmc!& Bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchis wiri usie tk afeadcti tmi ixtift kb

c`riilift watm c stctilift -A dklphitihy c`rii( A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct




374

easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchis wiri usie bkr cf ivchuctakf

af tirls kb briquifdy -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!&

Ucnhi > dkftcafs sclphi quistakfs bkr chh tmi bavi surviy sdchis& Uk icsi

aftirpritctakf( chh surviy vcracnhis mcvi niif sdkrie af sudm wcy tmct ma`m sdkris afeadcti

c satuctakf tmct as ìfirchhy dkfsaeirie bcvkrcnhi tk tmi ilphkyii&

C``ri`ctakf& Af kreir tk ni cnhi tk spicj kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( wi fiie tk dmidj

tmi pirdiptuch c`riilift af tmi nrcfdmis -Dmcf( 311=!& Umas as tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs sdkris cri smcrie watmaf c nusafiss ufat& Pi dchduhctie

twk aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs tk tist wmitmir wi dcf c``ri`cti tmi afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs

aftk licfaf`buh nrcfdm,hivih dkfstrudts -sii Ucnhi 3!&

Ucnhi 3& Tdchi Dmcrcdtirastads

Tdchi Atils Cfswirdcti`krais

Chpmcîhacnahaty ADD 3 ADD > U3 U> U3 U> U3 U>

Suchaty kraiftctakf 4 9 &02 &05 &707 &707 &=0 &=0@kch ibbidtavifiss 4 9 &09 &04 &707 &70> &=2 &=0Wcy sctasbcdtakf 9 5 &=4 &=9 &750 &7>5 &=3 &2=Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap 9 9 &1> &1> &757 &741 &0= &00Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj 33 5 &=1 &=1 &742 &750 &02 &=3

ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch sdkris cttranutcnhi tk

tmi nrcfdm -Jhiaf( Nhaisi( Jkzhkwsja( Ecfsiricu( @cvaf( @rabbaf it ch&( >777!& ADD3

vchuis cri rcfàf` brkl &7> tk &70( alphyaf` tmct >,0 pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af afeavaeuch

sdkris eipifes kf tmi nrcfdm& Bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis tmi clkuft kb

vcracfdi af afeavaeuch sdkris as hcrìhy ixphcafie ny bcdtkrs ktmir tmcf tmi nrcfdm& Umi

aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cri dklpcrcnhi watm tmi hkwist aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs ripkrtie af

privakus stueais -@ihcei cfe Aviry( >774: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774!&

Patm tmi fulnir kb afeavaeuch rispkfeifts cvcahcnhi brkl tmas stuey at wcs bkufe

tmct bkr chh kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdkris tmi vcracfdi dklpkfifts cttranutcnhi tk tmi

nrcfdm vcracnhi wiri stctastadchhy sa`fabadcft af c B,tist - p 8& 773!& Pi dcf tmiribkri

cssuli tmct rihacnhi licf squcri vchuis bkr nrcfdmis cri stahh pkssanhi( ivif ab ADD3

vchuis cri rctmir slchh -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi

rihacnahaty kb tmi licf nrcfdm sdkris& Umas pcrclitir as dchduhctie kf tmi ncsas kb tmi

licf squcri nitwiif nrcfdmis cfe tmi licf squcri watmaf nrcfdmis& Rchuis cnkvi &07

cri dkfsaeirie `kke: vchuis cnkvi &97 cri eiilie tkhircnhi -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Umi ADD>

vchuis kb tmi kr cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cri cnkvi tmi &97 dratirakf&




375

Ucnhi >& Tclphi Suistakfs

Tdchi Tclphi quistakf

Suchaty kraiftctakf Umas dklpcfy cals ct cdmaivaf` ma`m quchaty prkeudts

bkr kur aftirfch cfe ixtirfch dustklirs

@kch ibbidtavifissAf ìfirch( at as cssissie tk wmct ixtift `kchs mcvi niifcdmaivie

Wcy sctasbcdtakfEk yku tmafj tmct yku cri bcarhy pcae af dklpcraskf

watm ktmirs af tmas kr`cfazctakf

Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmapLy hiceir tricts li cs cf afeavaeuch rctmir tmcf oust clilnir kb tmi `rkup

Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj Ek yku wkrj ufeir tali prissuri dkfstrcafts

Kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wrkeudtavaty wcs kpirctakfchazie af tmas stuey ny c yicrhy

”nrcfdm prkbat pir BUI afeix‑& Wrkbats cri kpirctakfchazie cs `rkss prkbats lafus riturfs

kf iquaty& Pi dmksi tmas pcrclitir nidcusi tmas pcrclitir as fkt afbhuifdie ny

eabbirifdis af schis + dksts kb tmi nrcfdmis( cfe nidcusi tmas pcrclitir kfhy ribhidts tmct

pcrt kb prkbat tmct as fkt rihctie tk riturfs kf iquaty& Umi fulnir kb buhh,tali iquavchifdi

-BUI! as istcnhasmie kf tmi cvircì ncsas kb fulnir kb BUI bkr tmi dkfdirfie yicr&

Nktm pcrclitirs cri cvcahcnhi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih brkl riùhcr yicrhy ripkrts watmaf tmi

kr`cfazctakf prkvaeie ny tmi bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh + M^ eipcrtlift& Umisi ripkrts cri

ncsie kf knoidtavi riàstrctakfs kb bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs cfe pirskffih&

5&4&5 Ttctastadch Cfchysas

Chh mypktmisis wiri tistie watm strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` usaf` CLKT 2& Af

dkfsaeirctakf kb tmi fulnir kb dhalcti ealifsakfs dklpcrie tk tmi fulnir kb dcsis( wi

eidaeie tk afdhuei tmi vchae cfe rihacnhi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cs lcfabist

vcracnhis af kur lkeih& Pi dkftrkhhie bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch nitwiif tmi twk

ilphkyii surviys watmaf c nusafiss ufat -licsurie af lkftms!& Pi cssuli tmct tmi

hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch wahh ni pksatavihy rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe

pirbkrlcfdi sdkris ct tali pkaft >( eui tk tmi bcvkrcnhi lcrjit dkfeatakfs euraf` tmi

risicrdm pirake& C sirais kb drkss,hc`ìe lkeihs -Dkkj " Dclpnihh( 3101! ifcnhie us tk

ixclafi tmi tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

ealifsakfs cfe pirbkrlcfdi&

Barst c lkeih watm tilpkrch stcnahatais wcs spidabaie -L3!( wmadm afdhueie kfhy

ibbidts nitwiif vcracnhis licsurie ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >& Umi ixtift tk wmadm




379

vcracnhis ct tali pkaft 3 cri prieadtavi kb vcracnhis ct tali pkaft > as eitirlafie& Umas

stcnahaty lkeih wcs dklpcrie watm tmrii lkri dklphix lkeihs&

3& C lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft 3 tk

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft > -L>( ribhidtaf` mypktmisis 3!>& C lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft 3 tk

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft > -L4( ribhidtaf` mypktmisis >!

4& C lkeih watm nktm ibbidts saluhtcfikushy -L5( ribhidtaf` mypktmisis 4!

Umi risicrdm cpprkcdm as prisiftie af Baùri 3& Baùri 3 as c salphabaie lkeih& Icdm

ifekìfkus vcracnhi mcs cf irrkr tirl wmadm as fkt eipadtie& Tidkfehy( wi eae fkt eipadt

dkvcractis nitwiif tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdkris cfe prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft 3 cfe

tmi irrkr tirls chhkdctie watm U> licsurilift& Bafchhy( wi afdhueie tali aftirvch cs cdkftrkh vcracnhi( safdi wi cssuli tmct tali aftirvch wcs rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

cfe pirbkrlcfdi sdkris ct tali pkaft >&

Bkur afeadctkrs kb bat wiri usie tk cssis tmi lkeih tistie( afdhueaf` π>( rkkt licf

squcri irrkr kb cpprkxalctakf -^LTIC!( ceoustie `kkefiss kb bat afeix -C@BA!( cfe

Nifthir‑s dklpcrctavi bat afeix -DBA!( cs eisdranie ny Nyrfi ->773!& C fkf,sa`fabadcft π>(

C@BA cfe DBA vchuis cnkvi &17( cfe ^LTIC vchuis nihkw &79 afeadcti `kke bat nitwiif

lkeih cfe ectc& π> `kkefiss,kb,bat stctastads cri usie tk dklpcri tmi eabbirift dklpitaf`

lkeihs& Umi eabbirifdi af π>,vchuis af dklnafctakf watm tmi eabbirifdi af ei`riis kb

briiekl nitwiif tmi sipcrcti lkeihs as tistie c`cafst tmi dratadch vchuis kb tmi π>

eastranutakf( tk eitirlafi wmitmir ceeaf` kr eihitaf` strudturch pctms risuhts af c

sa`fabadcft alprkvilift kr eidhafi af lkeih bat& Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts as

eitirlafie ny dklpcraf` tmi prkncnahaty hivih - p ! brkl tmi Dratadch ^ctak -D&^&! — wmadm

as dchduhctie ny eavaeaf` tmi pcrclitir istalcti ny ats stcfecre irrkr , watm c sa`fabadcfdi

hivih kb &79&

5&5 îsuhts

5&5&3 Eisdraptavis

Ucnhi 4 smkws tmi licfs cfe stcfecre eivactakfs ct nktm tali pkafts kb tmi

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cfe prkbats+BUI& Ucnhi 4 smkws tmct tmi licf sdkri bkr tmi

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( cfe tcsj

suppkrt afdricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts( wmahi tmi licf sdkri bkr tmi skdak,

ilktakfch suppkrt ealifsakf eidricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Ct tali pkaft 3




372

-cvircì prkbats+BUI kb >4(>13 Iurks+BUI! tmi nrcfdmis pirbkrlie wkrsi tmcf ct tali

pkaft > -cvircì prkbats+BUI kb 44(>32 Iurks+BUI!&

Ucnhi 4 smkws tmi aftirdkrrihctakfs nitwiif tmi vcracnhis usie af tmas stuey& Umi

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cri lkeirctihy tk ma`mhy stcnhi cdrkss tali -&49 , &2>!(

alphyaf` lkeircti tk strkf` stcnahaty af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umi navcracti dkrrihctakf

nitwiif tmi prkeudtavaty sdkris ct U3 cfe U> as &2>( su`ìstaf` tmct tmi bafcfdach pksatakf

ct U3 as afeiie prieadtavi kb tmi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>& Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

ealifsakfs( ixdipt skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt chh dkrrihcti watm prkeudtavaty ct kfi tali

pkaft kr ct nktm tali pkafts& Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cri lkeirctihy -&49!

tk ma`mhy aftirdkrrihctie -&24! ct nktm tali pkafts& Umi dkrrihctakf nitwiif tmi

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt

cri rilcrjcnhy ma`m -&24: &99!& Umas as ivif lkri fktiwkrtmy dkfsaeiraf` tmi dkrrihctakfs

nitwiif tmisi twk ealifsakfs cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >? Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt

as fi`ctavihy -fkf,sa`fabadcft! dkrrihctie watm prkeudtavaty( wmirics `kch cfe licfs

ilpmcsas as pksatavihy dkrrihctie watm prkeudtavaty&



U c n h i 4 & E i s d r a p t a v i s c f e D k r r i h c t a k f s

R c r a c n h i

L i c f

T E

3

>

4

5

9

2

0

=

1

3 7

3 & W r k

e u d t a v a t y 3

> 4 & > 1 c

3 > & 3 5 c

> & W r k

e u d t a v a t y >

4 4 & > > c

3 5 & 3 1 c & 2 3 = / /

4 & @ k

c h " L i c f s i l p m c s a s 3

2 = & = >

9 & 9 2

& > > > / /

& > > 4 / /

5 & @ k

c h " L i c f s i l p m c s a s >

0 7 & 2 5

9 & > 0

& 3 1 = / /

& 4 9 1 / /

& 9 7 = / /

9 & ^ i w c r e k r a i f t c t a k f 3

9 9 & 3 5

9 & = 2

& 7 0 7

& > 1 5 / /

& 4 > 3 / /

& > 4 1 / /

2 & ^ i w c r e k r a i f t c t a k f >

9 = & = 2

5 & 4 5

& 7 4 7

& 3 1 > /

& 3 7 3

& > 3 5 / /

& 2 3 2 / /

0 & T k d

a k , i l k t a k f c h s u p p k r t 3

0 9 & > =

9 & 5 >

, & 3 3 =

, & 7 = 4

& 2 4 7 / /

& > 5 9 / /

& 4 > = / / &

3 = 1 /

= & T k d

a k , i l k t a k f c h s u p p k r t >

0 5 & 2 5

9 & > 2

, & 3 3 3

& 7 > 4

& > 5 = / /

& 9 5 9 / /

& 3 4 2

& > 3 2 / /

& 4 5 1 / /

1 & U c s

j s u p p k r t 3

9 2 & 0 >

4 & 5 4

& > 1 5 / /

& > 4 3 / /

& 7 1 =

& 7 2 5

& 3 9 9 / &

3 > 3

& 7 7 2

& 7 > >

3 7 & U c s j s u p p k r t >

9 2 & 1 7

4 & 1 0

& 3 > 2

& 7 9 =

, & 7 4 9

& 7 > =

, & 7 9 2

& 3 2 5 /

& 7 7 9

& 3 4 2

& 5 4 = / /

3 3 & A f

t i r v c h

> 5 & 7 7

0 & 7 9

, & 3 2 > /

& 7 9 1

& 7 > 9

, & 3 > 4

& 3 7 1

& 7 1 9

& 7 1 5

, & 7 1 1

& 7 > 4

, & > 7 2 / /

F k t i s ? c ^ i p k r t i e a f t m k u s c f e s k b I u r k s p i r B U I / / p

8 7 & 7 3 / p

8 7 & 7 9

F < 3 0 3




37=

5&5&> Lkeih Dklpcraskfs

Ucnhi 5 smkws cf kvirvaiw kb tmi dklpitaf` lkeihs& Umi eabbirift fistie lkeihs

wiri dklpcrie ny c π> eabbirifdi tist&

Ucnhi 5& Lkeih DklpcraskfsLkeih π> eb Dklpcraskf ∂π> ∂eb 3& Ttcnahaty 5=&51 >9>& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti U3↞Wrkeudtavaty U> >=&43 >3 L3 vs& L> >7&3=/ 54& Wrkeudtavaty U3↞Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti U> 5>&>9 >3 L3 vs& L4 2&>5 55& Nktm ibbidts >>&9= 30 L3 vs& L5 >9&13/ =

L> vs& L5 9&04 5L4 vs& L5 31&20/ 5

Barst( wi dklpcrie tmi stcnahaty lkeih -L3! cfe tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > -L>!&

Umi π> eabbirifdi tists smkwie tmct tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi lkeihs wcs sa`fabadcft -∂

π> -5! < >7&3=( p 8 &79!( alphyaf` tmct tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

ealifsakfs tk prkeudtavaty nittir cddkufts bkr tmi ectc tmcf tmi lkeih watm kfhy

stcnahatais& Tunsiquifthy( wi dklpcrie tmi stcnahaty lkeih -L3! watm c lkeih watm ibbidts

brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft >

-L4!& Lkeih bat eae fkt alprkvi ab ibbidts brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft > wiri ceeie -∂ π> -5! < 2&>5( p 6 &79!&Nisaeis( fk sa`fabadcft ibbidts wiri bkufe nitwiif prkeudtavaty -U3! cfe tmi dhalcti

ealifsakfs -U>!& Cppcrifthy( tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft > wiri

fkt strkf`hy afbhuifdie ny prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3& Umi lkeih watm nktm ibbidts

saluhtcfikushy afdhueie -L5! risuhtie af c sa`fabadcft alprkvilift dklpcrie tk tmi

stcnahaty lkeih -L3! -∂ π> -=! < >9&13( p 8 &79!& Mkwivir( lkeih bat eae fkt alprkvi

wmif wi afdhueie ibbidts brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct

tali pkaft > -L5! af dklpcraskf tk tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct

tali pkaft 3 tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > -L>! -∂ π> -5! < 9&04( p 6 &79!& C`caf( fk

sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri istcnhasmie nitwiif prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tmi

dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft >& Lkrikvir( wi bkufe c sa`fabadcft eabbirifdi af lkeih

bat nitwiif tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti ct tali pkaft > -L4! cfe tmi buhh lkeih -L5! -∂ π> -5! < 31&20( p 6 &79!? ceeatakf

kb ibbidts nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft 3 cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >

risuhtie af cf alprkvie lkeih bat&




371

Af dkfdhusakf( wi bkufe ivaeifdi tmct tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > nist ribhidts tmi ectc

dklpcrie tk tmi ktmir fistie lkeihs( tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmi pcrsalkfy prafdaphi& Fk

sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe nitwiif prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tmi

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft > -af tmi rivirsie dcusctakf lkeih -L4!

cfe af tmi lkeih wmadm afdhueie nktm ibbidts -L5!!& Umas bkrwcre dcusctakf lkeih mce

rihctavihy `kke bat dmcrcdtirastads -π> < >=&43( p < &347 eb < >3: C@BA < &13: DBA < &11

^LTIC < &759!& Baùri > prisifts tmi sa`fabadcft stcfecreazie dkibbadaifts kb lkeih >&

&73


îwcre kraiftctakf

Ucsj suppkrt


Wrkeudtavaty


îwcre kraiftctakf

Ucsj suppkrt


Wrkeudtavaty

&9>/

&2>/

&41/

&55/

&92/

Uali pkaft 3 Uali pkaft >

,&3=/

&>4/

&34*

Baùri >& Umi bafch lkeih watm stcfecreazie dkibbadaifts -Lkeih >!Fktis? Ta`fabadcft dkvcracfdis cri fkt eipadtie * p 8 7&37 / p 8 7&79 F < 303

Cs dcf ni siif brkl Baùri >( tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfsilpmcsas - ξ < &34( p 8 &37!( cfe riwcre kraiftctakf - ξ < &>4( p 8 &79! mcvi c pksatavi

ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty& Umas suppkrts mypktmisis 3c cfe 3n? nrcfdmis watm rihctavihy ma`m

sdkris kf `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe riwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft 3 smkwie ma`mir

prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakf skdak,ilktakfch

suppkrt mcs c sa`fabadcft fi`ctavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty - ξ < ,&3=( p 8 &79!& Mypktmisas 3e

stctaf` c pksatavi ibbidt wcs rioidtie( cs nrcfdmis watm rihctavihy ma`m sdkris kf skdak,

ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 smkwie hkwir prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Ucsj

suppkrt mce fk sa`fabadcft ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty - ξ < &73( p < &=7!& Mypktmisas 3d stctaf`




337

c pksatavi ibbidt kb tcsj suppkrt kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > wcs tmiribkri rioidtie&

Umi dkftrkh vcracnhi tali aftirvch mce sa`fabadcft ibbidts kf prkeudtavaty( cfe kf tmrii

ealifsakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& C hkfìr tali aftirvch nitwiif twk licsuris

risuhtie af ma`mir prkeudtavaty - ξ < &34!( afeadctavi kb tmi bcvkrcnhi lcrjit dkfeatakfs& Af

ceeatakf tk tmas c hkfìr tali aftirvch mce c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

sdkris `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas - ξ < ,&35!( skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt - ξ < ,&34!( cfe tcsj

suppkrt - ξ < ,&35!& Umisi ibbidts cri fkt eipadtie af Baùri >&

Af sullcry( wi bkufe ivaeifdi bkr ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti tk

prkeudtavaty& Af hafi watm mypktmisis 3c cfe 3n? tmi dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs

ilpmcsas( cfe riwcre kraiftctakf mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty& Mkwivir( skdak,

ilktakfch suppkrt mcs c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty -mypktmisas 3e!( cfe bkr tcsj

suppkrt fk ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty wcs bkufe -mypktmisas 3d!& Pi bkufe fk ivaeifdi bkr

ibbidts kb prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > kf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft 3

-mypktmisis >! kr nktm ibbidts saluhtcfikushy -mypktmisis 4!&

5&9 Easdussakf

Umas stuey calie tk ixphkri tmi tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Ysaf` hkfàtueafch ilphkyii surviy cfe

knoidtavi kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ectc wi bkufe strkf` ivaeifdi bkr bkrwcre

dcusctakf( af wmadm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 afbhuifdis

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft >& Kur bafeaf`s cri af hafi watm tmi prkpksie

tilpkrch kreir af dhalcti hatircturi -i&`& Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&

Dklpcrie tk ktmir hkfàtueafch stueais -^ycf it ch&( 3112: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=:

Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774! wi knsirvie hiss afvirsi rihctakfs& Cf ixphcfctakf la`mt hai af tmi

risicrdm dkftixt& Pi dklpcrie nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi hcrì dkkpirctavi kr`cfazctakf&

Ispidachhy af tmas kr`cfazctakf( ma`m pirbkrlaf` nusafiss ufats la`mt fkt aftrkeudi ixtrc

M^ prcdtadis kr wkrj systils( safdi tmisi pkhadais cri diftrchhy crrcfìe cfe tmiribkri

saluhtcfikushy alphiliftie af chh tmi nusafiss ufats& Tk( tmi nusafiss ufats mcvi halatie

kptakfs wmif alphiliftaf` kr`cfazctakfch, cfe wkrj,rihctie dmcfìs& Mkwivir(

sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi wiri bkufe&

Umi hcrìst pcrt kb tmi ixphcafie vcracfdi af prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft > as

cttranutcnhi tk tmi prkbats+BUI kf tali pkaft 3& Af hafi watm kur ixpidtctakfs tmi

bafcfdach pksatakf ct U3 as quati prieadtavi bkr tmi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>& Fivirtmihiss(

bkur kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdkris cfe kur dkftrkh vcracnhi hif`tm kb tali aftirvchdkhhidtavihy cddkuftie bkr 37 pirdift kb ceeatakfch ixphcafie vcracfdi( wmadm as c




333

sunstcftach pcrt -dchduhctie ny rieudaf` tmi tktch pirdiftcì kb ixphcafie vcracfdi watm

tmi pirdiftcì kb ixphcafie vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk stcnahaty af prkbats+BUI!& Pi smkuhe

richazi tmct wi ixclafi wmitmir kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct U3 risuhts af c prkeudtavaty

afdricsi& Ucjaf` tmas aftk cddkuft wi dcf dkfsaeir tmi ibbidts bkufe cs na`& Umi ibbidts

cri strkfìr tmcf wi ixpidtie kf tmi ncsas kb dklpcrcnhi stueais& Umi clkuft kb

ixphcafie vcracfdi as hkwir tmcf ripkrtie af drkss,sidtakfch stueais af bafcfdach sirvadis

kr`cfazctakfs -@ihcei " Aviry( >774: Ncrtih( >775!& Mkwivir( dklpcrie tk ^ycf it ch&‑s

-3112! hkfàtueafch stuey watm c salahcr tali aftirvch kb twk yicrs( af wmadm fk sa`fabadcft

ixphcafie vcracfdi af salahcr pirbkrlcfdi kutdklis wcs bkufe( kur stuey smkws ludm

strkfìr risuhts&

Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe riwcre

kraiftctakf nktm mce pksatavi ibbidts kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Cddkreaf` tk

Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! wi aftirpritie tmas tk licf tmct tmi lkri lcfcìlift pkafts

kut tmi typi kb kutdklis cfe stcfecres ilphkyiis cri ixpidtie tk cddklphasm cfe tmi

lkri riwcres cri chhkdctie kf tmi ncsas kb okn pirbkrlcfdi( tmi ma`mir tmi prkeudtavaty&

Dkftrcry tk kur ixpidtctakfs( wi bkufe tmct tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakf

skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt mcs c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wcyaf`

cttiftakf tk ilphkyiis‑ pirskfch fiies as pirmcps fi`ctavihy rihctie watm prkeudtavaty(

nidcusi tmas as csskdactie watm afdricsie pikphi,kraiftie afvistlifts& Ttiafir -310>( afKstrkbb " Tdmlatt( 3114! crùie tmct c strkf` ilpmcsas kf skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt lcy

ni ct tmi dkst kb prkeudtavaty( nidcusi prkeudtavaty riskurdis cri eavirtie tkwcre pikphi,

kraiftie cdtavatais& Chsk( af tmas stuey wi fktadie tmct nrcfdmis wmadm pcae lkri cttiftakf

tk pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap lcei hiss prkbat& C pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap styhi as

pirmcps csskdactie watm hiss bkdus kf pirbkrlcfdi( cfe lkri tkhircfdi kb pkkr

pirbkrlcfdi af dklpcraskf tk c trcfscdtakfch hiceirsmap styhi -Ncss " Cvkhak( 31=1!&

Cfktmir pkssanhi ixphcfctakf as kb c lkri dkfdiptuch fcturi& Ma`m pirdiavie skdak,

ilktakfch suppkrt af cf kr`cfazctakf dcf ni dkfsaeirie tk ni c dmcrcdtirastad kb c mulcf

rihctakfs dhalcti( wmadm as pralcrahy earidtie ct ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Wcttirskf it ch&(

>779!& @avaf` lkri prakraty tk ilphkyii wihbcri cfe wihh,niaf` tmrku`m skdak,ilktakfch

suppkrt lcy mclpir tmi pursuat kb prkeudtavaty -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!&

Pi bkufe fk sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmap nitwiif tcsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft >& Af tmas stuey( tcsj suppkrt as licsurie watm c

qucftaty kb cfe cvcahcnahaty kb tali bkr wkrj sdchi( cs lkst alpkrtcft riskurdi bkr Eutdm

ilphkyiis -Rcf Eif Nkssdmi( Mupjifs( Ei îi " Tluheirs( >772!& Cf ixphcfctakf as




33>

rihctie tk tmi eibafatakf kb tcsj suppkrt& Cddkreaf` tk Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! tcsj

suppkrt as eibafie cs tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi kr`cfazctakf prkvaeis ilphkyiis watm

riskurdis tmct cri fidisscry tk pirbkrl tmiar okns& Wirmcps tmas afeadctis c lafalch hivih

kb tcsj suppkrt -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >777!& Umus( lafalul hivihs kb tcsj suppkrt cri

fidisscry bkr wkrj cddklphasmlift( nut ma`mir hivihs kb tcsj suppkrt mcvi fk ceeatakfch

pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts&

5&9&3 Halatctakfs

Umi barst halatctakf dkfdirfs tmi wcy tmi hkfàtueafch ectc dkuphaf` as ekfi af tmas

stuey& Ectc wiri dkuphie kf c yicrhy ncsas& Umi surviys cri sdcttirie kvir tmi pirake kb c

yicr& Pi dkffidtie tmi quistakffcari tk tmi scli yicr kb bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ridkres(

arrispidtavi kb tmi lkftm tmi quistakffcari risicrdm as ekfi& Burtmirlkri( wi usie

eabbirift yicrs bkr tali pkaft 3 -ectc cs kb >777( >773( >77>! cfe tali pkaft > ->77>(

>774( >775!& Umas dkuphaf` lcy mcvi eastkrtie kur risuhts& Chsk( wi chhkwie eabbirift

tali aftirvchs( sk wi dklpcrie eabbirift tali hc`s& Cs c risuht c fkasi bcdtkr as aftrkeudie

af tmi risicrdm eisa`f& Aeichhy kfi smkuhe ni cnhi tk dkuphi ectc kf c lkftmhy ncsas( watm

iquch tali aftirvchs cfe tali pkafts& Umas riquaris lkri briquift nrcfdm pcrtadapctakf af

tmi quistakffcari systil cfe lkri bhixanahaty af tmi afbkrlctakf systils eihaviraf` tmi

ectc fidisscry bkr tmas typi kb cfchysas&

Cs tmi pirbkrlcfdi ectc wiri kfhy cvcahcnhi ct nrcfdm hivih( wi mce tk c``ri`cti tmi

afeavaeuch surviy sdkris tk licf sdkris ct tmi nrcfdm hivih& Pkrjaf` watm c``ri`ctie ectc

dcf ni prknhilctad( cs c risuht kb tmi eabbirifdis af nrcfdm sazi& Rcracfdi dklprissakf af

tmi nrcfdm sdkris as ixpidtie tk afdricsi watm tmi sazi kb tmi nrcfdmis& Umi stcfecre

irrkrs cfe dkfbaeifdi aftirvchs bkr tmi c``ri`ctie surviy sdkris la`mt ni eastkrtie -Jhiaf

it ch&( >777!&

5&9&> Alphadctakfs

Umas stuey dkftranutis tk tmi ridk`fatakf tmct tmi pirdiptakf kb kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti smkws vcracfdi nitwiif nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcrì kr`cfazctakf( cfe tmct tmisi

eabbirifdis la`mt mcvi alpkrtcft bafcfdach dkfsiquifdis -Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&

Chtmku`m tmi vcracfdi af surviy sdchis ct tmi hivih kb nrcfdm as rctmir halatie dklpcrie

tk tmi vcracfdi ct tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii hivih( wi bkufe tmct tmisi slchh eabbirifdis

nitwiif nusafiss ufats pridieie sa`fabadcft eabbirifdis af nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi& Ct

tmi hivih kb tmi nusafiss ufat( tmi c``ri`ctie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti surviy sdkris dcf ni

dkfsaeirie cs cf afeadctkr watm ludm fcrrkwir lcràfs tmcf afeadctkrs cpphyaf` tk tmi




335

Bafchhy( lkri risicrdm as fiieie watm ri`cre tk tali cspidts af tmi rihctakfsmap

nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Pi cpphaie c hkfàtueafch eisa`f watm

ripictie licsuris kb nktm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi cfe wi usie

strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`& Mkwivir( cpcrt brkl dkfsaeiraf` bkrwcre cfe afvirsi

dcusctakf ixphcfctakfs( wi eae fkt ceeriss tmi assui kb wmadm tali hc` as fidisscry bkr tmi

prkpksie hafj nitwiif tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi af ludm eitcah& Umi

ibbidt kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt eipife kf tmi

hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch& Umi trui ibbidt kb sunstcftach kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti dmcfìs

lcy kfhy ni vasanhi kvir c hkfìr pirake tmcf tmi cvircì twk yicrs af tmas stuey( safdi

tmi stcnahaty kb tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cfe tmi nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi

eidhafis kvir tali&




339

5&2 îbirifdis


Ncrtih( C&W& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?

Ivaeifdi brkl ritcah ncfjaf`& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr îhctakfs îvaiw ( 90( >( 3=3,>74&Ncss( N&L& " Cvkhak( N&O& -31=1!& Lcfuch bkr tmi Luhtabcdtkr Hiceirsmap Suistakffcari & Wchk

Chtk( DC? Dkfsuhtaf` Wsydmkhkàsts Wriss&Nkrudja( D&D& " Nurji( L&O& -3111!& Cf ixclafctakf kb sirvadi,rihctie cftidieifts tk

ritcah stkri pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >7( 154,12>&Nkswihh( P& ->772!& Cha`faf` ilphkyiis watm tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s strctiàd knoidtavis? kut

kb ”hafi kb sa`mt‑( kut kb lafe& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift (30( 1( 35=1,3933&

Nyrfi( N&L& ->773!& Ttrudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` watm CLKT? ncsad dkfdipts( cpphadctakfs( cfe prk`rcllaf` & Lcmwcm( FO? Hcwrifdi Irhncul&

Dmcf( E& -311=!& Bufdtakfch rihctakfs clkf` dkfstrudts af tmi scli dkftift eklcaf ct

eabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas? C typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >45,>52&

Dkkj( E& " Dclpnihh( E& -3101!& Sucsa,ixpiraliftctakf? eisa`f " cfchysas assuis bkr baihe sittaf`& Nkstkf? Mku`mtkf Labbhaf Dk&

Dkkji( ^&C& " Tzulch( O&H& ->777!& Ysaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch duhturi afviftkry tkufeirstcfe tmi kpirctaf` duhturis kb kr`cfazctakfs& Af? Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& 350,32>!& F&L& Csmjifcsy( D&W&L& Paheirkl( " L&B&Witirskf -Ies&!& Hkfekf? Tcì&

Ei Drkkf( I&L&( Thuatir( O&J&( Nhkfj( ^&P&N&( Nrkirsif( O&W&O& " Braf`s,Erisif( L&M&P&->775!& Ttrissbuh wkrj( psydmkhkàdch strcaf( cfe turfkvir? C >,yicr prkspidtavidkmkrt stuey kb trudj eravirs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =1( 55>,595&

@ihcei( @&C& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe wkrj kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( 4=4,419&

Eif Mcrtk`( E&F& -3110!& Afsparctakfch Hiceirsmap& Wm&E& eassirtctakf( Clstirecl? BriiYfavirsaty&

@kecre( O& ->773!& Niykfe tmi ma`m pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l; Cf cfchysas kb vcractakf afDcfceacf lcfcìrach pirdiptakfs kb ribkrl prk`rclli ibbidtavifiss& Nratasm

Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 41( 3( >9,9>&@rabbitm( ^&( Mkl( W& " @cirtfir( T& ->777!& C litc,cfchysas kb cftidieifts cfe

dkrrihctis kb ilphkyii turfkvir? Ypecti( lkeirctkr tists( cfe risicrdmalphadctakfs bkr tmi fixt lahhiffaul& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >2( 524,5==&

@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? C rivaiw cfe risicrdm

cìfec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi lcfcìlift ( =( >24,>02&Mcdjlcf( O&^& " Khemcl( @&^& -3109!& Eivihkplift kb tmi okn eac`fkstad surviy&

Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 27( 391,307&Acbbchecfk( L&U& " Ludmafsjy( W&L& -31=9!& Okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi? C

litc,cfchysas& Wsydmkhkàdch Nuhhitaf ( 10( >( >93,>04& Oclis H&^& " Okfis C&W& -3102!& Kr`cfazctakfch strudturi? C rivaiw kb strudturch

ealifsakfs cfe tmiar dkfdiptuch rihctakfsmaps watm afeavaeuch cttatueis cfenimcvakr& Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr cfe Mulcf Wirbkrlcfdi ( 32( 05,334&

Oueì( U&C&( Umkrisif( D&O&( Nkfk( O&I& " Wcttkf( @&J& ->773!& Umi okn sctasbcdtakf — oknpirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? C quchatctavi cfe qucftatctavi rivaiw& Wsydmkhkàdch Nuhhitaf ( 3>0( 402,570&

Jcphcf( ^&T& " Fkrtkf( E&W& -3112!& Umi nchcfdie sdkridcre? trcfshctaf` strcti`y aftk cdtakf &Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh Wriss&




332

Jcrcsij( ^&C& -31=9!& Okn dkftift quistakffcari & Hks Cfìhis? Eipcrtlift kb Afeustrach cfeTystils Ifàfiiraf`( Yfavirsaty kb Tkutmirf Dchabkrfac&

Jhiaf( J&O&( Nhaisi( W&E&( Jkzhkwsja( T&P&O&( Ecfsiricu( B&( @cvaf( L&N& " @rabbaf( L&C&(it ch& ->777!& Luhtahivih cfchytadch tidmfaquis dkllkfchatais( eabbirifdis( cfedkftafuaf` quistakfs& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp&

93>,993!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Jkpihlcf( ^&I&( Nraib( C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3117!& Umi rkhi kb dhalcti cfe duhturi af

prkeudtavaty& Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -p& >=>,43=!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!&Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&

Jkys( E&O& ->773!& Umi ibbidts kb ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmapnimcvakr( cfe turfkvir kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C ufat,hivih( hkfàtueafchstuey& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 95( 3( 373,335&

Ludmafsjy( W&L& -3100!& Kr`cfazctakfch dkllufadctakf? îhctakfsmap tk kr`cfazctakfchdhalcti cfe okn sctasbcdtakf& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( >7( 91>,270&

Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs

-pp& >33,>90!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C&O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&

Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929,914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ahìf( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&

Kstrkbb( D& " Tdmlatt( F& -3114!& Dkfbaùrctakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss cfeibbadaifdy& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 42( 2( 3459,3423&

Kr`cf( E&P& -31==!& Kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr? Umi `kke skheair syferkli & Hixaf`tkf(LC? Hixaf`tkf Nkkjs&

Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivaf` Hkf`,Uirl Racnahaty & Kxbkre? KxbkreYfavirsaty Wriss&

Wccuwi( O& ->770!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Af sicrdm kb nchcfdi & Afcuùrch Ceeriss( Uahnur`

Yfavirsaty&Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Pmct fixt;& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wcrjir( D&W&( Nchtis( N&N&( Qkuf`( T&C&( Mubb( O&P&( Chtlcff( ^&C&( Hcdkst( M&C&( it ch&

->774!& îhctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkhkàdch dhalcti pirdiptakfs cfe wkrj kutdklis? C litc,cfchytad rivaiw& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >5( 5( 4=1,532&

Wcttirskf( L&@&( Pist( L&C&( Tmcdjhitkf( R&O&( Ecwskf( O&B&( Hcwtmkl( ^&( Lcathas( T&(^knafskf( E&H& " Pchhcdi( C&L& ->779!& Rchaectaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalctilicsuri? Hafjs tk lcfcìrach prcdtadis( prkeudtavaty cfe affkvctakf& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >2( 401,57=&

Wcttirskf( L&( Pcrr( W& " Pist( L& ->775!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe dklpcfy

prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb ilphkyii cbbidt cfe ilphkyii hivih& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 314,>32&

Wcyfi( C&( Mkht( T& " Brkw( W& ->773!& îhctakfsmap vchui lcfcìlift? ixphkraf` tmiafti`rctakf kb ilphkyii( dustklir cfe smcrimkheir vchui cfe iftirprasipirbkrlcfdi lkeihs& Okurfch kb Lcrjitaf` Lcfcìlift ( 30( 0=9,=30&

Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? tkwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfcìlift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&

^cnkncfj& ->777!& ^cnkncfj Tkdacch Occrvirshc` >777& Ytridmt? cnkncfj Fieirhcfe&^mkceis( H& " Iasifnirìr( ^& ->77>!& Wirdiavie kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt? C rivaiw kb tmi

hatircturi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( 5( 21=,035&





330

Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi & Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Nkwif( E&I&( Imrmcrt( L&@& " Mkhdklni( J&L& ->777!& Umi dhalcti bkr

sirvadi? Ivkhutakf kb c dkfstrudt& Af? Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& >3,42!& F&L& Csmjifcsy( D&W&L& Paheirkl( " L&B& Witirskf -Ies!& Hkfekf?

Tcì&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Nraib C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3112!& Drictaf` c dhalcti cfe duhturi bkr

sustcafcnhi kr`cfazctakfch dmcfì& Kr`cfazctakfch Eyfclads ( >2( 5( 0,31&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcfìs( W&O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc`àk( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?

ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi;& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( =42,=93&

Tdmfiaeir N&( Pmati T&T& " Wcuh( L&D& -311=!& Hafjaf` sirvadi dhalcti cfe dustklirspirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty? Uist kb c dcusch lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (=4( >( 397,324&

Taimh( D&( " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi; Af?Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!& Tcf Brcfdasdk(

DC? Okssiy Ncss&Tlatm( W&( Jifechh( H& " Muhaf( D& -3121!& Umi licsurilift kb sctasbcdtakf af wkrj cfe

ritarilift? C strcti`y bkr tmi stuey kb cttatueis & Dmadc`k? ^cfe LdFchhy&Tpcrrkw( W&^& ->773!& Eivihkpaf` eac`fkstads bkr ma`m pirbkrlcfdi kr`cfazctakf

duhturis& Af? Umi aftirfctakfch mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& =9,372!&D&H& Dkkpir( T& Dcrtwra`mt( " W&D& Icrhiy -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjcìs nitwiifkr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhkàdch lcfcìlift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Rcf Eif Nkssdmi( T&( Mupjifs( D&( Ei îi( O& " Tluheirs( W& ->772!& Fctakfchi Ifquïti Crniaesklstcfea`mieif >772 & Chliri? WhcftaofDcspcrai&

Rcf Luaoif( O( Jkkplcf( W( Ei Patti( J " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur? mit dkfdurrifei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur & Tdmkkfmkvif?

Cdceilad Tirvadi& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^

prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5(47,94&

Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U&B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit iif vrcìfhaost? ei vrcìfhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif&

Rcf Qpirif( F&P& " Ocfsif( K& ->77>!& Bctaùie cfe eassctasbaie kr bctaùie nutsctasbaie; @kch kraiftctakfs cfe rispkfsis tk ma`m okn eilcfes& Cdceily kb

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 59( 3323,3303& Raswisvcrcf( D& " Kfis( E&T& ->777!& Wirspidtavis kf lkeihs kb okn pirbkrlcfdi&

Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Tihidtakf cfe Cssisslift ( =( 5( >32,>>2& Pahiy( O&P& " Nrkkjs( T&L& ->777!& Umi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti? Mkw

wkrjirs eisdrani tkp,pirbkrlaf` ufats& Af? Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& 300,313!& F&L& Csmjifcsy( D&W&L& Paheirkl( " L&B& Witirskf-Ies&!& Hkfekf? Tcì&


ùaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& W& Tpcrrkw( " C&Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&




33=


_cpb&( E( Ekrlcff( D& " Brisi L& -3112!& Hkf`atueafch stueais af kr`cfazctakfch strissrisicrdm? C rivaiw kb tmi hatircturi watm ribirifdi tk litmkekhk`adch assuis&

Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch Michtm Wsydmkhk`y ( 3( >( 359,321&



9

Wrieadtaf` Nusafiss Yfat Wirbkrlcfdi

Ysaf` Ilphkyii Turviys?

Lkfatkraf` M^L,îhctie Dmcfìs

Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Wccuwi( O& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& -afpriss!& Wrieadtaf` Nusafiss Yfat Wirbkrlcfdi Ysaf` Ilphkyii Turviys? Lkfatkraf` M^L,rihctie dmcfìs& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch&



Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,îhctie Dmcfìs

3>7

Cnstrcdt

Kr`cfazctakfs cri afdricsaf`hy usaf` strcti`y tkkhs sudm cs wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres tk jiip

trcdj kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift -M^L! rihctie dmcfì prkdissis wmadm mcvi

niif alphiliftie cfe tmi ibbidts kb tmisi kf nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi& Mkwivir( af

tmas cric tmi dmchhifì kb bafeaf` cpprkpracti afeadctkrs( istcnhasmaf` tilpkrch

rihctakfsmaps( cfe prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf stahh rilcafs& Ysaf`

hkfàtueafch crdmavch ectc brkl 303 nrcfdmis kb c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf( tmas

stuey ixclafis tk wmct ixtift ilphkyii surviys dcf sirvi cs c prieadtkr kb nittir

bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih& îsuhts brkl c sirais kb lkeihs af CLKT

smkwie tmct c sa`fabadcft pcrt kb nrcfdm prkbats dkuhe ni prieadtie usaf` ilphkyii

surviys( cbtir dkrridtaf` bkr prakr prkbats& Ncsie kf ixtrcpkhctakf tk chh nrcfdmis kb tmaskr`cfazctakf( tmi dmcfìs af ilphkyii surviy sdkris prieadt ma`mir yicrhy prkbats kb 30=

lahhakf Iurks -30&1 pirdift kb tmi tktch yicrhy prkbats! cdrkss tmi iftari dklpcfy&

Alphadctakfs bkr risicrdm cfe prcdtadi cri easdussie&




3>>

Umas stuey cals tk ixphcaf pirbkrlcfdi eabbirifdis nitwiif nrcfdmis watmaf c hcrì

dklpcfy kf tmi ncsas kb ilphkyii surviy ectc ri`creaf` M^L,rihctie dmcfì prkdissis&

Kur stcrtaf` pkaft wcs c ectcsit watm twk wcvis kb ilphkyii surviy cfe bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi ectc brkl 303 nrcfdmis kb c hcrì Eutdm bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf(

wmadm mce alphiliftie rifiwie M^L pkhadais calie ct alprkvaf` nrcfdm pirbkrlcfdi&

Umi dklpcfy ufeir stuey aftrkeudie c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb licsurilift systil

af >777 tk prkvaei nrcfdmis watm cpprkpracti lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf euraf` tmi

dmcfì prkdiss& Bafcfdach ectc wiri eiravie brkl knoidtavi riàstrctakfs kb bafcfdach

trcfscdtakfs cfe ilphkyii ectc wiri eiravie brkl ilphkyii surviy risicrdm&

Umi lcaf dkftranutakf kb tmas stuey as tk eilkfstrcti mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf

lkfatkr M^L,rihctie dmcfì prkdissis usaf` ilphkyii surviys& Kur dkftranutakf

dkfsasts kb tcdjhaf` tmrii dmchhifìs bcdaf` dkrpkrcti M^ lcfcìrs cfe M^ risicrdmirs

wmif sittaf` up cfe lcjaf` usi kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres -Basdmir " Lattkrp( >77>!&

Barsthy( tmi mulcf riskurdis dklpkfift lcy ni tmi lkst eabbaduht cric bkr wmadm tk bafe

`kke nusafiss ufat,hivih afeadctkrs -Lcyk( >773: Yhradm( 3110!& Umi fixt dmchhifì

risicrdmirs bcdi as tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif M^L afeadctkrs cfe nusafiss

kutdklis -Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif( >779!& Bafchhy( tmi istcnhasmie

rihctakfsmaps mcvi tk ni trcfshctie aftk rihivcft lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf -Nidjir "

@irmcrt( 3112!& Icdm kb tmisi tmrii dmchhifìs wahh ni easdussie nihkw af lkri eitcah&Bkhhkwaf` c nraib aftrkeudtakf prisiftaf` tmisi dmchhifìs( wi tmif bkdus kf mkw wi

ceerissie tmisi dmchhifìs af tmi prisift stuey&

9&>&3 Ilphkyii Turviy Ectc cs M^L —îhctie Dmcfì Wrkdiss Afeadctkrs

Lcfcìlift fiies tk sihidt cfe eivihkp c rcfì kb afeadctkrs tmct dcf ni usie tk

lkfatkr cfe licsuri tmi ibbidts kb M^L -Wccuwi( >775!& Uwk kb tmi lcaf easdussakf

pkafts rihctaf` tk M^L licsurilift dkfdirf tmi dkftift cfe tali mkrazkf kb licsuris

-Wccuwi( >775: Wbibbir( 3110!& Cs bcr cs dkftift as dkfdirfie( lkst M^L afeadctkrs bkdus kf dksts( sudm cs schcry

dksts& Mkwivir( tmisi afeadctkrs ek fkt afbkrl us cnkut wmct as niaf` ekfi( fkr ek tmiy

afbkrl us cnkut mkw vchui as ceeie -Wccuwi( >775: Wbibbir( 3110!& Umas typi kb afeadctkr

kfhy licsuris tmi ixpifeaturi kb riskurdis cfe ekis fkt licsuri alphiliftie M^L

pkhadais fkr tmiar alpcdt& Umi prisift stuey dklpcris nrcfdmis watmaf c hcrì

kr`cfazctakf& Af kreir tk bkdus kf pirbkrlcfdi ifmcfdaf` bcdtkrs ct tmas hivih rctmir tmcf

kf afeadctkrs rihctaf` tk dksts( wi ribir tk tmi prkdiss lkeihs eivihkpie ny Fasmaa cfe

Pra`mt ->77=! cfe Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!& Umisi lkeihs eisdrani tmi M^L,




3>4

pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì cs bkhhkws? aftifeie M^L prcdtadis -pkhadais eivihkpie ny eidasakf

lcjirs! afbhuifdi cdtuch M^L prcdtadis -alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis!( ilphkyiis

pirdiavi tmisi prcdtadis -pirdiptakfs kb M^L prcdtadis! cfe ricdt tk tmil -ilphkyii

kutdklis!( cfe tmisi ilphkyii kutdklis risuht af kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

Alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii pirdiptakfs phcy c diftrch rkhi af tmisi

prkdiss lkeihs? tmiy cri prkpksie cs c hafjaf` lidmcfasl watmaf tmi dklpcfy nitwiif

aftifeie M^L ct dklpcfy,hivih cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

At as pkssanhi tk aeiftaby M^L afeadctkrs ny csjaf` M^ prkbissakfchs kr hafi

lcfcìrs cnkut tmi M^L prcdtadis af tmiar nrcfdm& Mkwivir( quistakfs mcvi niif rcasie

cs tk wmitmir M^ prkbissakfchs kr hafi lcfcìrs dcf prkvaei cf cddurcti eisdraptakf kb

tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis af c nrcfdm -@irmcrt( Pra`mt " LdLcmcf( >777!& Chtmku`m

M^ prkbissakfchs dcf ripkrt kf tmi prkpkrtakf kb ilphkyiis tmct cri dkvirie ny c

dirtcaf M^ prcdtadi( bkr ixclphi trcafaf`( tmas ekis fkt prkvaei us watm cddurcti

afbkrlctakf cnkut tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi kppkrtufaty bkr

eivihkplift -@irmcrt( >779!& Af kreir tk ixirt ibbidts( M^L prcdtadis fiie tk ni

pirdiavie cfe aftirpritie sunoidtavihy ny ilphkyiis -Fasmaa( Hipcj " Tdmfiaeir( >77=!&

Patm ri`cre tk tmi talisdchi kb tmi licsurilifts( fiw M^L cdtavatais cri usuchhy

cssissie kvir c viry nraib pirake kb tali( wmirics at lcy ni yicrs nibkri tmiar ibbidts

nidkli lcfabist -Wccuwi( >775!& Pra`mt cfe Mc`ìrty ->779! crùie tmct at tcjis chlksttwk yicrs tk eisa`f cfe eihavir fiw M^L prcdtadis( cfe cfktmir kfi kr twk yicrs nibkri

tmisi prcdtadis mcvi cf ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af tmas dkftixt( c pksatavi

bicturi kb licsuraf` ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs vac surviys af dklpcraskf watm licsuraf`

eisa`fie kr alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis usaf` lcfcìlift aftirvaiws( as tmct tmisi

pirdiptakfs cri lkri dhksihy hafjie tk pirbkrlcfdi& Fcrrkwaf` tmi hif`tm kb tmi hafjcì

nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( ny afdhueaf` lkri prkxalch afeadctkrs kb

M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi -af tmas stuey? ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe nusafiss ufat

kutdklis!( wahh prkncnhy risuht af strkfìr rihctakfsmaps nidcusi biwir ktmir bcdtkrs

aftirvifi -@uist( 3110!& Lkrikvir( àvif tmct at la`mt tcji c dkfsaeircnhi tali nibkri

aftifeie M^L pkhadais mcvi cf ibbidt kf pirbkrlcfdi( lkri prkxalch afeadctkrs rieudi

tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch tmct as fiieie tk eitidt c rihctakfsmap af risicrdm& Mifdi(

af tmas stuey wi usi ilphkyii surviy ectc tk lkfatkr prkdissis eravif ny M^L,rihctie

aftirviftakfs&




3>5

9&>&> Uilpkrch Afbirifdis

Umi fixt dmchhifì risicrdmirs bcdi as tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif

aftirviftakfs cfe kutdklis& Af ktmir wkres( ek fiw M^L pkhadais cdtuchhy risuht af

ma`mir kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi; Ncsie kf Dkkj cfe Dclpnihh -3101!( Pra`mt it ch&

->779! prisiftie tmrii dratirac bkr istcnhasmaf` dcusch rihctakfsmaps? dkvcractakf nitwiif

dcusi cfe ibbidt( tali pridieifdi( cfe tmi pkssanahaty kb dkftrkhhaf` bkr kr ruhaf` kut

chtirfctavi ixphcfctakfs bkr c rihctakfsmap& Umi lkst ra`krkus dcusch tist tcjis tmi bkrl

kb cf ixpiralift wmadm wkuhe riquari twk dklpcrcnhi kr`cfazctakfs watm rispidt tk tmi

alphiliftie M^L pkhadais cfe pirbkrlcfdi( kfi wahhaf` tk alphilift c tktchhy fiw

M^L systil cfe tmi ktmir kfi wahhaf` tk lcji fk dmcfìs ct chh? c lassakf alpkssanhi

bkr cfy risicrdmir&

Patm ri`cre tk tali pridieifdi( tmi lkst dkllkf risicrdm eisa`f af tmi hatircturi

as c drkss sidtakfch eisa`f -i&`& Pra`mt it ch&( >779: @uist( >773!& Umiri cri c halatie

fulnir kb hkfàtueafch stueais af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe dkftrkhhaf` bkr prakr kr

dkfdurrift pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& @uist( >773: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Mkwivir( lcjaf`

tilpkrch afbirifdis riquaris nktm licsurilift kb M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi kvir tali

-@uist( Ladmai( Dkfwcy " Tmiimcf( >774!& Af kreir tk dkftrkh bkr ”stcnahaty‑ af M^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi( wi fiie ct hicst twk wcvis kb ectc& At as alpkrtcft tk dkftrkh bkr stcnahaty af

M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi( safdi at dcf ni ixpidtie tmct nusafiss ufats watm ma`m sdkris kfM^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi af rihctakf tk ktmir nusafiss ufats ct c dirtcaf tali pkaft wahh

ritcaf salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs ct c bkhhkw,up tali pkaft& Patmkut dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmisi

prakr sdkris wi dcffkt dkfdhuei tmct sunstcftachhy dmcfìe M^L pkhadais cdtuchhy mcvi

risuhtie af afdricsie pirbkrlcfdi&

Umrii ixdiptakfs usaf` twk wcvis kb ilphkyii surviy ectc cs wihh cs pirbkrlcfdi

ectc dcf ni bkufe af tmi hatircturi& Barsthy( Jkys ->773! afvista`ctie tmi hafj nitwiif

ilphkyii cttatueis( nimcvakrs cfe nusafiss kutdklis bkr >= nrcfdmis kb c riàkfch

ristcurcft dmcaf& Mi prisiftie ivaeifdi tmct yicr 3 ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs

afbhuifdie kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis af tmi bkhhkwaf` yicr lkri strkf`hy tmcf

kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis af yicr 3 afbhuifdie ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs af tmi

bkhhkwaf` yicr& Dkftrkhhaf` bkr yicr 3‑s prkbatcnahaty( tmi M^ kutdklis kb sctasbcdtakf(

kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr cfe turfkvir licsurie ct yicr 3 ixphcafie cf

ceeatakfch 30 pirdift kb vcracfdi af yicr > prkbatcnahaty& Tdmfiaeir( Mcfìs( Tlatm cfe

Tchvc`àk ->774! afvista`ctie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis af dklnafctakf watm

bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ectc -riturf kf cssits -^KC! cfe icrfaf`s pir smcri -IWT!! brkl




3>9

49 dklpcfais kpirctaf` af eabbirift sidtkrs kvir = yicrs& Umiy bkufe sa`fabadcft cfe

stcnhi rihctakfsmaps bkr 4 kut kb 0 sdchis cdrkss vcrakus tali hc`s& Mkwivir( kvirchh okn

sctasbcdtakf cfe sctasbcdtakf watm siduraty wiri lkri strkf`hy prieadtie ny pcst

pirbkrlcfdi tmcf af tmi rivirsi cfchysas& Tctasbcdtakf watm pcy ixmanatie c ridaprkdch

rihctakfsmap watm pirbkrlcfdi licsuris& Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! cfe Jkys ->773! usie

luhtaphi ectc wcvis: mkwivir( sclphi sazi wcs hkw af nktm stueais& Lkrikvir( Jkys

->773! kfhy usie prakr pirbkrlcfdi cs c dkftrkh vcracnhi cfe Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! kfhy

ripkrtie navcracti dkrrihctakfs& Fiatmir kb tmi cutmkrs cpphaie strudturch iquctakf

lkeihaf`& Kfhy ^ycf( Tdmlat cfe Okmfskf -3112! cpphaie c drkss,hc`ìe cfchysas tmct

chhkws bkr saluhtcfikus istalctakf kb tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif vcracnhis af tmas

baihe kb stuey& Umiy ripkrtie c stuey tmct usie ectc brkl 35> nrcfdmis af c dcr bafcfdi

dklpcfy kvir twk dkfsidutavi yicrs& Umiy bkufe sivirch sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps

nitwiif ilphkyii cttatuei bcdtkrs cfe pirbkrlcfdi af suddissavi yicrs chtmku`m tmiy

chsk ufixpidtiehy bkufe tmct dustklir sctasbcdtakf af yicr 3 prieadtie ilphkyii

sctasbcdtakf af yicr >( nut fkt vadi virsc&

Cs dcf ni siif brkl tmas smkrt sullcry kb hkfàtueafch stueais usaf` twk ectc

wcvis( laxie ivaeifdi mcs niif bkufe kf tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps& Umi hcdj kb

hkfàtueafch stueais as tmus prknhilctad af M^L,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Burtmirlkri(

sivirch ixphcfctakfs bkr rivirsie kr ridaprkdch dcusctakf mcvi niif prkpksie& Barst(kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats la`mt rivich c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af M^L(

risuhtaf` af lkri pksatavi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs tmcf tmksi tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats

-Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Af ceeatakf( ma`m pirbkrlcfdi lcy chsk

sa`fch kr`cfazctakfch michtm cfe tmus ilphkylift siduraty -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779!(

c`caf mcvaf` cf upwcre afbhuifdi kf ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Umas stuey tmiribkri usis c

hkfàtueafch eisa`f? hafjcìs nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct twk tali

pkafts cri afvista`ctie&

9&>&4 Ysibuh Lcfcìlift Afbkrlctakf

Umi bafch dmchhifì risicrdmirs bcdi as prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf& Ny

rihyaf` kf sa`fabadcfdi tists cfe ixphcafie vcracfdis bkr tmi istcnhasmie rihctakfsmaps

nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe pirbkrlcfdi( tmi risuhts kb stueais cri eabbaduht tk

aftirprit ny prcdtatakfirs& Umisi jafe kb stctastadch pcrclitirs cri dkllkf af skdach

sdaifdis -i&`& @irmcrt( >770: Jkys( >773: ^ycf it ch&( 3112!( nut cri hiss wihh,jfkwf

clkf` lcfcìrs& C dkfsiquifdi la`mt ni tmct kr`cfazctakfch eidasakfs cri fkt ncsie kf

tmi nist cvcahcnhi cdceilad ivaeifdi& Umas as ufbkrtufcti( nidcusi ivif slchh sa`fabadcft




3>2

ibbidt sazis la`mt trcfshcti aftk sunstcftach clkufts kb lkfiy -^ycf it ch&( 3112!&

Dklpcraf` tmi tkp cfe nkttkl qucrtahis af tirls kb ilphkyii cttatueis( ^ycf it ch&

-3112! dkfdhueie tmct nrcfdmis watmaf tmi tkp virsus tmi nkttkl qucrtahi mcvi c 39

pirdift eabbirifdi af lcrjit smcri& Mkwivir( at smkuhe ni fktie tmct tilpkrch kreir af

tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif cttatueis cfe pirbkrlcfdi wcs fkt eilkfstrctie af tmct stuey&

Umiri as c fiie tk trcfshcti risicrdm ivaeifdi aftk afbkrlctakf tmct dcf ni usie ny

lcfcìrs cfe pkhady lcjirs watmaf kr`cfazctakfs tk skhvi kr`cfazctakfch prknhils& Umas

prkdiss as jfkwf cs ”ivaeifdi,ncsie lcfcìlift‑ -^kussicu( >772!& Cs c stcrtaf` pkaft

bkr tmas prkdiss( c licfaf`buh afeix as fiieie tk eisdrani pkhady,rihivcft ibbidt sazis

-Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112!& Bkr ixclphi( tmi prcdtadch afbhuifdi kb tmi risuhts kb stueais

dcrraie kut ny Musihae( Ocdjskf cfe Tdmuhir -3110!( cfe Musihae -3119! wcs cssissie ny

dchduhctaf` tmi ibbidt kb c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af cf M^L ibbidtavifiss sdchi

kf tmiar pirbkrlcfdi kutdklis& Nut ripkrtaf` pkhady,rihivcft ibbidt sazis as fkt ifku`m:

af ceeatakf( risicrdmirs fiie tk ribhidt kf tmi bicsanahaty bkr cf kr`cfazctakf kr nrcfdm kb

afdricsaf` tmiar sdkris kf M^L watm kfi stcfecre eivactakf -@irmcrt( >770!& Umas dkuhe

ni ekfi( bkr ixclphi( ny ripkrtaf` mkw briquifthy sudm kr`cfazctakfs kr nrcfdmis cri

bkufe af tmi risicrdm pkpuhctakf& Af tmas stuey wi wahh dmidj tmi bicsanahaty kb kntcafaf`

sudm afdricsis af M^L licsuris ny eitirlafaf` tmi pirdiftcì kb nrcfdmis tmct mcvi

chricey cttcafie c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af ilphkyii surviy sdkris euraf` tmirisicrdm pirake&

9&>&5 Cpprkcdm tk Ceeriss tmisi Dmchhifìs af tmas Ttuey

Umas stuey afvista`ctis hkfàtueafch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviys cfe

nrcfdm pirbkrlcfdi& Ysaf` ilphkyii surviy ectc cs c pkssanhi afeadctkr wi bkdus kf

pirdiptakfs kb M^L,rihctie dmcfì prkdissis cs rctie ny luhtaphi ilphkyiis watmaf c

nrcfdm& Uwk wcvis kb ectc cri usie tk tist tmi cssulie tilpkrch rihctakfsmap( tmus

tcjaf` aftk cddkuft c pkssanhi rivirsie siquifdi& Bafchhy( tmas stuey usis cf ixtrcpkhctakflitmke tk trcfshcti kur bafeaf`s -istalctis! aftk rihivcft lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf -af

tmas dcsi? afdricsi af prkbats -Iurks!!&

9&4 Umi Dklpcfy ufeir Ttuey

Umi dklpcfy ufeir stuey as c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf( sirvaf` lkri

tmcf 1 lahhakf pravcti afeavaeuchs cfe dkrpkrcti dhaifts af tmi Fitmirhcfes& Umi bafcfdach

sirvadis kr`cfazctakf mcs tmi ma`mist drieat rctaf` -Uraphi C! cfe as clkf` tmi wkrhe‑s

babtiif hcrìst bafcfdach afstatutakfs -af tirls kb Uair dcpatch 3!& Eispati tmi stc`fctaf`




3>0

idkfkly af >77>( fit yicrhy prkbats afdricsie euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake brkl >777 tk

>779& Euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake tmi dklpcfy dkfsastie kb cpprkxalctihy 477 hkdch

-eklistad! afeipifeift nrcfdmis phus tmiar diftrch kr`cfazctakf( cs wihh cs ats

aftirfctakfch sunsaeacrais& At ilphkyie cpprkxalctihy 99(777 stcbb cfe wcs riprisiftie af

40 dkuftrais& Umi bkdus kb tmas risicrdm as kf tmi Eutdm eklistad nrcfdmis& Umi

dklpcfy mcs c dkkpirctavi strudturi( wmadm licfs tmct tmi nrcfdmis cri lilnirs cfe

smcrimkheirs kb tmi suprc,hkdch dkkpirctavi kr`cfazctakf wmadm cevasis tmi nrcfdmis cfe

suppkrts tmiar hkdch sirvadi& Icdm nrcfdm spmiri kb cdtavaty as halatie tk ats kwf earidt

cric( bkstiraf` dhksi afvkhvilift watm hkdch dustklirs& Umi clnatakf kb tmi eklistad

nrcfdmis as tk ni tmi hcrìst( nist cfe lkst affkvctavi bafcfdach sirvadi prkvaeir af tmi

Fitmirhcfes& Uk dricti dustklir vchui( tmiy cal tk prkvaei nittir( cfe lkri cpprkpracti

bafcfdach sirvadis tk tmiar dhaifts dklpcrie tk tmiar dklpitatkrs& Umiy chsk cal tk ifsuri

dkftafuaty af tmi sirvadis prkvaeie watm c vaiw tk tmi hkf`,tirl aftirists kb dhaifts&

Bafchhy( tmiy smkw dkllatlift tk dhaifts cfe tmiar dhaifts‑ havaf` ifvarkflifts( sk tmct

tmi kr`cfazctakf dcf dkftranuti tk cdmaivaf` tmi dhaifts‑ clnatakfs&

Euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake ->777 — >779! tmi lcrjit dmcfìe& Kf tmi kfi mcfe(

dustklirs wcftie lkri eabbiriftactie cfe spidachazie bafcfdach sirvadis cfe tmiy wcftie

tk dkfeudt tmiar ncfjaf` nusafiss cfytali cfe cfywmiri& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe(

dklpitatakf afdricsie cs c risuht kb lirìrs nitwiif ktmir bafcfdach sirvadi afstatutakfs(cf afdricsi af lcrjit trcfspcrifdy( cf afdricsi af eastranutakf dmcffihs( cfe tmi lcrjit

iftry kb fiw bafcfdach sirvadis supphairs& Af kreir tk rilcaf dklpitatavi( tmi kr`cfazctakf

mcs lcei dmcfìs af lcrjit strcti`y( kr`cfazctakf strudturi cfe kpirctaf` systils& Umi

cal kb tmisi aftirviftakfs wcs tk cdmaivi lcrjit hiceirsmap cfe tk alprkvi dkst,

ibbidtavifiss wmahi lcaftcafaf` dkkpirctavi vchuis&

Umi dkrpkrcti kr`cfazctakf phcyie c bcdahatctaf` rkhi cfe cevasie tmi hkdch

sunsaeacrais kf mkw tk cdmaivi tmisi fiw dkrpkrcti knoidtavis& Umi dkkpirctavi

kr`cfazctakf eisa`fie fiw mulcf riskurdi pkhadais calie ct alprkvaf` nusafiss ufat,

hivih prkeudtavaty( nidcusi tmas kutdkli as tmi lkst alpkrtcft wcy bkr chh nrcfdmis tk

dkftranuti tk tmi kvirchh dklpcfy knoidtavis& Uk prkvaei tmi nrcfdmis watm tmi

cpprkpracti lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf wmadm wkuhe ifcnhi tmil tk jiip trcdj kb M^L

pkhady dmcfìs watmaf tmiar nrcfdm( cf upectie typi kb sdkridcre systil wcs eisa`fie&

Umas systil bcdahatctie nrcfdm dklpcraskf kb M^L pkhady dmcfìs cfe kb kutdklis& Umi

alphiliftctakf kb tmi rifiwie M^L pkhadais cfe chsk tmi aftirpritctakf kb tmisi ny

ilphkyiis lcy eabbir clkf` tmi nrcfdmis safdi chh tmisi afeipifeift( sihb,`kvirfie




3>=

hkdch nrcfdmis cri tk c hcrì ixtift cutkfklkushy rispkfsanhi bkr smcpaf` fiw M^L

pkhadais watmaf tmiar nrcfdm&

Af tmas risicrdm( sax ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs wiri sihidtie& Umisi ilphkyii

surviy ealifsakfs wiri dmksif pralcrahy nidcusi tmiy cri ivchuctavi kb tmi aftifeie

M^L pkhadais cfe tmi ifcdtie M^L cdtavatais cs eivihkpie ny tmi dkrpkrcti

kr`cfazctakf tk ifmcfdi prkeudtavaty& Pi ixpidtie tmct tmisi ilphkyii surviy

ealifsakfs wkuhe dmcfì euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake( eravif ny tmi rifiwie M^L

pkhady& Chtmku`m tmi sihidtakf kb ealifsakfs la`mt siil dklpcfy, kr afeustry,spidabad(

tmisi ealifsakfs ribhidt skli kb tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdissis kb M^L cs eisdranie ny

Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!& Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! eastafùasm twk prkdissis? -c!

lcfcìlift alphilifts M^ pkhadais calaf` tk nuahe cnahaty( lktavctakf cfe kppkrtufaty

tk pirbkrl ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( cfe wkrjbkrdi dcpcnahatais( wkrj kr`cfazctakf cfe

wkrj cttatueis ct tmi dkhhidtavi hivih( -n! lcfcìlift crtaduhctis vchuis tk afbhuifdi

ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Lkrikvir( tmi sihidtie M^ ealifsakfs cri viry dkllkfhy usie

af durrift M^ risicrdm -Nksihai( Eaitz " Nkkf( >779!& Icdm kb tmi surviy ealifsakfs as

easdussie nihkw af lkri eitcah&

Umi lkst alpkrtcft ilpmcsas kb tmi rifiwie M^L pkhady wcs kf tmi vchuis

crtaduhctie ny lcfcìlift& Rchuis crtaduhctie ny lcfcìlift ribirs tk c eisarie wcy kb

wkrjaf` watm ilphkyiis( dustklirs cfe supphairs( rihctie tk tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s lassakfcfe vchuis -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=!& Umi kr`cfazctakf ufeir stuey calie tk alprkvi

dkst,ibbidtavifiss wmahi stahh prkvaeaf` dustklir quchaty& Ny dkllufadctaf` cfe smcraf`

afbkrlctakf kf tmisi `kchs watm ilphkyiis( tmiy dcf cha`f tmiar ibbkrts cfe nimcvakrs

watm tmi strcti`y& Af kreir tk cssiss tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis cri cwcri tmct quchaty

cfe ibbidtavifiss cri àvif prakraty af tmiar nrcfdm cfe tk lkfatkr tmi ixtift tk wmadm

tmi nrcfdm dkllufadctis dhicrhy cnkut tmisi `kchs( wi sihidtie tmrii afeadctkrs? quchaty

kraiftctakf( kch ibbidtavifiss cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf`&

Umi rifiwie M^ pkhady staluhctis afvistlift af ilphkyii eivihkplift: tmas

prkvaeis c nrcfdm watm c dcpcnhi wkrjbkrdi& Urcafaf` cfe eivihkplift prcdtadis cri

calie ct afdricsaf` ilphkyiis‑ jfkwhieì( cnahatais cfe sjahhs tk pirbkrl& Wcrtaduhcrhy af c

ma`mhy dklpitatavi satuctakf( ilphkyiis fiie tk ni dkfstcfthy hicrfaf`( bkr ixclphi( ny

niaf` àvif afbkrlctakf cnkut fiw prkeudts cfe fiw sihhaf` tidmfaquis& Bkr tmas ricskf(

cs c bkurtm alpkrtcft ilphkyii surviy ealifsakf wi sihidtie ilphkyii cttatueis

ri`creaf` tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi nusafiss ufat cfe supirvaskrs af tmi nusafiss ufat kbbir

kppkrtufatais bkr eivihkplift&




3>1

C tmare dklpkfift kb tmi rifiwie mulcf riskurdi pkhady dkfdirfs c fulnir kb

pirbkrlcfdi lcfcìlift afatactavis rihctie tk tmi lktavctakfch dklpkfift kb M^L& Cs

c risuht kb tmi dmcfìs af tmi kpirctaf` systil( okn bufdtakfs cri lkri dhicrhy dhcssabaie&

Umas dhcssabadctakf prklktis eabbiriftactakf ncsie kf ilphkyii pirbkrlcfdi& C schcraie

pcy systil watm yicrhy afdrilifts mcs niif supphiliftie ny c nkfus pcy systil& Umiri

as c dmcfdi tmct okn afsiduraty wahh afdricsi cs c risuht kb okn cfe tcsj eisa`f dmcfìs&

Mkwivir( ilphkyiis wmk smkw `kke pirbkrlcfdi dklpcrie tk ilphkyiis wmk smkw

ufsctasbcdtkry pirbkrlcfdi wahh ni riwcreie cddkreaf`hy( cfe wahh bcdi biwir tmricts tk

okn siduraty& Okn siduraty dkfstatutis cf alpkrtcft M^L cspidt af tmi Eutdm dkftixt

-Nksihai( Wccuwi " Ocfsif( >773!( cfe burtmirlkri wi ixpidtie tmct tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb

c nrcfdm wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk okn siduraty& Af sul( wi ixpidt c pksatavi prkeudtavaty

ibbidt brkl tmi pirbkrlcfdi lcfcìlift pkhadais aftrkeudie af tmi dklpcfy& Af tmas

stuey( tmiribkri( wi afdhueie twk ilphkyii surviy ihilifts tk tcp aftk tmisi cspidts( a&i&

pcy sctasbcdtakf cfe okn siduraty&

9&5 Litmkes

9&5&3 Tunoidts

Ilphkyii surviy ectc brkl >777,>779 wiri usie& 303 nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie af tmi

ilphkyii surviy systil kf twk kddcsakfs nitwiif >777 cfe >779 -54 pirdift kb tmi

tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >774!& Eravif ny tmi fcturi kb tmi ectc dkhhidtie af kf`kaf`

nusafiss prcdtadi( eabbirift tali aftirvchs nitwiif tmi twk licsurilift pkafts ixast -3(

>( cfe 4 yicr aftirvchs!& Umi cvircì aftirvch nitwiif tmi ilphkyii surviys as >&3 yicrs

-watm c stcfecre eivactakf kb &23!& Umas tali hc` ribhidts prakr risicrdm kf cttatueis cfe

pirbkrlcfdi -^ycf it ch&( 3112!& Ilphkyii surviy ectc brkl >777( >773( >77>( >774(

>775 wiri usie bkr tali pkaft 3 cfe ilphkyii surviy ectc brkl >773( >77>( >774( >775(

>779 wiri usie bkr tali pkaft >& Ct nktm tali pkafts( ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe

prkeudtavaty wiri dkuphie dkftilpkrcfikushy& Bkr ixclphi( wi hafjie tmi surviy cfe

prkeudtavaty ectc bkr >773 tk tmi yicr,ife prkeudtavaty ridkres bkr >773 -sii Baùri 3!&

Ct tali pkaft 3 -U3! quistakffcari ectc kf 35(500 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Umi

cvircì rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Umi

cvircì fulnir kb pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =5&0& Ct tali pkaft > -U>! quistakffcari

ectc kf 35(=27 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Ct tmi nrcfdm hivih tmi cvircì rispkfsi rcti af

tmi ilphkyii surviys wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvircì fulnir kb pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm

wcs =2&1&




347

Ilphkyii surviy

Dkfdurrift prkbats+BUI

Ilphkyii surviy

Dkfdurrift prkbats+BUI

Uali aftirvch

3,yicr ->9!

>,yicrs -372!

4,yicrs -57!

Uali pkaft 3

>777 -4=!>773 -04!

>77> -59!

>774 -35!

>775 -3!

Uali pkaft >

>773 -4!>77> ->1!

>774 -22!

>775 -9=!

>779 -39!

Baùri 3& îsicrdm eisa`fFkti? Fulnir kb nrcfdmis as àvif nitwiif pcriftmisis

Chtmku`m nrcfdm pcrtadapctakf af tmi surviy systil as fkt dklpuhskry( pcrtadapctakf

as strkf`hy prklktie ny tmi suprc,hkdch kr`cfazctakf cfe dcf ni siif cs pcrt kb tmi

riùhcr wcy kb lcfcàf` ilphkyiis watmaf tmas kr`cfazctakf& Uk ixdhuei sihidtavaty kb tmi

sclphi( wi dmidjie tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs

kb >774! ct nktm tmi nrcfdm cfe tmi afeavaeuch hivih& Ct nrcfdm hivih( riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch pkpuhctakf af tmi

kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb riàkf af tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe nrcfdm sazi& Ct tmi

afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs dmidjie af tirls kb cì dhcss -bavi hivihs? >9 yicrs

cfe ufeir( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99 yicrs cfe kheir!

fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -ufeir 42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( kvir 42 mkurs!( cfe ìfeir&

Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf

ct nktm hivihs cfe nktm tali pkafts af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis liftakfie: tmi eabbirifdi

nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi pkpuhctakf wcs ct c lcxalul bavi pirdift bkr icdm dcti`kry

kb tmi cnkvi,liftakfie vcracnhis&

9&5&> Licsuris

Turviy sdchis& Cs easdussie cnkvi( wi sihidtie sax ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs af hafi

watm tmi M^L hatircturi cfe tmi csskdactie dmcfì prkdissis? quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch

ibbidtavifiss( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( pcy sctasbcdtakf( okn siduraty cfe eivihkplift& Umi

sdchis bkr quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` wiri

sunsiquifthy `rkupie tkìtmir& Pi mcvi tirlie tmas ealifsakf ”pirbkrlcfdi




343

kraiftctakf‑: tmisi sdchis riafbkrdi eisarie ilphkyii nimcvakrs ny dkllufadctaf` tmi

nusafiss `kchs( sk tmct ilphkyiis dcf cha`f tmiar nimcvakrs tkwcres tmas `kch& Nidcusi

tmisi sdchis wiri ma`mhy dkrrihctie -&20 tk &=3!( nufehaf` tmil rieudis tmi pkssanahaty kb

luhtadkhhaficraty af tmi cfchysis&

Af tmas stuey ncfj nrcfdmis cri tmi ufat kb cfchysas& Uk suppkrt tmi c``ri`ctakf kb

afeavaeuch surviy sdkris tk nrcfdm,hivih sdkris( wi dchduhctie aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs

-ADD3 cfe ADD>! cfe tistie wmitmir cvircì sdkris eabbirie sa`fabadcfthy cdrkss

nrcfdmis& Umi ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch ilphkyii

sdkris cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm tmiy wkrj bkr -Jhiaf Nhaisi( Jkzhkwsja( Ecfsiricu(

@cvaf( @rabbaf it ch&( >777!& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi rihacnahaty kb

dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf nrcfdm sdkris& Rchuis cnkvi &07 cri dkfsaeirie `kke: vchuis

cnkvi &97 cri eiilie tkhircnhi -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Pi chsk dchduhctie ^w` -O! vchuis kb

watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift -Oclis( Eilcrii " Pkhb( 31=5! bkr icdm surviy sdkri( tk

burtmir oustaby c``ri`ctakf kb kur surviy sdkris tk tmi nrcfdm hivih& Rchuis kb &07 cri

dkfsaeirie subbadaift bkr c``ri`ctakf& Af Ucnhi 3 tmi c``ri`ctakf dmcrcdtirastads ct tmi twk

tali pkafts cri hastie&

Ucnhi 3& C``ri`ctakf Dmcrcdtirastads

Turviy Tdchi ADD3 ADD> ^w`

U3 U> U3 U> U3 U>Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf &377 &713 &17 &17 &=9 &=0Eivihkplift &753 &755 &0= &=7 &07 &21Wcy sctasbcdtakf &750 &7>5 &=3 &2= &=7 &=>

Okn siduraty &757 &745 &0= &09 &51 &93

Cs dcf ni siif brkl Ucnhi 3( tmi ADD3 vchuis cri nitwiif > cfe 37 pirdift& Umisi

aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cri dklpcrcnhi watm tmi hkwist aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs ripkrtie af

ktmir stueais dkfeudtie ct tmi kr`cfazctakf hivih -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774!& Umisi vchuis

dirtcafhy cri fkt ma`m( nut hkw tk lkeist ADD3 vchuis cri af tmilsihvis fkt prknhilctadab tmi F kb dcsis as hcrì ifku`m& Patm tmi fulnir kb afeavaeuch rispkfeifts cvcahcnhi bkr

tmas stuey at wcs bkufe tmct bkr chh bkur surviy sdkris tmi vcracfdi dklpkfifts

cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm wiri stctastadchhy sa`fabadcft af cf B,tist - p 8&773!& Pi kntcafie

`kke ADD> vchuis bkr chh bkur ealifsakfs& Bkr pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf( pcy sctasbcdtakf

cfe eivihkplift tmi ^w` -O! vchuis su`ìst subbadaift watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift tk oustaby

c``ri`ctakf tk tmi nrcfdm hivih -tmi ^w` -O! vchuis cri nitwiif &21 cfe &=0!& Bkr okn

siduraty wi bkufe lkeircti suppkrt& ^w` -O! sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &51 -U3! cfe




34>

&93 -U>!& Umi rihctavihy hkw sdkris la`mt ni dcusie ny tmi halatie fulnir kb atils cfe

cfswir dcti`krais&

Chh af chh( wi nihaivi tmct rihacnhi dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf vchuis bkr nrcfdmis cri

pkssanhi( ivif ab tmi ADD3 vchuis wi bkufe cri rctmir slchh -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Umi

licsuris bkr tmi bkur sun,ealifsakfs cri eisdranie nihkw&

3&Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf dkfsasts kb quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe

afbkrlctakf smcraf`& Suchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` cri

tmrii sdchis ncsie kf tk tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei

Patti " Ncst( 3112! wmadm licsuris kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umas afstrulift as ncsie kf

Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Atil dkftift as

dklpcrcnhi tk tmi quchaty sdchi( tmi dhcraty kb kr`cfazctakfch `kchs sdchi( cfe tmi

ribhixavaty sdchi af tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry afsparie ny tmi scli dklpitaf`

vchuis lkeih -Wcttirskf( Pist( Tmcdjhitkf( Ecwskf( Hcwtmkl " Lcathas it ch&( >779!& C

sclphi stctilift brkl tmi quchaty kraiftctakf sdchi as? ”Umas nrcfdm as calie ct cdmaivaf`

ma`m quchaty prkeudts tk kur aftirfch cfe ixtirfch dustklirs&‑ C sclphi stctilift brkl

tmi `kch ibbidtavifiss sdchi as? ”Af tmas nrcfdm wi cri cwcri kb dksts cfe cdt cddkreaf`hy&‑

C sclphi stctilift brkl tmi afbkrlctakf smcraf` sdchi as? ”A cl subbadaifthy afbkrlie

cnkut nrcfdm `kchs‑& îspkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcfàf`

brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc sdkris bkr tmasealifsakf cri &=5 -U3! cfe &=4 -U>!&

>&Wcy sctasbcdtakf& Umas bavi,atil sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe

Liaolcf -3115!& Atil dkftift as eiravie brkl Tlatm( Jifechh cfe Muhaf -3121! cfe

Mcdjlcf cfe Khelcf -3109!& Ysaf` c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif(

Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!( rispkfeifts cri csjie tk ivchucti durrift pcy& C sclphi

quistakf bkr tmas sdchi as? ”Ek yku tmafj yku cri bcarhy pcae af dklpcraskf tk ktmirs watmaf

tmas kr`cfazctakf&‑ Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &=4 -U3! cfe &=9 -U>!&

4&Okn siduraty& Umas bkur,atil sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe Liaolcf

-3115!& Umi sdchi csjs rispkfeifts tk rcti tmiar fiie bkr lkri siduraty watm ri`cre tk

sivirch okn cttranutis( sudm cs tmi dkftafuaty kb tmiar dkftrcdt kr tmiar okn stctus& Atils cri

cssissie usaf` c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& C

sclphi atil as? ”Ek yku fiie lkri dirtcafty tmct ykur durrift nrcfdm wahh stahh ni af

ixastifdi af kfi yicr‑s tali;‑ Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &15 ct nktm tali pkafts&

5&Eivihkplift& Umas sdchi dkfsasts kb twk atils& Umi barst atil csjs rispkfeifts tk

rcti tmi ìfirch tifeifdy kb tmiar hiceir tk staluhcti tmi eivihkplift kb tmiar tchifts kf




344

c bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -A dklphitihy c`rii( A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct

easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Umi sidkfe atil dkfdirfs tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi

kr`cfazctakf kbbirs kppkrtufatais bkr wkrj,rihctie trcafaf`& Umas atil wcs cssissie usaf`

c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& Ttcfecreazie

-nitwiif 7 cfe 377! atil sdkris( wiri cvircìe tk ìt c eivihkplift ealifsakf sdkri&

Uk icsi aftirpritctakf chh surviy ealifsakf mcvi niif sdkrie af sudm c wcy tmct ma`m

sdkris afeadcti c satuctakf tmct as ìfirchhy dkfsaeirie bcvkrcnhi tk tmi ilphkyii&

Wrkeudtavaty& Af tmas stuey( prkeudtavaty wcs kpirctakfchazie ny licfs kb c yicrhy

”nrcfdm prkbat pir BUI afeix‑& Wrkbats wiri kpirctakfchazie cs `rkss prkbats lafus riturf

kf iquaty& Pi dmksi tmas pcrclitir nidcusi at as fkt afbhuifdie ny eabbirifdis af schis +

dksts nitwiif tmi nrcfdmis( cfe nidcusi at kfhy ribhidts tmct pcrt kb prkbat wmadm as fkt

rihctie tk riturfs kf iquaty& Umi fulnir kb buhh tali iquavchifts -BUI! wcs eitirlafie

kf tmi ncsas kb tmi cvircì fulnir kb BUIs wkrjaf` ct c hkdch nrcfdm euraf` c spidabad

yicr& Nktm pcrclitirs wiri prkvaeie brkl tmi riùhcr yicrhy bafcfdach + M^ ripkrts

watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf lcei cvcahcnhi ny tmi bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh + M^ eipcrtlift&

Umisi ripkrts cri ncsie kf knoidtavi riàstrctakfs kb pirskffih cfe bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs&

9&5&4 Cfchysas

Uk tist rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs cfe prkeudtavaty wi usie

strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` af CLKT 2& Umas cpprkcdm ifcnhie us tk cfchyzi tmi ibbidts

kb tmi ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs -U3 cfe U>! kf prkeudtavaty -U3 cfe U>! wmahi

dkftrkhhaf` bkr tilpkrch stcnahatais -ibbidts nitwiif aeiftadch vcracnhis licsurie ct U3

cfe U>!( cfe afvirsi dcusctakf -prkeudtavaty U> afbhuifdis surviy ealifsakfs ct U3!&

Ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs wiri chhkwie tk dkvcry ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >&

Dkfsaeiraf` tmi prkpkrtakf kb tmi fulnir kb surviy sdchi atils kf tmi kfi mcfe( tk tmi

fulnir kb dcsis ct nrcfdm hivih kf tmi ktmir mcfe( wi eidaeie tk afdhuei tmi surviy

ealifsakf sdkris cs lcfabist vcracnhis rctmir tmcf cs hctift vcracnhis af kur lkeih afkreir tk lcaftcaf c bcvkrcnhi afeadctkr,tk,sclphi sazi rctak&

Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts wcs eitirlafie ny dklpcraf` tmi prkncnahaty hivih - p !

brkl tmi Dratadch ^ctak -D&^&! , dchduhctie ny eavaeaf` tmi pcrclitir istalcti ny ats

stcfecre irrkr , usaf` c sa`fabadcfdi hivih kb &79& Pi usie tmi Dma squcri -π>!( rkkt licf

squcri irrkr kb cpprkxalctakf -^LTIC!( ceoustie `kkefiss kb bat afeix -C@BA! cfe

Nifthir‑s dklpcrctavi bat afeix -DBA! tk cssiss tmi bat kb tmi lkeih( cs eisdranie ny Nyrfi

->773!& Fkf,sa`fabadcft π>( C@BA cfe DBA vchuis cnkvi &17( cfe ^LTIC vchuis nihkw

&79 afeadcti c `kke bat nitwiif lkeih cfe ectc& Bafchhy( af kreir tk kntcaf c lkri




345

pcrsalkfakus lkeih cfe c dhicrir afeadctakf kb wmadm surviy ealifsakfs mcvi cf ibbidt

kf prkeudtavaty( wi ixdhueie tmi fkf,sa`fabadcft ibbidts bkhhkwaf` c ncdjwcre ihalafctakf

prkdieuri& Pi dkftrkhhie bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch nitwiif tmi twk ilphkyii

surviys watmaf c nrcfdm -licsurie af lkftms! cs tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch dkuhe ni

c dkfbkufeaf` bcdtkr& Pi cpphaie c π> eabbirifdi tist tk eitirlafi wmitmir tmas

dkfstrcafie lkeih battie tmi ectc oust cs wihh cs tmi buhh lkeih&

Fixt( wi istalctie tmi prcdtadch sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidt kb surviy sdkris kf

prkeudtavaty ny dchduhctaf` tmi ibbidt kb c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af surviy sdkris

kf prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft >( nut wi eae sk kfhy bkr surviy ealifsakfs tmct smkwie c

sa`fabadcft pksatavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Pi tmif dchduhctie tmi dmcfì

rihctavi tk tmi licf prkeudtavaty bkr tmisi ealifsakfs& Fixt( wi eitirlafie mkw ludm

-dchduhctie af Iurks! kb tmi yicrhy bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi dcf ni prieadtie ny surviy

sdkris( barst ny ixtrcpkhctaf` tmas pirdiftcì tk kur sclphi kb 303 nrcfdmis( cfe sidkfehy

ny ixtrcpkhctaf` tmas pirdiftcì tk tmi tktch risicrdm pkpuhctakf -i&`& chh hkdch eklistad

nrcfdmis af tmi Fitmirhcfes!& Umi ixtrcpkhctakf tk tmi tktch risicrdm pkpuhctakf wcs

ncsie kf kvirchh barl pirbkrlcfdi ectc bkr >774( tmi lieacf yicr bkr tali pkaft >&

9&9 îsuhts

9&9&3 Eisdraptavis

Ucnhi > smkws tmi licfs cfe stcfecre eivactakfs ct nktm tali pkafts cfe tmi

dkrrihctakfs clkf` surviy ealifsakfs cfe prkbats+BUI& Ucnhi > smkws tmct tmi licf

sdkris bkr tmi surviy ealifsakfs kb pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf

afdricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Licf sdkris bkr okn siduraty cfe eivihkplift

eidricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Burtmirlkri( tmi surviy ealifsakfs kb okn siduraty

cfe eivihkplift cri lkeirctihy stcnhi cdrkss tali -crkufe &57!& Wcy sctasbcdtakf cfe

pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf mcvi c rihctavihy ma`m stcnahaty -&2> cfe &93!& Ct tali pkaft 3

-cvircì prkeudtavaty kb >4(>13 Iurks+BUI! tmi nrcfdmis pirbkrlie hiss wihh tmcf ct

tali pkaft > -cvircì prkeudtavaty kb 44(>32 Iurks+BUI!& Umas ribhidts idkfklad richaty

bkr bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakfs wmiri prkbats cri afbhuifdie tk c hcrì ixtift ny

ixtirfch bcdtkrs rihctaf` tk lcrjit trifes& Umi navcracti dkrrihctakf nitwiif U3 cfe U> as

&2> mkwivir( wmadm su`ìsts tmct tmi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U3 as bcarhy prieadtavi kb tmi

bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>& Bafchhy Ucnhi > smkws tmct tmi surviy ealifsakfs cri ct hicst ct

kfi tali pkaft sa`fabadcfthy dkrrihctie watm prkbats+BUI& Umas as c barst sa`f tmct tmisi

surviy ealifsakfs cri pirbkrlcfdi,rihctie afeadctkrs&



U c n h i > & L i c f s ( T t c f e c r e E i v a c t a k f s ( c

f e D k r r i h c t a k f s

R c r a c n h i

L i c f

T E

3

>

4

5

9

2

0

=

1

3 & W i r

b k r l c f d i k r a i f t c t a k f 3

2 2 & 1 1

9 & 4 1

> & W i r

b k r l c f d i k r a i f t c t a k f >

2 = & 1 4

5 & 1 =

& 9 3 5 / /

4 & O k n

s i d u r a t y 3

0 3 & 2 >

0 & 4 >

& 3 2 = /

, & 3

3 0

5 & O k n

s i d u r a t y >

2 9 & 0 5

2 & 0 0

& 7 5 2

& 3 4 1

& 4 2 3 / /

9 & W c y

s c t a s b c d t a k f 3

9 9 & 3 5

9 & = 2

& 4 9 7 / /

& > 0 7 / /

, & 3 7 0

& 7 5 1

2 & W c y

s c t a s b c d t a k f >

9 = & = 2

5 & 4 5

& 3 7 =

& > 4 4 / /

, & 7 3 9

& 3 9 2 /

& 2 3 2 / /

0 & E i v i h k p l i f t 3

0 2 & 4 1

5 & 1 9

& 9 7 0 / /

& 3 9 = /

& > 4 0 / /

, & 7 1 4

& 3 1 0 / /

& 3 > =

= & E i v i h k p l i f t >

0 5 & 5 =

9 & > >

& > 3 3 / /

& 9 > > / /

& 7 4 1

& > 7 2 / /

& 3 > 0

& > 5 5 / /

& 4 = = / /

1 & W r k

b a t s + B U I 3

> 4 & > 1 c

3 > & 3 5 c & 3 1 5 /

& 3 0 2 /

& 7 2 >

& > 7 1 / /

& 7 0 7

& 7 4 7

, & 3 9 4 /

, & 7 2 3

3 7 & W r k b a t s + B U I >

4 4 & > > c

3 5 & 3 1 c & > 7 2 / /

& 4 0 9 / /

, & 7 > 9

& > 0 4 / /

& > 1 5 / /

& 3 1 > /

, & 7 2 7

& 7 = 3

& 2 3 = / /

F k t i s ?

c ^ i p k r t i e a f t m k u s c f e s k b I u r k s p i r B U I / / D k r r i h c t a k f a s s a ` f a b a d c f t c t t m i 7 & 7 3 h i v i h - > , t c a h i e ! & / D k r r i h c t a k f a s s a ` f a b a d c f t c t t m i 7 & 7 9 h i v i h

- > , t c a h i

e ! & F < 3 0 3 n u s a f i s s u f a t s




342

9&9&> Ibbidts nitwiif Turviy Ealifsakfs cfe Wirbkrlcfdi

Pi ni`cf tmi strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` cfchysis ny tistaf` tmi buhh lkeih& Uwk

bat afeadis kb tmas lkeih afeadctie c ricskfcnhi bat -π>< >=&2( p < &77 eb < 3>: C@BA <

&=2!& Kfhy tmi DBA -DBA < &10! su`ìstie c `kke bat& Pi trallie tmas lkeih ny eihitaf`

fkf,sa`fabadcft csskdactakfs -ncdjwcre ihalafctakf!& Umas sidkfe lkeih smkwie nittir bat

licsuris -π>< 40&1( p < &7> eb < >>: C@BA < &17: DBA < &10: ^LTIC < &729!&

Lkrikvir( c π> `kkefiss,kb,bat stctastadch tist smkwie tmct tmas dkfstrcafie lkeih bats oust

cs wihh cs tmi buhh lkeih -∂π> < 1&>4( ∂eb < 37: p 6 &37!& Umi sidkfe lkeih as pribirrie

nidcusi at as lkri pcrsalkfakus tmcf tmi barst lkeih&3

Af tmas rivasie lkeih bavi bkrwcre csskdctakfs nitwiif ilphkyii surviy sdchis cfe

prkbats+BUI cri sa`fabadcft - p 8 7&79!& Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as pksatavihy csskdactie

watm prkbats+BUI ct U3 cfe ct U> - ξ < &40: ξ < &>>( p 8 &79!( afeadctaf` tmct nrcfdmis

watm ma`m sdkris kf pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf mcvi lkri prkbats+BUI cfe tmct cf

afdricsi af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as csskdactie watm cf afdricsi af prkbats+BUI& Patm

ri`cre tk pcy sctasbcdtakf( c rihctakfsmap wcs bkufe nitwiif pcy sctasbcdtakf ct U3 cfe

prkbats ct U> - ξ < &>7( p 8 &79!( afeadctaf` tmct pcy sctasbcdtakf sdkris ct U3 cri pksatavihy

csskdactie watm cf afdricsi af prkbats+BUI& At wcs bkufe tmct eivihkplift as fi`ctavihy

csskdactie watm prkbats+BUI ct U3 - ξ < ,&45( p 8 &79!: nrcfdmis watm ma`m sdkris kf

eivihkplift smkw hiss prkbats+BUI& At wcs bkufe tmct okn siduraty wcs pksatavihy rihctietk prkbats+BUI ct U>( afeadctaf` tmct cf afdricsi af okn siduraty as csskdactie watm cf

afdricsi af prkbats+BUI - ξ < &3>( p 8 &79!& Pi bkufe kfhy kfi sa`fabadcft pksatavi afvirsi

dcusctakf ibbidt cfe tmct wcs nitwiif prkbats+BUI ct U3 cfe okn siduraty ct U> - ξ < &3=(

p 8 &79!& Umi ma`mir tmi prkbats+BUI af c nrcfdm ct U3( tmi lkri okn siduraty ilphkyiis

ixpiraifdi ct U>& Umi risuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih cri prisiftie af Baùri >& Umi rivasie

lkeih ixphcafs 51 pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af prkbats+BUI ct U>& Umi na`ìst pcrt kb tmas

pirdiftcì -4=&> pirdift! as cttranutcnhi tk tmi prkbats+BUI ct U3& Umi ilphkyii surviy

sdkris dkhhidtavihy cddkuft bkr 37&= pirdift ceeatakfch ixphcafie vcracfdi( wmadm wi

dkfsaeir c sunstcftach clkuft& Baùri > prisifts tmi risuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih&

3 Afdhueaf` hif`tm kb tali aftirvch cs c dkftrkh vcracnhi eae fkt dmcfì tmi pcttirf kb kur risuhts& Uali aftirvch kfhy mce c sa`fabadcft pksatavi ibbidt kf pirbkrlcfdi cfe eivihkplift ct U>& Pi tmiribkrieidaeie tk ripkrt risuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih watmkut afdhueaf` tali aftirvch cs c dkftrkh vcracnhi&




340

Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf

Eivihkplift

Okn siduray

Wcy sctasbcdtakf

Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf

Eivihkplift

Wcy sctasbcdtakf

Wrkbats+BUI

Wrkbats+BUI

Okn siduraty

& 3 > /

&> > /

Uali pkaft 3

Uali pkaft >

& 3 = /

& > 7 /

,&4 5 /

&4 0 /

Baùri >& îsuhts kb rivasie lkeihFktis? îhctakfsmaps nitwiif vcracnhis cdrkss tali cri fkt eipadtie& Nhcdj hafis afeadctisa`fabadcft bkrwcre csskdactakfs nitwiif ilphkyii surviy sdchis cfe prkbats+BUI&Ecsmie nhcdj hafis afeadcti sa`fabadcft rivirsi dcusctakf ibbidts? prkbats+BUI cbbidtssurviy sdchis / p 8 &79 F < 303

9&9&4 Iurk Ixtrcpkhctakf

Af ceeatakf tk prisiftaf` tmi risuhts af tirls kb sa`fabadcft nitc dkibbadaifts cfe

clkuft kb ixphcafie vcracfdi( wi ixtrcpkhctie tmi cnkvi liftakfie bafeaf`s tk tmi tktch

sclphi cfe tmi tktch pkpuhctakf& Barst wi istalctie tmi ibbidt kb c kfi stcfecre eivactakf

dmcfì kfhy bkr tmi surviy sdchis bkr pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf( cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf& Nktm

ealifsakfs wiri bkufe tk ni pksatavihy prieadtavi kb buturi nrcfdm pirbkrlcfdi&




34=

Eivihkplift smkwie c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap ct U3& Okn siduraty ct U> wcs prieadtavi kb

prkbats+BUI ct U>( chtmku`m prkbats+BUI ct U3 wcs bkufe tk ni lkri rihctie tk okn

siduraty ct U>& Pi luhtaphaie tmi stcfecreazie dkibbadaift ny tmi stcfecre eivactakf kb

tmi prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft >& Umas smkwie tmct c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af

pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as csskdactie watm c 4&3>j Iurks+BUI afdricsi af prkeudtavaty(

cfe c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af pcy sctasbcdtakf as csskdactie watm >&=5j

Iurks+BUI afdricsi af prkeudtavaty& Umus( nrcfdmis watm pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf sdkris

kb kfi stcfecre cnkvi tmi licf kutpirbkrlie tmksi ct tmi licf ny c 4&3>j Iurks+BUI

afdricsi af prkeudtavaty& Cfe salahcrhy( nrcfdmis watm pcy sctasbcdtakf sdkris kb kfi

stcfecre cnkvi tmi licf kutpirbkrlie tmksi ct tmi licf ny c >&=5j Iurks+BUI

afdricsi af prkeudtavaty&

@avif tmct tmi licf kb prkeudtavaty ct U> as 44&>>j Iurks+BUI( tmi tktch afbhuifdi

kb nktm surviy sdchis ceeie up tk c 30&1 pirdift afdricsi rihctavi tk tmi licf& Ceeaf` up

tmi ibbidts kb tmi twk ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs alphais tmct nrcfdmis wkuhe fiie tk

ni cnhi tk dmcfì tmisi surviy sdkris saluhtcfikushy af kreir tk cdmaivi sudm cf upwcre

dmcfì& Pi tistie tmi bicsanahaty kb kntcafaf` tmisi afdricsis ny dmidjaf` tmi pirdiftcì

kb nrcfdmis tmct mce chricey cttcafie sudm bcvkrcnhi sdkris ct tali pkaft > -phus kfi

stcfecre eivactakf bkr nktm surviy sdchis!& At cppicrs tmct fafi pirdift kb chh nrcfdmis af

kur sclphi mce chricey cttcafie tmisi afdricsis af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf& Nrcfdmis dcf tmus ni ixpidtie tk cttcaf tmisi

hivihs kb sdkris&

Pi ixtrcpkhctie tmisi bafeaf`s tk kur sclphi kb 303 nrcfdmis& C 30&1 pirdift ma mir

pirbkrlcfdi clkufts tk ma`mir prkbats kb 1> lahhakf Iurks -30&1 pirdift kb tktch prkbats

kb 93>&0 lahhakf Iurks ct U>: kr 9&12j Iurks+BUI talis 39(545 BUI!& Uktch prkbats bkr

tmi iftari pkpuhctakf -afdhueaf` chh nrcfdmis! wiri 115&4 lahhakf Iurks bkr >774& Umus(

cf afdricsi kb kfi stcfecre eivactakf af pcy sctasbcdtakf dkuphie watm c salahcr afdricsi

kb kfi stcfecre eivactakf af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as csskdactie watm c yicrhy 30=

lahhakf afdricsi af prkbat -30&1 pirdift afdricsi cdrkss tmi iftari dklpcfy!& Pi mcvi tk

tcji aftk cddkuft tmct wi cri cssulaf` tmct chh nrcfdmis wahh ni cnhi tk afdricsi tmiar

pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf sdkris ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf& Mkwivir(

nrcfdmis wmadm cri chricey cdmaivaf` ma`m sdkris la`mt fkt ni cnhi tk alprkvi tmiar

surviy sdkris ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf -chtmku`m af kur sclphi kb 303 nrcfdmis at wcs

bkufe tk ni pkssanhi tk alprkvi tmiar sdkris ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf! cfe lkrikvir

tmi pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts la`mt ni rieudie eui tk pkssanhi diahaf` ibbidts&




341

9&2 Easdussakf

Umi cal kb tmas stuey wcs tk ixphcaf pirbkrlcfdi eabbirifdis nitwiif nrcfdmis

watmaf c hcrì dklpcfy kf tmi ncsas kb ilphkyii surviy ectc af tmi ha`mt kb wkrjbkrdi

sdkridcres& Af dkftrcst tk stueais wmadm ixphcaf barl,hivih pirbkrlcfdi( tmas stuey

bkdusie kf mkw bafcfdach kutdklis cri cdmaivie vac aftirlieacti M^L prkdissis ct tmi

nrcfdm hivih& Hkfàtueafch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe nrcfdm

pirbkrlcfdi wiri ixphkrie& Bafeaf` cpprkpracti M^L prkdiss afeadctkrs( istcnhasmaf`

tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps( cfe prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf wiri aeiftabaie cs

lcokr dmchhifìs tk ni ceerissie& Umas stuey mcs traie tk liit tmisi dmchhifìs cfe

prkvaei M^ risicrdmirs cfe prcdtatakfirs watm cf ixclphi kb tmi pkssanhi cfswirs&

Umi barst dmchhifì dkfdirfie tmi afeadctkrs bkr M^L& Af tmas stuey ilphkyii surviy

ectc wiri usie cs cf afeadctkr kb bcdtkrs eravif ny M^L,rihctie aftirviftakfs&

Ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs( cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs cri dkfdiptuchazie cs hafjaf`

lidmcfasls af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cdtavatais cfe kutdklis -Nkxchh " Wurdihh(

>77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!& Mifdi( risicrdm tcjaf` c wkrjirs‑ pirspidtavi dcf

dkftranuti tk `cafaf` c eiipir afsa`mt aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap -i&`&

@uist( 3111!& Af ceeatakf( luhtaphi ilphkyii rctaf`s watmaf c nrcfdm wiri cvircìe

wmadm risuhts af ma`mir rihacnahaty sdkris kf M^L prkdissis tmcf as dkllkf af stueais

usaf` c saf`hi lcfcìr‑s pkaft kb vaiw ri`creaf` alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis -@irmcrt(>770!& Af hafi watm Fasmaa it ch&‑s stuey ->77=!( tmas stuey dkfbarls tmi utahaty kb hkkjaf` ct

ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cs afeadctkrs kb tmi wcy M^L pkhadais cri ifcdtie af

kr`cfazctakfs& Turviy afbkrlctakf as bkufe tk ni prieadtavi kb buturi bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi cfe afeadctavi kb tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie( cs wahh ni ixphcafie

nihkw&

Cf afdricsi af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf watmaf c nrcfdm wcs csskdactie watm cf

afdricsi af prkeudtavaty kvir twk yicrs& Nrcfdmis wmadm cri pirdiavie ny ilphkyiis tk ni

lkri quchaty bkdusie( lkri dkst,ibbidtavi( cfe wmadm dkllufadcti tmiar strctiàd `kchs

tk ilphkyiis lkri ibbidtavihy ek cdmaivi ma`mir prkbats& Af tmisi nrcfdmis ilphkyiis cri

cwcri kb tmi strctiàd bkdus cfe dcf cha`f tmiar ibbkrts cfe nimcvakrs& Wcy sctasbcdtakf ct

tali pkaft 3 pksatavihy cbbidtie prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Af tmas dklpcfy tmi

alphiliftctakf kb c fiw kpirctaf` systil af wmadm okn bufdtakfs cri lkri dhicrhy

dhcssabaie cfe ilphkyiis cri pcae bkr pirbkrlcfdi( dkuhe mcvi niif tmi ricskf bkr ma`mir

sdkris kf pcy sctasbcdtakf( cfe kvir tali lcy mcvi mce tmi ibbidt kb lktavctaf`

ilphkyiis tk pirbkrl nittir( risuhtaf` af ma`mir nrcfdm prkbats&




357

Pi bkufe suppkrt bkr cf ibbidt kb okn siduraty -U>! kf prkeudtavaty -U>!( cfe bkr c

rivirsie rihctakfsmap& Umi hc`ìe( rivirsi ibbidt wcs sha`mthy strkfìr tmcf tmi ibbidt af

tmi hkfàtueafch pcrt -nkttkl! kb tmi lkeih& Ma`m pirbkrlcfdi la`mt ni pirdiavie ny

tmi ilphkyiis cs c pksatavi sa`fch watm ri`cre tk ilphkylift siduraty( cs prkpksie ny

Wccuwi cfe Nksihai ->779!& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe( ilphkyiis wkrjaf` af hkw pirbkrlaf`

nrcfdmis la`mt ixpiraifdi hiss ilphkylift siduraty( safdi tmi prissuri tk dmcfì af tmi

buturi as `rictir af tmisi nrcfdmis( pkssanhy ivif tmrictifaf` tmiar okns& Dkftrcry tk kur

ixpidtctakfs wi bkufe c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif eivihkplift cfe prkeudtavaty&

Tifeaf` ilphkyiis kf trcafaf` dkursis afdricsis dksts cfe la`mt eidricsi nifibats bkr

tmi eurctakf kb tmi trcafaf`( wmahi tmi nifibats kb tmi fiwhy,cdquarie jfkwhieì( sjahhs(

cfe cnahatais wahh kfhy nidkli vasanhi kvir c hkfìr tali pirake& Dcppihha cfe Fiulcrj

->773! bkufe salahcr bafeaf`s watm ri`cre tk ticlwkrj trcafaf`&

Umi sidkfe dmchhifì wi ceerissie wcs mkw tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif

M^L afeadctkrs cfe kutdklis& Lkst kb tmi stueais dcrraie kut privakushy eae fkt sctasby

tmi tmrii fidisscry pridkfeatakfs bkr ercwaf` tilpkrch afbirifdis& Umas stuey usie c

hkfàtueafch eisa`f watm twk ectc wcvis cfe cpphaie strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`: tmas

cpprkcdm ifcnhie us tk ct hicst ercw dkfdhusakfs kf tilpkrch kreir nitwiif kur

vcracnhis& Pi tistie tmi ixtift tk wmadm prkeudtavaty afdricsie cs c risuht kb dmcfìs af

ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs( cfe tistie bkr tmi pkssanahaty tmct prkeudtavaty sdkrisafbhuifdie ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs&

Dklpcrie tk ktmir hkfàtueafch stueais -^ycf it ch&( 3112: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774! wi

knsirvie biwir afvirsi rihctakfs& Mkwivir( af hafi watm bkrlir stueais -Tdmfiaeir it ch&(

>774!( wi bkufe tmct prkeudtavaty mce c pksatavi ibbidt kf okn siduraty& Patm ri`cre tk tmi

tmare cfe bafch pridkfeatakf bkr istcnhasmaf` dcuschaty( tmi pkssanahaty kb dkftrkhhaf` bkr kr

ruhaf` kut chtirfctavi ixphcfctakfs bkr c pkssanhi dcusch rihctakfsmap( tmas dratirac wcs fkt

buhhy sctasbaie af kur stuey& Pi eiravie ectc brkl c saf`hi kr`cfazctakf cfe tmus alphadathy

dkftrkhhie bkr tmi afbhuifdi kb afstatutakfch bcdtkrs af M^L( wmadm as rihctavihy hcrì af

tmi Fitmirhcfes -Nksihai it ch&( >773! cs wihh cs bkr afeustry cfe dklpcfy ibbidts&

Mkwivir( wi dkuhe fkt dkftrkh bkr sivirch nrcfdm eabbirifdis sudm cs eastranutakf

dmcffihs( usi kb afbkrlctakf systils( cfe kpirctakfch prcdtadis& Tk chtmku`m wi dcf

ixdhuei tmi ibbidt kb afstatutakfch( afeustry cfe dklpcfy bcdtkrs( ceeatakfch nrcfdm,hivih

aftirviftakfs la`mt ni rispkfsanhi bkr tmi rihctakfsmaps bkufe& Mkwivir( cddkreaf` tk

Pchjir( Tlatmir cfe Pchelcf ->77=! ”nitwiif nrcfdm‑ bcdtkrs mcvi hatthi afbhuifdi kf

hkfàtueafch rihctakfsmaps& Nrcfdm bcdtkrs tmct afbhuifdi surviy sdkris cfe prkeudtavaty af




353

c nrcfdm ct tali pkaft 3 cri chsk hajihy tk afbhuifdi surviy sdkris cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali

pkaft > af tmct nrcfdm& Cf ixdiptakf as tali,vcryaf` bcdtkrs& Bkr ixclphi( Nkxchh cfe

Lcdjy ->771! su`ìstie tmct dmcfìs af wkrj cfe ilphkylift prcdtadis cri kbtif

cddklpcfaie ny rihctie dmcfìs af lcfcìlift cdtakfs cfe afvistlifts& Af tmas stuey(

nrcfdmis watm ma`m sdkris kf `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe quchaty kraiftctakf la`mt chsk mcvi

aftrkeudie lkri cevcfdie kpirctaf` systils&

Bafchhy( tmi tmare dmchhifì wi ceerissie wcs mkw tk trcfshcti istcnhasmie

rihctakfsmaps aftk rihivcft lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf& Umi lkst alpkrtcft dkfdhusakf tk

ni ercwf brkl tmas stuey as tmct 37&= pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af nrcfdm prkbats+BUI dcf

ni ixphcafie ny sdkris eiravie brkl surviy sdkris kf pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis( cbtir

dkrridtaf` bkr prakr pirbkrlcfdi& Ixastaf` risicrdm eae fkt hice us tk ixpidt sudm c

sunstcftach ei`rii kb ixphcafie vcracfdi& Umas as ma`mir tmcf tmct bkufe af tmi

hkfàtueafch stuey ny ^ycf it ch& -3112!& Umas su`ìsts tmct dkfsaeircnhi kppkrtufaty bkr

lkri prkbatcnahaty eui tk ifmcfdie M^L,rihctie dmcfì prkdissis wcs prisift kvir tmi

risicrdm pirake af tmi kr`cfazctakf wi afvista`ctie& Umi eabbirifdi nitwiif cvircì tali

3 cfe cvircì tali > prkbatcnahaty dkfbarls tmas stctilift( chtmku`m pcrt kb tmas rasi af

prkbatcnahaty dcf salphy ni cttranutie tk lcrjit trifes& Mkwivir( tmi M^L,rihctie

dmcfìs lcy ni fidisscry af kreir tk tcji cevcftcì kb cf upwcre trife&

Pmif wi trcfshcti kur risuhts aftk prcdtadch alphadctakfs( tmi alpkrtcfdi kb lkfatkraf` ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs nidklis dhicr& C kfi stcfecre eivactakf

afdricsi af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af pcy

sctasbcdtakf cri csskdactie watm 30= lahhakf Iurks ma`mir prkbats bkr tmi iftari

kr`cfazctakf& Dkfdirfaf` tmi bicsanahaty kb tmisi dmcfìs( fafi pirdift kb chh nrcfdmis

lcfcìe tk kntcaf tmisi kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsis& Umas afeadctis tmct nrcfdmis

dcf lcfcì tk kntcaf tmisi sdkris( wmadm af turf su`ìsts tmiri as stahh rkkl bkr

alprkvilift af prkbatcnahaty bkr tmi kr`cfazctakf af nrcfdmis tmct mcvi fkt yit kntcafie

tmisi sdkris&

9&2&3 Halatctakfs

Chtmku`m tmi usi kb twk wcvis kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af c

dkftixt kb rifiwie M^L pkhadais as affkvctavi af tmas baihe kb risicrdm( tmi wcy tmi

hkfàtueafch ectc dkuphaf` wcs ekfi af tmas stuey mcs c halatctakf& Pi dklpcrie eabbirift

tali hc`s ny chhkwaf` eabbirift tali aftirvchs -3 — 4 yicrs!: mkwivir( tmas eae fkt cbbidt

kur risuhts& Umikry kf tmi cpprkpracti tali hc` as hcdjaf`& Umi pksatavi ibbidts kb

eivihkplift( bkr afstcfdi( lcy tcji hkfìr& Lkrikvir( tmas tali hc` lcy ni tkk smkrt tk




35>

dcpturi tmi dcusch ibbidts kb pcy sctasbcdtakf( safdi tmi stcnahaty kb tmas surviy ealifsakf

wcs rihctavihy ma`m& Ttueais watm hkfìr tali aftirvchs cbtir cdtuch M^L dmcfìs wkuhe

prkvaei c jiy cric bkr buturi risicrdm&

Umi sidkfe halatctakf dkfdirfs tmi licsuris usie af tmas stuey& Umas stuey

dklpcrie nrcfdmis( sk afeavaeuch surviy sdkris mce tk ni c``ri`ctie tk licf sdkris ct

tmi nrcfdm hivih& Pkrjaf` watm c``ri`ctie ectc dkuhe ni prknhilctad eui tk tmi

eabbirifdis af nrcfdm sazi& Umi stcfecre irrkrs cfe dkfbaeifdi aftirvchs bkr tmi

c``ri`ctie surviy sdkris la`mt ni eastkrtie -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Burtmirlkri( tmi clkuft

kb vcracfdi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih -ADD3! wcs rctmir hkw bkr skli surviy sdchis( afeadctaf`

tmct tmisi sdchis cri dkfdiptuchhy nittir suatie tk tmi afeavaeuch( okn kr ticl hivihs rctmir

tmcf tmi nrcfdm hivih&

9&2&> Alphadctakfs

Wrcdtadi& Umas risicrdm afbkrls M^L prcdtadi nidcusi tmas stuey smkws tmct tmi

nifibats kb M^L,rihctie dmcfì prkdissis dcf tk c sunstcftach ixtift ni trcdie usaf`

ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf& Kur surviy licsuris lcy fkt ni tmi dcusch bcdtkrs nut

tmiy ek ribhidt tmi prkdissis -prkxy licsuris! cfe tmas bats viry wihh watm c wkrjbkrdi

sdkridcre pirspidtavi( wmiri licsuris kb eabbirift jafes cfe dkftixts cri dklnafie af

tryaf` tk lkfatkr cfe lcfcì cf kr`cfazctakf‑s mulcf riskurdis& Turviy afbkrlctakf as

prieadtavi kb buturi bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( cfe afeadctavi kb tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdissis

afvkhvie& Lkfatkraf` cfe lcfcàf` eabbirifdis af ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs as

alpkrtcft bkr kr`cfazctakfs& Cbtir chh( tmisi cspidts cri pirbkrlcfdi,staluhctaf` bcdtkrs

wmadm kbbir hafi cfe M^ lcfcìrs nittir dkftrkh kppkrtufatais tmcf( bkr ixclphi(

ixtirfch bcdtkrs( sudm cs lcrjit trifes kr lcrjit pradis&

Umi sdkris kb c pcrtaduhcr nrcfdm kf ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs dklpcrie tk ats

prakr sdkris cfe dklpcrie tk tmi sdkris kb ktmir nrcfdmis prkvaei nrcfdm lcfcìrs

watm usibuh lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf kf tmi nrcfdm‑s durrift pksatakf& Umi stuey smkwstmct wmif ilphkyiis cri cwcri tmct tmi ibbadaift eihaviry kb ma`m quchaty tk dustklirs as

àvif prakraty af tmiar nrcfdm cfe tmct tmiy wahh ni riwcreie cddkreaf`hy( tmif tmas

afbkrlctakf wahh ùaei tmiar nimcvakr tk ni af hafi watm tmas `kch( risuhtaf` af alprkvie

pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( sdkris kf pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakfs af pcrtaduhcr( tkìtmir watm pcy

sctasbcdtakf( cri alpkrtcft& Umas as af hafi watm tmi ridifthy prkpksie ilphkyii ”hafi kb

sa`mt‑ dkfdipt& Hafi kb sa`mt afeadctis tmi ixtift tk wmadm cf ilphkyii ufeirstcfes tmi

kr`cfazctakf‑s vchuis cfe knoidtavis( cfe ufeirstcfes mkw tk ibbidtavihy dkftranuti tk

eihaviraf` tmil -Nkswihh( >772!&




354

îsicrdm& Umas stuey dkftranutis tk kur jfkwhieì kb tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì&

Umi cssulptakf tmct tmiri as fk vcractakf af M^L watmaf barls mcs niif dmchhifìe af

ridift yicrs -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Pra`mt " Mc`ìrty( >779!( cfe af hafi watm tmisi

cutmkrs dkfdhusakfs( tmas stuey eilkfstrctis tmct ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L smkw

vcracfdi watmaf kfi cfe tmi scli hcrì kr`cfazctakf& Tidkfehy( tmas stuey cpphaie c

hkfàtueafch eisa`f( wmadm as ma`mhy ridkllifeie af M^L risicrdm -Pra`mt it ch&( >779!&

Lkrikvir( dklpcraf` nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi cfe tmi scli hcrì kr`cfazctakf as c

ridkllifeie strcti`y bkr buturi risicrdm af stueyaf` tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafj

-Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Uk ufhkdj tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap( ceeatakfch

risicrdm as fiieie usaf` hkfìr talibrclis( cfe lkri dkftrkh vcracnhis& Lkri risicrdm as

chsk fiieie kf mkw dkrpkrcti micequcrtirs‑ aftifeie M^ pkhadais cri alphiliftie ny

nusafiss ufat hafi lcfcìrs( cfe kf tmi hafj nitwiif tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis cfe

ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!&

Mkwivir( cs Pchh cfe Pkke ->779! stctie( tmas riquaris c na` sdaifdi prkoidt& Lcfy

kr`cfazctakfs pkssiss crdmavch surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc( lksthy dkhhidtie ny eabbirift

eipcrtlifts -mulcf riskurdis: bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh!& Istcnhasmaf` hkfàtueafch

rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe bafcfdach kutdklis cs wi eae af tmas

stuey as pkssanhi af lcfy ktmir hcrìr kr`cfazctakfs& Litc,cfchyzaf` c sirais kb sudm

hcrì,kr`cfazctakf kr nrcfdm,kb,afeustry spidabad stueais as kfi kptakf bkr buturi ”na` sdaifdi‑ af M^L&




355

9&0 îbirifdis

Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift kfkr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift

Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&

Nidjir( N&I&( Musihae( L&C& " Yhradm( E& ->773!& Umi M^ sdkridcre? Hafjaf` pikphi( strcti`y cfe pirbkrlcfdi & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh&

Nksihai( W&( Eaitz( @& " Nkkf( D& ->779!& Dkllkfchatais cfe dkftrceadtakfs af M^L cfepirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 20,15&

Nksihai( W&( Wccuwi( O& " Ocfssif( W& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfepirbkrlcfdi? Hisskfs brkl tmi Fitmirhcfes& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 3370,33>9&Nkswihh( P& ->772!& Cha`faf` ilphkyiis watm tmi kr`cfasctakf‑s strctiàd knoidtavis? kut


Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&

Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& îsicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?

Wrkdissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 31( 3(4,>4&

Nyrfi( N&L& ->773!& Ttrudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` watm CLKT? ncsad dkfdipts( cpphadctakfs( cfe prk`rcllaf` & Lcmwcm( FO? Hcwrifdi Irhncul&

Dcppihha( W& " Fiulcrj( E& ->773!& Ek ”ma`m pirbkrlcfdi‑ wkrj prcdtadis alprkviistcnhasmlift hivih kutdklis;& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr îhctakfs îvaiw ( 95( 040,002&

Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi‑&Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&

Dkkj( E& " Dclpnihh( E& -3101!& Sucsa,ixpiraliftctakf? Eisa`f " cfchysas assuis bkr baihe sittaf`s & Nkstkf? Mku`mtkf Labbhaf Dk&

Basdmir( M& " Lattkrp( J&E& ->77>!& Mkw M^ licsuris suppkrt rasj lcfcìlift? UmiEiutsdmi ncfj ixclphi& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 53( 5( 500,517&



@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L& " LdLcmcf( @&D& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr cfe istalctis kb tmi M^,barl pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? Burtmir ivaeifdi cfe cfchysas& Wirskffih

Wsydmkhk`y ( 94( =99,=0>&@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? C rivaiw cfe risicrdm

cìfec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi lcfcìlift ( =( >24,>02&@uist( E& -3111!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&

Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 371>,3372&@uist( E&I&( Ladmai( O&( Dkfwcy( F& " Tmiimcf( L& ->774!& Mulcf riskurdi

lcfcìlift cfe dkrpkrcti pirbkrlcfdi af tmi YJ& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 53( >( >13,435&

Mcdjlcf( O&^& " Khelcf( @&^& -3109!& Eivihkplift kb tmi okn eac`fkstad surviy&

Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 27( 391,307&




359

Musihae( L&C& -3119!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift prcdtadis kfturfkvir(prkeudtavaty( cfe dkrpkrcti bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch (4=( 249,20>&

Musihae( L&C&( Nidjir( N&I& " Nictty( ^&P& ->779!& Umi wkrjbkrdi sdkridcre? Lcfcàf` mulcf dcpatch tk ixiduti strcti`y & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh Wunhasaf` Dkrpkrctakf&

Musihae( L&C&( Ocdjskf( T&I& " Tdmuhir( ^&T& -3110!& Uidmfadch cfe strctiàdmulcfriskurdi lcfcìlift ibbidtavifiss cs eitirlafcfts kb barl pirbkrlcfdi&

Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 57( 3( 303,3==& Oclis( H&^&( Eilcrii( ^&@& " Pkhb( @& -31=5!& Istalctaf` watmaf,`rkup aftirrctir

rihacnahaty watm cfe watmkut rispkfsi nacs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( =9,1=&Jhiaf( J&O&( Nhaisi( W&E&( Jkzhkwsja( T&P&O&( Ecfsiricu( B&( @cvaf( L&N&( @rabbaf( L&C&(

Mkblcff( E&C&( Oclis( H&^&( Qcllcrafk( B&O& " Nha`m( L&D& ->777!& Luhtahivihcfchytadch tidmfaquis? dkllkfchatais( eabbirifdis( cfe dkftafuaf` quistakfs& Af?

Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& 93>,993!& J&O& Jhiaf " T&Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&

Jkys( E& O& ->773!& Umi ibbidts kb ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap

nimcvakr( cfe turfkvir kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C ufat,hivih( hkfàtueafchstuey& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 95( 3( 373,335&

Lcyk( C& ->773!& Umi mulcf vchui kb tmi iftirprasi? Rchuaf` pikphi cs cssits & Hkfekf? FadmkhcsNrichriy Wunhasmaf`&

Fasmaa( H&( Hipcj( E&W& " Tdmfiaeir( N& ->77=!& Ilphkyii cttranutakfs kb tmi ”wmy‑ kb M^ prcdtadis? Umiar ibbidts kf ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs( cfe dustklirsctasbcdtakf‑& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 974,959&

Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkrstrctiàdmulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjcìs nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >>9,>5=!& E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfeBrcfdas @rkup&

Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivaf` hkf` tirl vacnahaty & Kxbkre? KxbkreYfavirsaty Wriss&

Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Pmct fixt;& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&

Wcttirskf( L&@&( Pist( L&C&( Tmcdjhitkf( R&O&( Ecwskf( O&B&( Hcwtmkl( ^&( Lcathas T&(^knafskf( E&H& " Pchhcdi( C&L& ->779!& Rchaectaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalctilicsuri? Hafjs tk lcfcìrach prcdtadis( prkeudtavaty cfe affkvctakf& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >2( 401,57=&

Wbibbir( O& -3110!& Watbchhs kf tmi rkce tk licsurilift? Umi ecfìrkus hacaskf kb mulcfriskurdis watm tmi aeics kb cddkuftaf` cfe bafcfdi& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift (42( 4( 490,429&

Wmahhaps( O&O&( Ttkfi( ^&E& " Wmahhaps( W&W& ->773!& Umi mulcf riskurdis sdkridcre? licsuraf` tmi riturf kf afvistlift & Nkstkf( LC? Nuttirwkrtm,Miafilcff&


^kussicu( E& ->772!& As tmiri sudm c tmaf` cs ”Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfcìlift‑; Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( 43( >92,>21&

^ycf( C&L&( Tdmlat( L&O& " Okmfskf( ^& -3112!& Cttatueis cfe ibbidtavifiss? Ixclafaf` rihctakfs ct cf kr`cfazctakfch hivih& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 51( 5( =94,==>&

Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcfìs( W&O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc`àk( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb

Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&




352

Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi; Af?Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk?

Okssiy,Ncss&Tlatm( W&( Jifechh( H& " Muhaf( D& -3121!& Umi licsurilift kb sctasbcdtakf af wkrj cfe

ritarilift? C strcti`y bkr tmi stuey kb cttatueis& Dmadc`k? ^cfe LdFchhy&

Ukuhskf( W&J& " Eiwi( W& ->775!& M^ cddkuftaf` cs c licsurilift tkkh& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 35( >( 09,17&


Rcf Luaoif( O&( Jkkplcf( W&( Ei Patti( J& " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur?mit dkfdurririfei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur &Tdmkkfmkvif? Cdceilad Tirvadi&

Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U&B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit iif vrcìfhaost? ei vrcìfhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif&

Pchjir( C&@&( Tlatmir( O&P& " Pchelcf( E&C& ->77=!& C hkfàtueafch ixclafctakf kb

dkfdklatcft dmcfìs af ticl hiceirsmap cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 950,900&

Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr ”na` sdaifdi‑& Mulcf îhctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,52>&

Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? litmkekhkàdch cfe tmikritadch dmchhifìs& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C

ùaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& E& Mkhlcf( U&E& Pchh( D&P& Dhi``( W& Tpcrrkw( " C& Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L&( Lkyfamcf( H&L& " Chhif( L&^& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmapnitwiif M^ prcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih

Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( >( 571,552& Pra`mt( W&L& " Mc`ìrty( O&O& ->779!& Lassaf` vcracnhis af tmikrais kb strctiàd mulcf

riskurdi lcfcìlift? Uali( dcusi( cfe afeavaeuchs//& Lcfcìlift îvui ( 32( >(325,304&



2

Dhalcti cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wrkeudtavaty

af tmi Bafcfdach Tidtkr?

Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf

Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Ttrctiàd Dhalcti cfeKr`cfazctakfch Wrkeudtavaty? Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf& Af? Wrkdiieaf`s kb tmi Taxty, Taxtm Cffuch Liitaf` kb tmi Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift -DE!& @ikrì U& Tkhklkf -Ie&!& ATTF3954,=254&

Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& Dhalcti cfe Kr`cfazctakfchWrkeudtavaty af tmi Bafcfdach Tidtkr? Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf& Lcfusdrapt ufeir îvaiw&



Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf

35=

Cnstrcdt

Umas dmcptir as eisa`fie tk tist wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf

cs aftirlieacry‑ kr ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑( as lkri cpprkpracti tk eisdrani tmi

rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr

sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty af nusafiss ufats& Hkf`atueafch ectc kntcafie brkl lkri tmcf

35(777 ilphkyiis af 303 nrcfdmis kb c bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf prkvaeie fk

ivaeifdi bkr tmi ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry‑ pirspidtavi& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf as fkt

rihctie tk prkeudtavaty af tmas stuey& Af hafi watm c ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑

pirspidtavi( dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as lkri csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty tmcf dhalcti bkr

sirvadi( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi as lkri csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr

ibbadaifdy& Cdrkss tali c trcei,kbb wcs bkufe? dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct tali pkaft 3 asfi`ctavihy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >( cfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct tali pkaft

3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct tali pkaft >& Umisi bafeaf`s ma`mha`mt tmi

fiie tk stuey tmi eabbiriftach ibbidts kb strcti`ad dhalcti typis kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe

prkeudtavaty&




351

2&3 Aftrkeudtakf

Lcfy sirvadi kr`cfazctakfs bcdi c vkhctahi lcrjit satuctakf& Drictaf` cfe sustcafaf`

dklpitatavi cevcftcì af tmas typi kb ifvarkflift riquaris dkftafukus nusafiss

pirbkrlcfdi alprkvilifts& Af tmi bafcfdach sidtkr tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb cf kr`cfazctakf as

hcrìhy eitirlafie ny tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb nusafiss ufats watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf -@ihcei

" Aviry( >774!& Umiribkri( af tmas stuey tmi bkdus kb aftirist as tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb

nrcfdmis watmaf c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf& Af tmi bafcfdach sirvadi afeustry(

twk strctiàis bkr afdricsaf` pirbkrlcfdi cri eastafùasmie? lcxalazaf` schis cfe

lafalazaf` dksts -Nctt( 3111!& Bkr lcxalazaf` schis( nrcfdmis fiie tk bkdus kf

prkvaeaf` ma`m,quchaty sirvadis tk dustklirs( fiie tk cttrcdt cfe ritcaf dustklirs( cfe

fiie tk ni dustklir,kraiftie af ìfirch -Tdmfiaeir( 3117n: Tdmfiaeir( Pmati " Wcuh(311=!& Umi sidkfe strcti`y typi rihctis tk tmi afput dksts& Pkrjaf` lkri ibbadaifthy dcf

eidricsi tmi dksts cfe tmus prklkti ibbadaifdy -Kstrkbb " Tdmlatt( 3114!& Umas strcti`y

eichs watm tmi ixtift tk wmadm c nrcfdm as wkrjaf` ibbadaifthy&

Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti mcs niif su`ìstie cs cf alpkrtcft prieadtkr kb

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& Csmjcfcsy( Paheirkl " Witirskf( >777: Tdmfiaeir(

3117c!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ribirs tk ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb


prcdtadis( cfe prkdieuris -Tdmfiaeir( 3117c!& C ridift cpprkcdm af tmi dhalcti hatircturi

as tk hafj rihivcft dhalcti ealifsakfs tk kutdklis kb aftirist( cfy strctiàd nusafiss `kch?

tmi ”dhalcti bkr sklitmaf`‑ cpprkcdm -Oclis( Dmka( Jk( LdFiah( Laftkf( Pra`mt " Jal(

>77=! aftrkeudie ny Tdmfiaeir -3109!& Lcfcìlift dcf dkllufadcti cfe cha`f

ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs tkwcres strctiàd `kchs ny eivihkpaf` c strctiàd

dhalcti -Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& Af hafi watm tmas trife af dhalcti risicrdm tkwcres c

bkdus kf spidabad dhalcti crics( tmas stuey eastafùasmis twk dhalcti typis& Umas stuey

bkdusis kf dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi( af hafi watm tmi strctiàis af tmi

sirvadi afeustry tk dkftranuti tk tmi dklpcfy pirbkrlcfdi& C dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy

ribhidts nrcfdm,hivih smcrie pirdiptakfs cnkut tmi prakraty kb ibbadaifdy( cfe c dhalcti bkr

dustklir sirvadi ribhidts nrcfdm,hivih smcrie pirdiptakfs cnkut tmi prakraty kb dustklir

sirvadi&

Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi mcs niif kb dkfsaeircnhi aftirist

tk risicrdmirs cfe lcfcìrs bkr c fulnir kb yicrs -i&`& Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Af

pcrtaduhcr c hafj nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe dustklir pirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty mcs niif dkfbarlie& Mkwivir( c halatie fulnir kb stueais kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif




397

dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi prkeudie laxie bafeaf`s -Nkrudja "

Nurji( 3111!& C strkf` bkdus kf dustklir sirvadi la`mt ni afibbadaift& Umiribkri( tmas

stuey afvista`ctis tmi ibbidts kb nktm dhalcti typis kf prkeudtavaty&

Yfbkrtufctihy( at rilcafs ufdhicr af dhalcti hatircturi wmct pridasihy dkfstatutis tmi

hafjaf` lidmcfasl nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe kr`cfazctakfch

prkeudtavaty -i&`& Uishuj( Mkblcff " Sua`hiy( >77>!& Chtmku`m( ct tmi ilphkyii hivih

litc,cfchysis mcvi dkfbarlie c lieactaf` rkhi kb okn sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap

nitwiif psydmkhkàdch dhalcti cfe wkrjir kutdklis -i&`& Wcrjir( Nchtis( Qkuf`( Mubb(

Chtlcff( Hcdkst it ch&( >774!( ilparadch stueais tmct eilkfstrcti c hafj nitwiif dhalcti(

wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih rilcaf sdcrdi( cpcrt brkl

kfi ixdiptakf bkdusaf` ixdhusavihy kf tmi dklpcfy hivih -Wcttirskf( Pcrr " Pist( >775!&

Umas eicrtm kb stueais rcasis eabbaduhtais( nidcusi tmi hatircturi as afdkfsastift ri`creaf`

tmi ixpidtie rihctakfsmaps nitwiif dhalcti( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty ct nusafiss

ufat hivih& Uwk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kf tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf cri bkufe af tmi

dhalcti hatircturi&

Barsthy( wkrj sctasbcdtakf as eipadtie cs cf aftirlieacry lidmcfasl( a&i& nktm strctiàd

dhalcti typis pksatavihy afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty tmrku`m afdricsie wkrj sctasbcdtakf -i&`&

Jkpihlcf( Nraib " @uzzk( 3117: Kstrkbb( 311>!& Mkwivir( cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm

su`ìsts tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cri eabbirift kutdkli afeadctkrs? cdhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty( wmahi c dhalcti

bkr sirvadi hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(

31=4!& Nktm pirspidtavis wahh ni easdussie ct `rictir hif`tm af tmi fixt sidtakf& Umi cal

kb tmas stuey as tk tist nitwiif tmisi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kb ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs

aftirlieacry‑ cfe ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑&

Umi tmikritadch dkftranutakf kb tmas stuey as tk ixclafi tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf

af tmi dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy , prkeudtavaty hafjcì ct tmi nusafiss

ufat hivih& Pi ixtife privakus ilparadch risicrdm af tmi dhalcti baihe af twk ceeatakfch

litmkekhkàdch wcys& Barsthy( tmas stuey usis c hkfàtueafch eisa`f( wmirics tmi lcokraty

kb dhalcti risicrdm up tk fkw mcs niif drkss,sidtakfch af fcturi -Kstrkbb( Jafadja "

Ucljafs( >774!& Tidkfehy( prkeudtavaty af tmi durrift stuey as cssissie ny c buhh knoidtavi

rctak -kutputs virsus afputs!& Umas eabbirs brkl tmi lcokraty kb stueais ct tmi nusafiss ufat

hivih kr tmi dklpcfy hivih af tmct tmiy mcvi bkdusie pralcrahy kf pcrtach prkeudtavaty

licsuris -i&`& Jkys( >773! kr kf afearidt istalctis kb pcrtaduhcr kutputs kfhy( bkr

ixclphi( dustklir sctasbcdtakf -i&`& Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!&




393

2&> Mypktmisis Eivihkplift

2&>&3 Ilphkyii Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf cs Aftirlieacry nitwiif Dhalcti cfe Wrkeudtavaty

Af dkfdiptuch lkeihs usie tk ixphcaf tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdiss nimafe kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti cfe prkeudtavaty( ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf as kbtif eipadtie cs cf aftirlieacry

-Uishuj it ch&( >77>: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& Ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf dcf ni eibafie cs c

phicsurcnhi stcti kr pksatavi ilktakfch stcti risuhtaf` brkl tmi cpprcasch kb kfi‑s okn kr

okn ixpiraifdi -Hkdji( 3102? 3477!& Umi dkfdiptuch lkeihs wmadm eipadt wkrj

sctasbcdtakf cs cf aftirlieacry lidmcfasl cri ncsie kf tmi wkrj kb Jkpihlcf it ch&

-3117!& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! crùie tmct at as ”dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis‑ -pralcrahy

wkrj lktavctakf cfe okn sctasbcdtakf! cfe ”schaift kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs‑ sudm cs

cttcdmlift -cttifeaf` cfe stcyaf` af tmi kr`cfazctakf!( okn pirbkrlcfdi -tcsjs af cf

afeavaeuch‑s kr`cfazctakfch rkhi! cfe datazifsmap -mihpbuh dkftranutakfs tmct cri fkt

lcfectkry! tmct bkrl tmi hafjaf` lidmcfasls nitwiif ìfirchazie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti

cfe prkeudtavaty -Jkpihlcf it ch& 3117!& Umi `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ealifsakfs kb

tmas ìfirchazie dhalcti dkfstrudt cri rihctie tk tmi strctiàd `kchs kb cf kr`cfazctakf

-Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!( af tmas stuey tmi bkdus kf ibbadaifdy cfe dustklir sirvadi&

Ny tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas lcfcìlift

prkvaei ilphkyiis watm jfkwhieì cnkut tmi `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf cfe cnkut mkw tk

cha`f tmiar nimcvakr& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! ricskfie tmct tmisi twk dhalcti ealifsakfsbcdahatcti afeavaeuch sctasbcdtakf ny rieudaf` rkhi dkfbhadt cfe clnaùaty& Ivaeifdi bkr

wkrj cttatueis cs c lieactaf` prkdiss nitwiif dhalcti cfe schaift kr`cfazctakfch

nimcvakrs wcs bkufe af twk litc,cfchysis ny Wcrjir it ch& ->774! cfe Dcrr( Tdmlaet(

Bkre cfe Eismkf ->774!& Tidkfehy( c hafj as su`ìstie nitwiif dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi

stctis cfe kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty tmrku`m schaift kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs& Tchaift

kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs( afdhueaf` okn pirbkrlcfdi -Acbbchecfk " Ludmafsjy( 31=9!(

cnsiftiiasl -Ludmafsjy( 3100!( turfkvir -@rabbitm( Mkl " @cirtfir( >777! cfe

datazifsmap -Kr`cf( 31==! cri afbhuifdie ny mkw pikphi biih ct wkrj( i&`& tmiar hivih kb

okn sctasbcdtakf& îhctaf` tk tmi bafcfdach sirvadi sittaf` kb tmas stuey( Jkpihlcf it ch&

-3117! cfe Raswisvcrcf cfe Kfis ->777! crùi tmct watmercwch nimcvakr -cnsiftiiasl

cfe turfkvir! dcf fi`ctavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( ny afdricsaf` dksts

-riphcdilift cfe trcafaf`! cfe ny eidricsaf` kutput vchui -easruptakf kb schis!& Okn

pirbkrlcfdi cfe datazifsmap nimcvakr( mkwivir( dcf pksatavihy cbbidt kutput vchui ny

afdricsaf` schis&




39>

Af tmi prisift stuey( tmi tirl wkrj sctasbcdtakf as usie tk ribir tk c nusafiss ufat,

hivih sctasbcdtakf dkfstrudt& Cs watm tmi eibafatakf kb `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf -Lcskf "

@rabbaf( >77>!( tmas dkfstrudt ilpmcsazis c smcrie cttatuei tkwcres tmi wkrj

ifvarkflift& Umi bcdt tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs cri smcrie clkf` nusafiss ufat lilnirs

suppkrts tmi aeic kb c prkdiss af wmadm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti bcdahatctis salahcr

ixpiraifdis kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf clkf` lilnirs kb c nrcfdm( cfe sunsiquifthy c

prkdiss af wmadm sctasbcdtakf cbbidts prkeudtavaty vac c dkhhidtavi sit kb ilphkyii

nimcvakrs( cs ixphcafie cnkvi& Mkwivir( Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>! crùie tmct c `rkup‑s

smcrie cttatuei tkwcres ats tcsj cfe tmi csskdactie wkrj ifvarkflift smcpis ufaqui

`rkup prkdissis cfe kutdklis& Cddkreaf` tk Kstrkbb -311>!( smcrie pksatavi cttatueis

-sudm cs wkrj sctasbcdtakf! cri c pririquasati bkr if`càf` af dkhhcnkrctavi ibbkrt cfe

cddiptaf` kr`cfazctakfch `kchs& Nisaeis( cddkreaf` tk tmi sirvadi prkbat dmcaf -Misjitt(

Tcssir " Tdmhisafìr( 3110!( sctasbaie cfe lktavctie ilphkyiis prkeudi sctasbaie

dustklirs( risuhtaf` af afdricsie prkbats& Mcrtir( Tdmlat cfe Mcyis ->77>! prisiftie

ivaeifdi tmct c``ri`ctie sctasbcdtakf as pksatavihy rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty&

Af spati kb tmisi vcrakus cssulptakfs ncsie kf tmikry( kfhy Wcttirskf it ch& ->775!

dkfeudtie c stuey tmct afvista`ctie dklpcfy sctasbcdtakf cs c lieactkr af tmi rihctakfsmap

nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Umiy usie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cfe c okn

sctasbcdtakf sdchi tk prieadt sunsiquift bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi -kfi yicr cbtir! af 5>lcfubcdturaf` dklpcfais& Tax dhalcti cspidts wiri bkufe tk ni prieadtavi kb bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi cfe wiri lieactie ny cvircì okn sctasbcdtakf& Af sul( staluhctaf` cf

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti crkufe ibbadaifdy cfe sirvadi wahh alprkvi prkeudtavaty( cfe wkrj

sctasbcdtakf dcf ni siif cs c dratadch prkdiss af lieactaf` tmas alprkvilift&

2&>&> Ilphkyii Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf cs Kutdkli

Pkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty dcf chtirfctavihy ni eisdranie cs twk eabbirift

kutdkli afeadctkrs( icdm csskdactie watm eabbirift dhalcti typis& Af pcrtaduhcr c dhalctibkr ibbadaifdy as prieklafcfthy csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty cfe c dhalcti bkr sirvadi as

prieklafcfthy csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Tdmfiaeir -3109! crùie tmct

pirdiptakfs dcf sirvi cs c brcli kb ribirifdi bkr ùaeaf` cpprkpracti cfe cecptavi tcsj

nimcvakrs& Dhalcti as c dkllufadctakf prkdiss tmrku`m wmadm lcfcìlift dcf cha`f

ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs tkwcres tmi lkst alpkrtcft strctiàd `kch kb tmi

kr`cfazctakf -Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& Af c sirvadi kr`cfazctakf ilphkyiis cri

ifdkurcìe ny tmi dhalcti tk àvi `kke sirvadi& Tk( wmif ilphkyiis pirdiavie tmct

sirvadi as tmi lkst alpkrtcft `kch af tmiar nrcfdm( ilphkyiis dcf buhbahh tmiar eisari tk




394

àvi sirvadi( cfe tmas wahh risuht af biihaf`s kb sctasbcdtakf -Tdmfiaeir( 31=7!& Qkkf( Nictty

cfe Tum ->773!( cfe Tdmlat cfe Chhsdmiaet -3119! istcnhasmie pksatavi rihctakfsmaps

nitwiif sirvadi dhalcti cfe ilphkyii cttatueis& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe wmif lcfcìlift

dkllufadctis tmct ibbadaifdy as tmi lkst alpkrtcft `kch( ilphkyiis wahh cha`f tmiar

nimcvakrs tkwcres tmct `kch& Ilphkyiis cri ifdkurcìe tkwcres wkrjaf` lkri ibbadaifthy

ny lafalazaf` dksts( cfe tmas wahh risuht af alprkvie prkeudtavaty& Mifdi( eivihkpaf` c

typi kb strctiàd dhalcti -dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy kr sirvadi! hices tk tmi cdmaivilift kb c

pcrtaduhcr kutdkli -prkeudtavaty kr wkrj sctasbcdtakf!&

Mkwivir( nrcfdmis lcy fkt ni cnhi tk cdmaivi nktm kutdklis -prkeudtavaty cfe

wkrj sctasbcdtakf! tk tmi scli ixtift& Umiy lcy fiie tk lcji c trcei,kbb af tirls kb

wmadm kutdkli tk cdmaivi watm prakraty cfe bkdus kf tmas kutdkli& Ncsie kf tmas

dklpitaf`,kutdkli fktakf Suaff cfe ^kmrncu`m -31=4! eivihkpie tmi dklpitaf`

vchuis brcliwkrj& Umiar dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj alphais tmct kr`cfazctakfs

dmcrcdtirazie ny c rctakfch `kch -i&`& bkdus kf ibbadaifdy! cfe aftirfch strudturi dhalcti

bkdus pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` prkeudtavaty( wmahi kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie ny c mulcf

rihctakfs cfe kpif systil dhalcti -i&`& bkdus kf dustklir sirvadi! bkdus pralcrahy kf

cdmaivaf` ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Mifdi( tmi eivihkplift kb

c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy hices tk cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty rctmir tmcf tk cdmaivilift

kb sctasbcdtakf( cfe tmi eivihkplift kb c dhalcti bkr sirvadi hices tk cdmaivilift kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf rctmir tmcf tk cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty&

Uk ecti tmiri mcs niif hatthi risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb luhtaphi typis kb dhalcti -bkr

ixclphi( c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy! kf kutdklis af eabbirift

pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs -Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& Cf ixdiptakf tk

tmas as bkufe af Kstrkbb cfe Tdmlatt -3114!( wmk dkfdhueie tmct chtmku`m sdmkkhs

dmcrcdtirazie ny cf ilpmcsas kf strudturi( `kchs cfe ruhis wiri ibbadaift( tmiy wiri ct tmi

scli tali afibbidtavi eui tk ealafasmaf` trust cfe lkrchi& Nisaeis( sdmkkhs dmcrcdtirazie

ny ma`m sdkris kf bcvkrcnhi dhalcti wiri ibbidtavi( nut afibbadaift& Talahcrhy( @kkelcf(

_cllutk cfe @abbkre ->773! eilkfstrctie tmct c dhalcti bkdusie kf prkeudtavaty cfe

ibbadaifdy as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk okn sctasbcdtakf& Lkri ridifthy( Tdmuhti( Kstrkbb(

Tmluhyacf cfe Jafadja ->771! dkfdhueie tmct stkris kb c fctakfch bkke eastranutakf

dklpcfy watm c strctiàd bkdus pirbkrlie nittir tmcf stkris watm c suppkrtavi dhalcti&

Umas hafi kb ricskfaf` su`ìsts tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cri twk eabbirift

kutdkli afeadctkrs csskdactie watm eabbirift dhalcti typis& Wrkeudtavaty rihctis lkri tk c




395

dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy tmcf tk c dhalcti bkr sirvadi( wmahi c wkrj sctasbcdtakf rihctis lkri

tk c dhalcti bkr sirvadi tmcf tk c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy&

2&>&4 Dklpitaf` Mypktmisis

Umas stuey ixclafis tmi twk chtirfctavi aftirpritctakfs kb tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti -bkr sirvadi cfe bkr ibbadaifdy!( cfe

prkeudtavaty cs prisiftie cnkvi& ^ctmir tmcf bkrluhctaf` cfe tistaf` c saf`hi mypktmisas

wmadm dcf afeudi dkfbarlctakf nacs( tmas stuey cttilpts tk pat tmi dklpitaf`

pirspidtavis kf tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf c`cafst kfi cfktmir ilparadchhy -Pchh "

Pkke( >779!& Barst( nktm dhalcti typis afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty pksatavihy ny mcvaf` c

pksatavi ibbidt kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf -mypktmisas 3? wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry!&

Tidkfehy( c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts prkeudtavaty lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr sirvadi

cbbidts prkeudtavaty( cfe ct tmi scli tali c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf

lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf -mypktmisas >? wkrj

sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cs eabbirift kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis!&

2&4 Litmkes

2&4&3 îsicrdm Dkftixt

Umas stuey wcs dkfeudtie watmaf c hcrì bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf& At wcs kfhy

tmi hkdch sihb,`kvirfie nrcfdmis af tmi Fitmirhcfes wmadm pcrtadapctie af tmi stuey& Umi

spmiri kb cdtavaty kb icdm nrcfdm as halatie tk ats ìk`rcpmadch cric& Icdm nrcfdm as

rispkfsanhi bkr tmi smcpaf` kb pkhadais( prkdieuris cfe prcdtadis watmaf at& Ilphkyiis

watmaf c nrcfdm aftircdt briquifthy cfe wkrj dhksihy tkìtmir tkwcres tmi cdmaivilift kb

tmi nrcfdm `kchs& Mifdi( wi eastafùasmie tmi nrcfdm hivih cs tmi cpprkpracti hivih kb

cfchysas&

Umi stuey usie c hkfàtueafch eisa`f& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi(

wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty wiri icdm licsurie twadi& C twk,wcvi stuey chhkws

us tk lcji lkri dkfbaeift dcusch afbirifdis& Barsthy( wi dkftrkh bkr ”stcnahaty‑ af dhalctis(

sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty sdkris& At dcf ni ixpidtie tmct nusafiss ufats watm ma`m

sdkris kf dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty af

rihctakf tk ktmir nrcfdmis ct c pcrtaduhcr tali pkaft wahh ritcaf salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs ct

c bkhhkw,up tali pkaft& Umus( watmkut dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmisi prakr sdkris wi dcffkt

dkfdhuei tmct sunstcftach dmcfìs af dhalctis cfe sctasbcdtakf sdkris mcvi cdtuchhy

risuhtie af ma`mir prkeudtavaty& Tidkfehy( tmas eisa`f ifcnhis us tk dkftrkh bkr pkssanhi

rivirsie ibbidts& Nrcfdmis watm ma`m prkbats la`mt mcvi c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af

M^ prcdtadis( risuhtaf` af tmiar mcvaf` lkri pksatavi dhalcti sdkris tmcf tmksi tmct ek




399

fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats -Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Tidkfehy( ma`m prkeudtavaty prkvaeis

ilphkyiis watm tmi jfkwhieì tmct tmiar nrcfdm as pirbkrlaf` wihh cfe tmct at as

cddklphasmaf` ats prkeudtavaty `kchs( cfe tmas la`mt pksatavihy alpcdt kf tmiar sctasbcdtakf

-Kstrkbb( 311>!& Af ceeatakf( ma`m pirbkrlcfdi chsk sa`fchs kr`cfazctakfch michtm cfe tmus

rihctavi ilphkylift siduraty -Tdmfiaeir( Mcfìs( Tlatm " Tchvc`àk( >774!& Cs c risuht(

ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf la`mt ni lkri pksatavi&

Crdmavch ectc brkl c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb lcfcìlift systil wiri usie af

tmas stuey& Wrkeudtavaty baùris wiri prkvaeie ny tmi bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh eipcrtlift&

C``ri`ctie ilphkyii surviy ectc wcs usie tk licsuri dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr

sirvadi cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf& 303 nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie af tmi ilphkyii surviy systil

kf twk kddcsakfs nitwiif >777 cfe >779 -54 pirdift kb tmi tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb

>774!& Ct tali pkaft 3 -U3!( quistakffcari ectc kf 35(500 ilphkyiis wcs cvcahcnhi& Umi

cvircì rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Ct

tali pkaft > -U>!( surviy ectc kf 35(=27 ilphkyiis wcs dkhhidtie& Ct nrcfdm hivih( tmi

cvircì rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvircì fulnir kb

pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =5&0 bkr U3 cfe =2&1 bkr U>&

Eravif ny tmi fcturi kb tmi ectc dkhhidtie af kf`kaf` nusafiss prcdtadi( eabbirift

tali aftirvchs nitwiif tmi twk licsurilift pkafts ixasts -3( >( cfe 4 yicr aftirvchs!& Umi

cvircì aftirvch nitwiif tmi ilphkyii surviys clkuftie tk >5 lkftms -watm c stcfecreeivactakf kb 0&3!& Umas tali,hc` ribhidts prakr risicrdm kf dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi

kutdklis -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!& Ct U3 cfe U> ilphkyii dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf

ectc cfe prkeudtavaty wiri dkuphie dkftilpkrcfikushy& Bkr ixclphi( wi dkffidtie tmi

dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf ectc bkr >773 tk tmi yicr,ife prkeudtavaty ridkres bkr >773&

Wcrtadapctakf af tmi ilphkyii surviy as vkhuftcry bkr tmi nrcfdmis cfe vkhuftcry cfe

cfkfylkus bkr tmi afeavaeuchs& Bkr tmas ricskf( wi dmidjie tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi

sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs kb >774! ct nktm tmi nrcfdm hivih cs wihh cs ct tmi

afeavaeuch hivih& Ct nrcfdm hivih( tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch

pkpuhctakf af tmi kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb riàkf af tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe

nrcfdm sazi& Ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs dmidjie af tirls kb cì dhcss

-bavi hivihs? >9 yicrs cfe ufeir( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99

yicrs cfe cnkvi!( fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -hiss tmcf 42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( kvir 42

mkurs!( cfe ìfeir& Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi

tktch kr`cfazctakf ct nktm hivihs cfe nktm tali pkafts af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis




392

liftakfie: tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi pkpuhctakf wcs ct lcxalul bavi

pirdift bkr icdm dcti`kry kb tmi cnkvi,liftakfie vcracnhis&

2&4&> Licsuris

Umi hivih kb dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi as cssissie watm twk sdchis& Nktmsdchis cri dklpcfy spidabad( nut dklpcrcnhi af dkftift tk sdchis usie af tmi Eutdm

BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei Patti " Ncst( 3112! cfe tmi

Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf( Pist( Tmcdjhitkf( Ecwskf( Hcwtmkl(

Lcahhas it ch&( >779!( nktm kb wmadm cri ncsie kf Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm

-Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Af hafi watm pcst dhalcti hatircturi -@hadj( 31=9: Dmcf( 311=!

ilphkyiis wiri csjie tk prkvaei dhalcti pirdiptakfs kb tmiar nrcfdm: chh dhalcti atils

cri ribirifdie tk tmi nrcfdm -”ribirifdi smabt‑ typi kb dklpksatakf!& Afstice kb stueyaf`

afeavaeuch vchuctakfs( tmi bkdus kb aftirist as kf tmi afeavaeuchs‑ pirdiptakfs kb nrcfdm

bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis& îspkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcfàf`

brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Umi licsurilifts bkr tmi twk

dhalcti typis cri eisdranie nihkw&

C `kch ibbidtavifiss sdchi wcs afdhueie tk licsuri tmi ixtift tk wmadm prakraty as

àvif tk ibbadaifdy af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi ilphkyiis& Umas sdchi dkfsasts kb tmrii

atils& C sclphi stctilift brkl tmi `kch ibbidtavifiss sdchi as? ”Af tmas nrcfdm wi cri

cwcri kb dksts cfe cdt cddkreaf`hy‑ -γ < &09 ct U3 cfe γ <&04 ct U>!& Dhalcti bkr sirvadi

wcs eibafie cs tmi prakraty àvif tk dustklir sirvadi af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi

ilphkyiis& Uk licsuri tmi ixtift tk wmadm c nrcfdm as dustklir kraiftie( wi afdhueie c

1,atil dustklir bkdus sdchi& C sclphi stctilift as? ”Umas nrcfdm as dkftafuchhy cssissaf`

dustklir fiies‑ -γ <&13 ct U3 cfe γ <&17 ct U>!&

Pi cssissie tmi hivih kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf usaf` twk dklpkfifts& îspkfeifts wiri

csjie tk dkllift kf tmi quistakf? ”Chh tmaf`s dkfsaeirie( A cl sctasbaie watm wkrjaf`

bkr tmas nrcfdm‑ kf c bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi& Chtmku`m c saf`hi atil licsuri kb kvirchhsctasbcdtakf mcs cddiptcnhi rihacnahaty kb ct lafalul &20 -Pcfkus( îadmirs " Muey(

3110!( wi eidaeie tk dklphilift tmas saf`hi atil tk licsuri fkt kfhy tmi kvirchh

cpprcasch kb kfi‑s okn( nut chsk lkri spidabad okn ixpiraifdis& Umiribkri( c 1,atil wkrj

phicsuri sdchi -Rcf Rihemkvif " Liaolcf( 3115! -γ < &03 ct U3 cfe γ < &0> ct U>! wcs

chsk afdhueie& C sclphi quistakf bkr tmi wkrj phicsuri sdchi as? ”A ifoky ly wkrj‑& Umas

sdchi mce twk,pkaft cfswiraf` dcti`krais kb tmi Qis+Fk typi& Ttcfecreazie -nitwiif 7

cfe 377! okn sctasbcdtakf atil cfe wkrj phicsuri sdchi sdkris( wiri cvircìe tk ìt c

wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkri&




390

Wrkeudtavaty wcs kpirctakfchazie ny licfs kb c yicrhy ”nrcfdm prkbat pir BUI afeix‑&

Wrkbats cri kpirctakfchazie cs `rkss prkbats lafus riturf kf iquaty& Pi dmksi tmas

pcrclitir nidcusi at as fkt afbhuifdie ny eabbirifdis af schis + dksts nitwiif tmi

nrcfdmis( cfe nidcusi at kfhy ribhidts tmct pcrt kb tmi prkbats wmadm as fkt rihctie tk

riturfs kf iquaty& Umi fulnir kb buhh tali iquavchifts -BUI! as eitirlafie kf tmi ncsas

kb tmi cvircì fulnir kb BUIs wkrjaf` ct c hkdch nrcfdm euraf` c spidabad yicr&

2&4&4 C``ri`ctakf Uists

Uk suppkrt tmi c``ri`ctakf kb afeavaeuch dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr

sirvadi( cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris aftk tmi nrcfdm,hivih sdkris( wi dchduhctie aftrcdhcss

dkrrihctakfs -ADD3 cfe ADD>! cfe tistie wmitmir cvircì sdkris eabbirie sa`fabadcfthy

cdrkss nrcfdmis& Umi ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch sdkris

cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm -Jhiaf( Nhaisi( Jkzhkwsja( Ecfsiricu( @cvaf( @rabbaf it ch&(

>777!& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi rihacnahaty kb tmi licf nrcfdm

sdkris& Rchuis cnkvi &07 cri dkfsaeirie `kke: vchuis cnkvi &97 cri eiilie tkhircnhi

-Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Af ceeatakf( wi dchduhctie ^w` -O! vchuis kb watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift

-Oclis( Eilcrii " Pkhb( 31=5! bkr dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi( cfe

wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Rchuis kb &07 cri dkfsaeirie subbadaift bkr c``ri`ctakf&

Bkr dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi wi kntcafie `kke suppkrt bkr

c``ri`ctakf -dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U3 ADD3 < &707: ADD> < &=25: B -307! < 0&421 p 8

&73: ^w` -O! < 0=: ct U> ADD3 < &70>: ADD> < &=21: B -307! < 0&24> p 8 &73: ^w` -O! <

=7: dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 ADD3 < &7=5: ADD> < &==9: B -307! < =&0>> p 8 &73: ^w` -O!

< 12: ct U> ADD3 < &795: ADD> < &=4>: B -307! < 9&152 p 8 &73: ^w` -O! < 12!& Umi

aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cri dklpcrcnhi watm tmi hkwir aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs ripkrtie af

privakus stueais -@ihcei " Aviry( >774: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774!& Umi ^w` -O! vchuis

su`ìst subbadaift watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift tk oustaby c``ri`ctakf tk tmi nrcfdm hivih& Bkr

wkrj sctasbcdtakf wi bkufe hiss suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf -ct U3 ADD3 < &7>=: ADD> <&071: B -307! < 4&55> p 8 &73 cfe ct U> ADD3 < &7>5: ADD> < &2=>: B -307! < 4&35> p 8

&73!& Umi ADD3 kb tmi wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkri( mkwivir( as quati dklpcrcnhi watm

aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cs ripkrtie af privakus stueais af tmas pcrtaduhcr risicrdm cric

-Lcrjhufe( Nkhaf " Rkf Issif( >77=!& At wcs bkufe tmct bkr nktm dhalcti cfe

sctasbcdtakf sdkris tmi vcracfdi dklpkfifts cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm wiri stctastadchhy

sa`fabadcft af cf B,tist& Pi dcf tmiribkri cssuli tmct rihacnhi dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf

vchuis bkr nrcfdmis cri pkssanhi( ivif ab ADD3 vchuis cri rctmir slchh -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!&




39=

Af ceeatakf( tmi ^w` -O! vchuis su`ìst subbadaift watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift tk oustaby

c``ri`ctakf tk tmi nrcfdm hivih -tmi ^w` -O! vchuis cri &=5 cfe &=>!&

2&4&5 Cfchysas

Uk tist nitwiif tmi twk dcusch lkeihs( c fulnir kb dklpitaf` lkeihs wiri battietk tmi ectc watm strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` usaf` CLKT 2 -Oclis( Luhcaj " Nritt(

>772!& Dkfsaeiraf` tmi prkpkrtakf kb tmi fulnir kb dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf atils

kf tmi kfi mcfe tk tmi fulnir kb dcsis ct nrcfdm hivih kf tmi ktmir mcfe( wi eidaeie tk

afdhuei tmi vchaectie dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris cs lcfabist vcracnhis rctmir

tmcf cs hctift vcracnhis af kur lkeih -tmi cvircì tktch sdkris! af kreir tk lcaftcaf c

bcvkrcnhi afeadctkr,tk,sclphi sazi rctak& Af kreir tk ixclafi wmitmir dhalcti bkr

ibbadaifdy( bkr sirvadi cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf( wmadm wiri dkhhidtie brkl tmi scli skurdi(

dcpturie eabbirift dkfstrudts ct nrcfdm hivih( wi barst dkfeudtie Mcrlcf‑s kfi,bcdtkr

tist& Pi usie cvircìe sdkris kf tmi twk dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe tmi twk wkrj

sctasbcdtakf ealifsakfs cs afeadctkrs& Pi dkfeudtie c dkfbarlctkry bcdtkr cfchysas af

wmadm afeadctkrs kb dhalcti cfe sctasbcdtakf vcracnhis wiri sit tk hkce kf c saf`hi bcdtkr ct

nktm tali pkafts& Umas saf`hi,bcdtkr lkeih eae fkt bat tmi ectc wihh ct nktm tali pkafts

-π> < 30&>53( p < &777 eb < >: C@BA < &02=: DBA < &114: ^LTIC < &>3>( WDhksi <

&773: cfe π> < 42&201( p< &777 eb < >: C@BA < &934: DBA < &011: ^LTIC < &4>=(

WDhksi < &777!& Umisi risuhts burtmir suppkrt tmi easdralafcft vchaeaty kb kur dhalcti bkr

ibbadaifdy cfe bkr sirvadi cs wihh cs wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris&

Pi stcrtie tistaf` kur mypktmisis usaf` tmrii drkss,sidtakfch cfchysis?

3c& Cf afearidt ibbidts lkeih -L3c! — ”aftirlieacry pirspidtavi‑

>c& C earidt ibbidts lkeih -L>c! — ”eabbirift kutdkli pirspidtavi‑

4c& C lkeih watm nktm afearidt cfe earidt ibbidts( dklnafaf` 3c cfe >c -L4c!

Chh tmrii lkeihs wiri tistie ct nktm tali pkafts( sk tmi kutdklis dcf ni dkfsaeirie

cs risuhts kb twk sipcrcti sclphis( kfi bkr icdm tali pkaft& Fixt( af kreir tk tist

nitwiif tmi twk dklpitaf` mypktmisis( tmi twk lkeihs riprisiftaf` icdm kb tmi twk

mypktmisis -L3c cfe L>c! wiri dklpcrie watm tmi buhh lkeih -L4c!& Umi lkeihs wiri

dklpcrie usaf` c π> eabbirifdi tist& Cf kvirvaiw kb tmi drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm lkeihs

dcf ni bkufe af Baùri 3&




391

Uali pkaft >

Uali pkaft 3 Lkeih 4c

Uali pkaft >

Uali pkaft 3 Lkeih >c

Uali pkaft >

Lkeih 3c Uali pkaft 3

Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy






Wrkeudtavaty

Pkrj sctasbcdtakf

Wrkeudtavaty

Wrkeudtavaty

Pkrj sctasbcdtakf

Wrkeudtavaty

Wrkeudtavaty

Pkrj sctasbcdtakf

Wrkeudtavaty

Dhalcti bkr sirvadi Pkrj sctasbcdtakf

Dhalcti bkr sirvadi


Dhalcti bkr sirvadi


Dhalcti bkr sirvadi

Ba`uri 3& Drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm lkeihsFktis? Lkeih 3c? Afearidt lkeih( Lkeih >c? Earidt lkeih( Lkeih 4c? Buhh lkeih&




327

Tunsiquifthy( af kreir tk stuey tmi alpcdt kb tali( wi ixpcfeie kur lkeihs ny

afdhueaf` rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali& Uilpkrch stcnahatais -ibbidts nitwiif aeiftadch

vcracnhis licsurie ct U3 cfe U>! wiri afdhueie ct tmas stcì bkr chh lkeihs& Umisi sk,

dchhie cutkdkrrihctakfs afeadcti tmct nrcfdmis wmadm mce hkw sdkris kf prkeudtavaty af

rihctakf tk ktmir nrcfdmis af kur sclphi ct tali pkaft 3 ritcafie salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs

ct tali pkaft >& Lkrikvir( bkr icdm lkeih earidt kr afearidt rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali

-afdhueaf` rivirsie ibbidts! wiri lkeihie&

Umas risuhtie af tmrii hkfàtueafch lkeihs?

3n& Cf afearidt lkeih -L3c! phus pctms brkl nktm dhalcti typis -U3! tk wkrj

sctasbcdtakf -U>!( cfe brkl prkeudtavaty -U3! tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf -U>!

-L3n! — ”aftirlieacry pirspidtavi‑

>n& C earidt ibbidts lkeih -L>c! phus pctms brkl prkeudtavaty -U3! tk nktm

dhalcti typis -U>!( brkl wkrj sctasbcdtakf -U3! tk nktm dhalcti typis -U>!(

cfe brkl nktm dhalcti typis -U3! tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty -U>!

-L>n! — ”eabbirift kutdkli pirspidtavi‑

4n& C lkeih watm nktm earidt cfe afearidt ibbidts -L4c! phus ceeatakfch tali

ibbidts( dklnafaf` 3n cfe >n -L4n!

Uk tist nitwiif tmi dklpitaf` mypktmisis( nktm lkeihs riprisiftaf` tmi twk

mypktmisis -lkeih 3n cfe >n! wiri dklpcrie watm c buhh lkeih -lkeih 4n!& Bafchhy( af

kreir tk kntcaf c lkri pcrsalkfakus lkeih -af cddkrecfdi watm tmi pcrsalkfy prafdaphi!

cfe c dhicrir afeadctakf kb tmi rihctakfsmaps istcnhasmie( wi ixdhueie fkf,sa`fabadcft

ibbidts usaf` c ncdjwcre ihalafctakf prkdieuri -Nyrfi( >773!& Pi dkftrkhhie bkr tmi

hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch nitwiif tmi twk ilphkyii surviys watmaf c nrcfdm -licsurie

af yicrs!( cs tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch dkuhe ni c dkfbkufeaf` bcdtkr& Umi

sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts wcs eitirlafie ny dklpcraf` tmi prkncnahaty hivih - p ! brkl tmi

Dratadch ^ctak -D&^&! , dchduhctie ny eavaeaf` tmi pcrclitir istalcti ny ats stcfecre irrkr,

usaf` c sa`fabadcfdi hivih kb &79& Pi cpphaie c π> eabbirifdi tist tk eitirlafi wmitmir tmas

dkfstrcafie lkeih battie tmi ectc iquchhy wihh cs tmi buhh lkeih& Pi usie tmi π>( ^LTIC(

C@BA cfe DBA tk cssis tmi bat kb tmas rivasie lkeih( cs eisdranie ny Nyrfi ->773!&

2&5 îsuhts

Ucnhi 3 smkws tmi licfs( stcfecre eivactakfs cfe dkrrihctakfs clkf` tmi stuey

vcracnhis&



U c n h i 3 & L i c f s ( T t c f e c r e E i v a c t a k f s c f e D k r r i h c t a k f s

R c r a c n h i

L

T E

3

>

4

5

9

2

0

3 & W r k

e u d t a v a t y 3

> 4 & > 1 c

3 > & 3 5 c

> & W r k

e u d t a v a t y >

4 4 & > > c

3 5 & 3 1 c

& 2 3 = / /

4 & D h a l c t i b k r i b b a d a i f d y 3

2 4 & 7 3

2 & 7 2

& 3 1 3 /

& 3 0 0 /

5 & D h a l c t i b k r i b b a d a i f d y >

2 9 & 7 7

9 & = 5

& > 7 4 / /

& 4 5 0 / /

& 9 3 2 / /

9 & D h a l c t i b k r s i r v a d i 3

0 = & > 4

5 & 2 2

& 3 9 2 /

& 7 4 1

& 9 = 1 / /

& 3 1 5 /

2 & D h a l c t i b k r s i r v a d i >

0 0 & 1 4

5 & 7 3

& > 4 > / /

& 4 7 3 / /

& 5 3 7 / /

& 9 = 1 / /

& 5 = 1 / /

0 & P k

r j s c t a s b c d t a k f 3

= 2 & 1 =

4 & 7 >

& 3 3 5

& 7 = 3

& 5 > = / /

& 3 4 >

& 2 4 9 / /

& 4 1 0 / /

= & P k

r j s c t a s b c d t a k f >

= 0 & 0 2

> & 1 3

& 7 4 2

& 3 0 0 /

& 7 0 1

& 4 9 2 / /

& > 4 5 / /

& 5 2 1 / /

& 4 1 5 / /

F k t i ?

c ^ i p k r t i e a f t m k u s c f e s k b I u r k

s p i r B U I / / p 8 7 & 7 3 / p 8 7 & 7 9 F < 3 0 3




32>

Ucnhi 3 smkws tmct tmi licf sdkris bkr dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf cri

ficrhy tmi scli cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts( tmi licf sdkri bkr dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy

afdricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Burtmirlkri wkrj sctasbcdtakf as lkeirctihy stcnhi

cdrkss tali -crkufe &57!& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi mcvi rihctavihy

ma`m stcnahatais kb &9> cfe &51& Ct U3 -cvircì prkeudtavaty kb >4(>13 Iurks+BUI! tmi

nrcfdmis pirbkrlie wkrsi tmcf ct tali pkaft > -cvircì prkeudtavaty kb 44(>32

Iurks+BUI!& Umas ribhidts idkfklad richaty bkr bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakfs( wmiri

prkbats cri afbhuifdie tk c hcrì ixtift ny dkfoufdturch ixtirfch bcdtkrs& Umi navcracti

dkrrihctakf nitwiif U3 cfe U> as &2> mkwivir( su`ìstaf` tmct tmi rihctavi bafcfdach

pksatakf ct U3 as fivirtmihiss strkf`hy prieadtavi kb tmi rihctavi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>&

Ucnhi > smkws cf kvirvaiw kb tmi lkeihs& Umi eabbirift fistie lkeihs wiri

dklpcrie ny c π> eabbirifdi tist& Barsthy( wi dklpcrie tmi drkss,sidtakfch earidt -L>c!

cfe afearidt lkeihs -L3c! watm c lkeih watm nktm ibbidts -L4c!& Umi barst π> eabbirifdi

tists smkwie tmct tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi afearidt lkeih -L3c! cfe tmi lkeih watm

nktm ibbidts -L4c! wcs sa`fabadcft -L3c vs& L4c ∂ π> -5! < >4&=>2( p 8 &79!& Umus( wmif

earidt ibbidts wiri ixdhueie( tmas eae risuht af c sa`fabadcfthy wkrsi bat& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe(

wmif afearidt ibbidts wiri ixdhueie tmas eae fkt risuht af c sa`fabadcfthy wkrsi stctastadch

bat& Umi sidkfe π> eabbirifdi tists smkwie tmct tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi earidt lkeih

-L>c! cfe tmi lkeih watm nktm ibbidts -L4c! wcs fkt sa`fabadcft -L>c vs& L4c ∂ π> ->!< &709( p 6 &79!& Pmif dklpcrie watm tmi ktmir fistie lkeihs( tmiribkri( wi dcf

dkfdhuei tmct tmi earidt lkeih nist ribhidts tmi ectc( tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmi pcrsalkfy

prafdaphi&

Ucnhi >& Bat Afeadis bkr Ttrudturch Lkeihs

Lkeih eisdraptakf π> eb ∂π> -∂ eb!Drkss,sidtakfch? L3c Aftirlieacry -afearidt ibbidt! >99&033 >7 >4&=>2/ -5!

L>c Eabbirift kutdkli -earidt ibbidt! >43&127 3= &709 ->!L4c Buhh lkeih -earidt cfe afearidt ibbidts! >43&==9 32Hkfàtueafch -afdhueis rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali!? L3n Aftirlieacry -afearidt ibbidt! 40&9=1 34 4>&949/ -37!L>n Eabbirift kutdkli -earidt ibbidt! =&542 2 4&4=> -4!L4n Buhh lkeih -earidt cfe afearidt ibbidt! 9&795 4L5 îvasie lkeih 33&=03 33 4&545 -9!

Fkti / p 8 7&79 F < 303

Af tmas lkeih at wcs bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs pksatavihy csskdactie watm

prkeudtavaty ct nktm tali,pkafts - ξ < &39 cfe ξ < &>2!& Dhalcti bkr sirvadi wcs pksatavihy

csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct nktm tali pkafts - ξ < &91 cfe ξ < &57!( cfe wcs




324

pksatavihy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty ct U> - ξ < &39!& Fk rihctakfsmap wcs bkufe nitwiif

wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Umi lkeih as riprisiftie af Baùri >&

Uali pkaft 3

Uali pkaft >


Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy Wrkeudtavaty

Wrkeudtavaty

Pkrj sctasbcdtakf&91/

&57/

&39/

&>2/

&39 /

Pkrj sctasbcdtakfDhalcti bkr sirvadi

Dhalcti bkr sirvadi

Baùri >& Lkeih >c? Earidt lkeih drkss,sidtakfchFktis? Fkf,sa`fabadcft pctms cri fkt eipadtie& Chh istalctis cri stcfecreazie&

Fixt( tmi alpcdt kb tali wcs ixclafie& C`caf( tmrii lkeihs wiri dklpcrie& îsuhts

smkwie tmct wi dcf dkfdhuei tmct tmi earidt lkeih c`caf nist ribhidts tmi ectc dklpcrie

tk tmi ktmir fistie lkeihs( tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmi pcrsalkfy prafdaphi& Umi eabbirifdi

nitwiif tmi earidt cfe tmi buhh lkeih wcs fkt sa`fabadcft -L>n vs& L4n ∂ π> -4! < 4&4=>(

p 6 &79!( nut tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi afearidt cfe tmi buhh lkeih wcs sa`fabadcft -L3n

vs& L4n ∂ π> -37! < 4>&949( p 8 &79!& Umus( kfdi c`caf( wi bkufe ivaeifdi bkr tmi

supirakraty kb c earidt lkeih& Kf tmi ncsas kb tmisi risuhts c rivasie lkeih -L5! wcs

nuaht( afdhueaf` kfhy sa`fabadcft pctms brkl tmi earidt lkeih -L>n!& Dklpcrie watm tmi

earidt lkeih -L>n!( tmi ixdhusakf kb fkf,sa`fabadcft pctms eae fkt risuht af c sa`fabadcfthy

wkrsi lkeih bat -L5 vs& L>n ∂ π> -9! < 4&545( p 6 &79!& Umi rivasie lkeih as pribirrie

nidcusi at as lkri pcrsalkfakus tmcf tmi earidt lkeih& Umas rivasie lkeih3 mce c

rihctavihy `kke bat -π> < 33&=03( p < &404 eb < 33: C@BA < &159: DBA < &11=: ^LTIC <

&7>>( WDhksi < &07! cfe as riprisiftie af Ucnhi 4& Umi ibbidts af tmi uppir pcrt kb tmas

tcnhi dcf ni aftirpritie cs drkss,sidtakfch risuhts& Umi ibbidts af tmi hkwir pcrt kb tmas

tcnhi dcf ni aftirpritie cs hkfàtueafch risuhts& Ibbidts af tmas hkwir pcrt kb tmi tcnhi àvi

cf afeadctakf kb wmitmir c eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi twk tali pkafts af kfi vcracnhi hices

tk cf afdricsi kr eidricsi af cfktmir vcracnhi&

3 Afdhueaf` hif`tm kb tali aftirvch cs dkftrkh vcracnhi eae fkt dmcfì kur risuhts& Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts nitwiif dhalcti( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty eae fkt vcry& Mifdi( wi eidaeie tk ripkrtrisuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih watmkut tali aftirvch cs dkftrkh vcracnhi&




325

Ucnhi 4& Ttcfecreazie Dkibbadaifts cfe Ta`fabadcfdi - p ! bkr îvasie Lkeih

Ibbidt ξ p

Drkss,sidtakfch ibbidts? Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U3 ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U3 &31 &733Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U3 ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U3 &25 &777Ttcnahatais? Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> &52 &777Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> &53 &777

Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U3 ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> &57 &777Wrkeudtavaty U3 ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> &90 &777Hkfàtueafch ibbidts? Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> &3= &735Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> &35 &7=7Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> &44 &777Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> &>2 &773Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U3 ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> ,&40 &777Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U3 ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> ,&39 &7>4Afvirsi ibbidts? Wrkeudtavaty U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> &3> &701Wrkeudtavaty U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> &39 &7>4

Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> &32 &7>3

Fktis? Fkf,sa`fabadcft pctms cri fkt afdhueie& Chh istalctis cri stcfecreazie&

Cs dcf ni siif brkl Ucnhi 4( mypktmisas 3 -lieactakf! as fkt dkfbarlie& Chtmku`m

dhalcti bkr sirvadi as rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf( wkrj sctasbcdtakf as fkt sa`fabadcfthy

rihctie tk prkeudtavaty& Cs ri`cres( mypktmisas >( laxie risuhts wiri bkufe& Mypktmisas >

stctie tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts prkeudtavaty lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr

sirvadi cbbidts prkeudtavaty( cfe stctie tmct c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf

lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as

pksatavihy csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty - ξ < &31!( wmahi dhalcti bkr sirvadi as pksatavihy

csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf drkss,sidtakfchhy - ξ < &25!& Brkl c hkfàtueafch

pirspidtavi at wcs bkufe tmct cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri csskdactie

watm cf afdricsi af prkeudtavaty - ξ < &3=! tmcf cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr sirvadi - ξ < &35!&

At wcs chsk bkufe hkfàtueafchhy tmct cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri

csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf - ξ < &44! tmcf cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr sirvadi - ξ <

&>2!& Cdrkss tali wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj

sctasbcdtakf ct U> - ξ < ,&40!( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk

prkeudtavaty ct U> - ξ < , &39!&

Pi bkufe tmrii pksatavihy afvirsie dcusctakf ibbidts nitwiif prkeudtavaty ct U3 cfe

dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U> - ξ < &3>! cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U> - ξ < &39!( cfe nitwiif

wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U3 cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U> - ξ < &32!& Umi ma`mir tmiprkeudtavaty ct U3( tmi ma`mir tmi hivih kb dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe tmi ma`mir tmi hivih kb




329

dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U>& Umi ma`mir tmi hivih kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U3( tmi ma`mir tmi

hivih kb dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U>&

Af dkfdhusakf( fk ivaeifdi wcs bkufe bkr mypktmisas 3( c pksatavi aftirlieacry

ibbidt bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf( nidcusi fk rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe nitwiif wkrj

sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Drkss,sidtakfchhy( mypktmisas > wcs dkfbarlie& Brkl c

hkfàtueafch pirspidtavi c eabbirift pcttirf nitwiif tmi twk dhalcti typis cfe tmi twk

kutdkli licsuris wcs bkufe& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri rihctie tk prkeudtavaty

tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi -cs mypktmisazie!( mkwivir( dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs chsk lkri

rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi& Cdrkss tali wi bkufe fi`ctavi

rihctakfsmaps nitwiif kf tmi kfi mcfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe

nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty kf tmi ktmir&

2&9 Easdussakf

Umi lcaf knoidtavi kb tmas stuey wcs tk dhcraby tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi

rihctakfsmap nitwiif strctiàd dhalcti cfe prkeudtavaty ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& Umas

stuey saluhtcfikushy ixclafie twk strctiàd dhalcti typis? dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe

dhalcti bkr sirvadi dkrrispkfeaf` watm tmi strctiàis bkr sirvadi kr`cfazctakfs tk alprkvi

tmiar pirbkrlcfdi& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs eibafie cs tmi ixtift tk wmadm prakraty as

àvif tk ibbadaifdy af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi ilphkyiis& Dhalcti bkr sirvadi wcs

eibafie cs tmi prakraty àvif tk dustklir sirvadi af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi

ilphkyiis& Af kreir tk nrkceif kur jfkwhieì cnkut tmi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif nktm

dhalcti typis( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty( tmi pkssanhi aftirlieacry prkdiss kb

wkrj sctasbcdtakf -cs tmikrazie ny Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Uishuj it ch&( >77>: Kstrkbb it

ch&( >774! cs wihh cs tmi prkpksatakf kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli -cs tmikrazie ny

Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!( wiri tistie&

Pi bkufe fk ivaeifdi bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs cf aftirlieacry lidmcfasl( nidcusi

wi bkufe fk ibbidts nitwiif wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Umas risuht la`mt ni

cttranutcnhi tk tmi bcdt tmct wi stueaie rihctakfsmaps ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& Ct tmi

afeavaeuch hivih( c pksatavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty dcf ni

ixpidtie af cddkrecfdi watm tmi ”mcppy prkeudtavi wkrjir tmisas‑ -Oueì( Umkriskf(

Nkfk " Wcttkf( >773: Wcrjir it ch&( >774: Dcrr it ch&( >774!& Mkwivir( tmas c``ri`ctie

wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkri as prkncnhy hiss afeadctavi kb afeavaeuch wkrj sctasbcdtakf -tmiri

cri hcrì afeavaeuch eabbirifdis watmaf c nrcfdm!& Ct nusafiss ufat hivih tmi sirvadi prkbat

dmcaf prkvaeie cf ixphcfctakf( a&i& sctasbaie ilphkyiis risuht af ma`mir prkbats tmrku`mifmcfdie dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Jkys ->773! cfe ^ycf( Tdmlat cfe Okmfskf -3112!




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afeiie bkufe rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf&

Mkwivir( rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty wiri fkt

istcnhasmie af tmisi stueais& Mifdi( sctasbaie cfe lktavctie ilphkyiis lcy prkeudi

sctasbaie dustklirs( nut sctasbaie dustklirs lcy fkt risuht af alprkvie bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi -Nkrudja " Nurji( 3111!&

Umi risuhts kb tmas stuey suppkrts tk c hcrì ixtift mypktmisas >& C dhalcti bkr

ibbadaifdy cbbidts prkeudtavaty lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts prkeudtavaty(

cfe c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy

cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Barsthy( drkss,sidtakfch risuhts smkwie tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy

as nifibadach tk prkeudtavaty( wmahi dhalcti bkr sirvadi as nifibadach tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf&

Drictaf` c typi kb strctiàd dhalcti -dhalcti bkr sirvadi kr ibbadaifdy! hices tk tmi

cdmaivilift kb c pcrtaduhcr kutdkli -wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty!&

Brkl c hkfàtueafch pirspidtavi wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri

strkf`hy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi& Mkwivir( dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy

wcs chsk lkri strkf`hy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi& Umisi

bafeaf`s suppkrt tmi aeics put bkrwcre ny Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! tmct ilphkyiis wkrjaf`

af nusafiss ufats watm ma`mir dhalcti sdkris( ivif c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( mcvi lkri

jfkwhieì cnkut tmi kr`cfazctakfch `kchs cfe cnkut mkw tk cha`f tmiar nimcvakr wmadm

risuhts af ma`mir wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris& Umi bafeaf`s cri chsk dkfsastift watm tmksi kb Jchhactm( Nhuiekrf cfe Ttruni -3111! wmk bkufe tmct tmi lkri cf afeavaeuch pirdiavis

tmi kr`cfazctakf cs ilpmcsazaf` c dirtcaf dhalcti( tmi ma`mir tmi hivihs kb wkrj

sctasbcdtakf&

Cdrkss tali wi bkufe c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe

wkrj sctasbcdtakf( cfe c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe

prkeudtavaty& Umisi risuhts smkuhe ni dkfsaeirie tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmct tmas stuey

dkfdirfs rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali bkr viry salahcr ufats watmaf c saf`hi hcrì

kr`cfazctakf& Af tmas spidabad risicrdm sittaf` sudm ibbidts cri hajihy tk kddur: dhalcti

sdkris ct U3 cri chricey bcarhy ma`m& Ixtrilihy ma`m dhalcti sdkris ct U3 dcf mcrehy ìt

cfy ma`mir( wmctivir mcppifs -tmas as dchhie c ”diahaf` ibbidt‑! -Ucras( >777!& Nrcfdmis watm

ma`m dhalcti sdkris ct U3( usuchhy chricey mcvi ma`m wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty

sdkris ct U3& C burtmir upwcre smabt af dhalcti as ufhajihy tk ni cddklpcfaie ny c

dklpcrcnhi upwcre smabt af wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty& Af c nrcfdm watm hkw

dhalcti sdkris ct U3( mkwivir( tmi rivirsi la`mt ni trui& Bkr c nrcfdm watm hkw dhalcti

sdkris ct U3( tmiri as c hkt kb rkkl bkr alprkvilift& Umi risuht kb tmas prkdiss as tmct(




320

wmif wi dmidj tmi dmcfì sdkris( c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap as bkufe nitwiif dhalcti bkr

ibbadaifdy ct U3 cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U> cfe nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 cfe

prkeudtavaty ct U>& Pi tmiribkri crùi tmct tmi clkuft cfe earidtakf kb cdrkss,tali

dmcfì eipifes kf tmi nrcfdm‑s afatach sdkri( wmadm as af hafi watm Paheir‑s -3120! ”hcw kb

afatach vchuis‑&

Umi fi`ctavi ibbidts dcf ni dkfsaeirie afeadctavi kb c trcei,kbb prkdiss wmadm

cddkres watm tmi dklpitaf` vchuis lkeih& Umas lkeih stctis tmct kvirilpmcsazaf` c

dhalcti typi dcf risuht af eysbufdtakfch kr`cfazctakfs -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!&

@avaf` prakraty skhihy tk prkeudtavaty kr tk dustklir sirvadi lcy mclpir tmi pursuat kb

wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Ilphkyiis ridiavi tmi lisscì tmct ibbadaifdy as tmi

kfhy prakraty af tmiar ufat( sa`fchaf` tk ilphkyiis tmct tmi kr`cfazctakf ekis fkt dcri

cnkut tmiar wihh,niaf`& C hcdj kb ixpiraifdie kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt dcf risuht af hiss

wkrj sctasbcdtakf ny bcahaf` tk sctasby skdak,ilktakfch fiies( eivchuaf` ilphkyii

dkftranutakfs( cfe sa`fchaf` tmi ufcvcahcnahaty kb suppkrt -^mkceis " Iasifnirìr( >77>!&

Cfe cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti bkr sirvadi calie ct kntcafaf` ma`m,dustklir vchui lcy

alpcar tmi cttcaflift kb prkeudtavaty: c strkf` bkdus kf dustklir sirvadi lcy ni

afibbadaift&

Bafchhy( tmi afvirsi dcusctakf ibbidts bkufe af tmas stuey wiri chsk lkri suppkrtavi

kb sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cs eabbirift kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis afeadctkrs tmcfsctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U3 wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk dhalcti bkr

sirvadi ct U>( prkeudtavaty ct U3 wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe tk

dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U>& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty pksatavihy afbhuifdie dhalcti

bkr sirvadi& Cddkreaf` tk Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! c dhalcti bkr sirvadi rists kf tmi

bkufectakf kb bufecliftch suppkrt& Nrcfdmis watm ma`m prkeudtavaty sdkris la`mt mcvi c

`rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af suppkrt( risuhtaf` af tmiar mcvaf` lkri pksatavi sirvadi

dhalcti sdkris tmcf tmksi tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats& C ma`m sdkri kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf

la`mt ni afeadctavi kb c dkfdirf bkr ilphkyiis wmadm as eastafùasmie cs c sidkfe

cftidieift kb sirvadi dhalcti ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=!& Ma`m,prkeudtavaty la`mt sa`fch tk

ilphkyiis tmct tmiar nrcfdm as bkdusaf` kf pirbkrlcfdi cfe kf cddklphasmaf` ats `kchs(

cfe tmas la`mt pksatavihy nacs dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy pirdiptakfs&

2&9&3 Halatctakfs

Chtmku`m tmi usi kb twk wcvis kb dhalcti( sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty ectc as

affkvctavi af tmas baihe kb risicrdm( tmi wcy tmi hkfàtueafch ectc dkuphaf` wcs ekfi af

tmas stuey mcs halatctakfs& Barsthy( wi dklpcrie eabbirift tali hc`s ny chhkwaf` eabbirift




32=

tali aftirvchs& Tidkfe( wi usie eabbirift yicrs bkr tali pkaft 3 -ectc cs kb >777( >773(

>77>( >774 cfe >775! cfe tali pkaft > ->77>( >774( >775( >779!& Umi yicr af wmadm tmi

licsurilifts wiri tcjif dkuhe ni c dkfbkufeaf` bcdtkr& Umus twk pkssanhi fkasi

bcdtkrs wiri aftrkeudie af tmi risicrdm eisa`f& Mkwivir( dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi

tali aftirvch eae fkt dmcfì kur risuhts& Nisaeis( tmi talaf` kb tmi licsurilift wcs kfhy

sa`fabadcft dkrrihctie watm prkeudtavaty ct nktm tali pkafts( cfe watm sirvadi dhalcti ct

kfi licsurilift pkaft&

C sidkfe halatctakf kb tmas stuey as tmct tmi ectc wcs kntcafie brkl c saf`hi( hcrì

Eutdm kr`cfazctakf& Umas cpprkcdm halats tmi ìfirchazicnahaty kb kur stuey tk ktmir

afeustrais cfe tk ktmir dkuftrais( safdi af tmi Fitmirhcfes tmi afbhuifdi kb afstatutakfch

bcdtkrs kf wkrj,rihctie assuis as rihctavihy hcrì -Nksihai( Wccuwi " Ocfssif( >773!&

Mkwivir( usaf` tmas cpprkcdm wi dcf dkftrkh bkr afeustrach cfe kr`cfazctakfch ibbidts&

Tclphi sazi puts dkfstrcafts kf tmi fulnir kb vcracnhis tmct wi dkuhe afdhuei af kut

lkeihs( tmiribkri wi eae fkt dkftrkh bkr nitwiif nrcfdm bcdtkrs -i&`& prkeudt lax kb

sirvadis( eabbirift typis kb dustklirs( fulnir kb dklpitatkrs!& Mkwivir( cddkreaf` tk

Pchjir( Tlatmir cfe Pchelcf ->77=! tmisi nitwiif nrcfdm bcdtkrs mcvi hatthi afbhuifdi

kf hkfàtueafch rihctakfsmaps& Hkdch bcdtkrs tmct afbhuifdi dhalcti( sctasbcdtakf cfe

prkeudtavaty af c nrcfdm ct tali pkaft 3( cri chsk hajihy tk afbhuifdi dhalcti( sctasbcdtakf

cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > af tmct nrcfdm&Bafchhy( rihctavihy hkw ADD3 vchuis wiri bkufe bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Buturi risicrdm

dkuhe nifibat brkl tcjaf` cddkuft kb ufat cfe afeavaeuch vcracfdi af wkrj sctasbcdtakf af

luhta,hivih cfchysis& Umas typi kb cfchysas kbbirs tmi kppkrtufaty tk stuey prkdissis ct

luhtaphi hivihs kb cfchysas saluhtcfikushy& Tpidabadchhy( tmi rihctavi ibbidts kb tmikrazie

tkp,ekwf -ufat dhalcti tk afeavaeuch wkrj sctasbcdtakf!( nkttkl,up -afeavaeuch wkrj

sctasbcdtakf tk ufat prkeudtavaty! cfe ufat,hivih prkdissis dkuhe ni ixclafie&

2&9&> Alphadctakfs bkr Umikry cfe Wrcdtadi îsicrdmirs cfe prcdtatakfirs mcvi niif einctaf` tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti

cfe pirbkrlcfdi bkr skli tali fkw& Umas stuey riprisifts c stip af ufeirstcfeaf`

nittir mkw wkrj sctasbcdtakf rihctis tk dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi( cfe

prkeudtavaty ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& Umas hkfàtueafch stuey afeadctie tmct ct tmi

nusafiss ufat hivih( wkrj sctasbcdtakf ekis fkt cppicr tk bufdtakf cs cf aftirlieacry:

wkrj sctasbcdtakf cppicrs tk bufdtakf cs cf kutdkli afeadctkr&

Brkl c prcdtadch stcfepkaft( tmi bafeaf`s striss tmi fiie tk afdhuei ilphkyii dhalcti

sdkris af M^ sdkridcres af kreir tk lkfatkr cfe lcfcì wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs wihh cs




321

prkeudtavaty af nusafiss ufats& Umisi risuhts chsk su`ìst tmct lcfcìlift wahh ni wihh,

cevasie tk ifdkurcì c ma`m,sirvadi kr c ma`m,ibbadaifdy dhalcti af nusafiss ufats

eipifeaf` kf tmi strctiàd `kch-s! lcfcìlift pursuis( nidcusi at sunstcftachhy pksatavihy

cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty& Cs cf afatach hkfàtueafch afvista`ctakf( mkwivir(

tmas stuey chsk eilkfstrctie c fi`ctavi ibbidt kb nktm dhalcti typis cdrkss tali& Pi

aftirpritie tmas cs c trcei,kbb prkdiss& Bkr lcfcìrs kb ”ma`m,ibbadaifdy dhalcti nrcfdmis‑(

tmi lkst alpkrtcft tcrìt la`mt ni sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb

prkeudtavaty dhalcti( nidcusi tmas wahh fi`ctavihy afbhuifdi wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Cfe bkr

lcfcìrs kb ”ma`m,dustklir dhalcti nrcfdmis‑( tmi lkst alpkrtcft tcrìt la`mt ni

sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb sirvadi dhalcti( nidcusi tmas wahh fi`ctavihy

afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty&

Af tirls kb tmikritadch dkftranutakfs( wmahi pcst risicrdm tifes tk bkdus kf hafjaf`

dhalcti bkr sirvadi tk dustklir sctasbcdtakf ct tmi nusafiss ufat,hivih kb cfchysas kr tifes

tk bkdus kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs lieactkr nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi

afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas( hiss ilpmcsas wcs phcdie kf mkw dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe

dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy rihcti tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe tk prkeudtavaty& Kur bafeaf`s

prkvaei c barst dkfbarlctakf kb tmi ricskfaf` tmct eabbirift dhalcti typis rihcti tk

ibbidtavifiss kutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs& Tpidabadchhy( tmi prisift stuey

cees tk tmi fktakf tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as rihctie tk prkeudtavaty( wmirics dhalctibkr sirvadi as rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Lkri hkfàtueafch risicrdm as fiieie tk dricti c

lkri dklphiti padturi kb tmi eyfclad prkdissis nitwiif ilphkyii cttatuei afeadctkrs

kf tmi kfi mcfe( cfe nusafiss ufat dhalctis cfe pirbkrlcfdi kutdklis kf tmi ktmir& Af

pcrtaduhcr lkri risicrdm as fiieie kf tmi eabbiriftach cfe pkssanhi trcei,kbb ibbidts kb

dhalcti typis kf kutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs&




307

2&2 îbirifdis


Nctt( ^& -3111!& Pkrj kr`cfazctakf( tidmfkhk`y( cfe pirbkrlcfdi af dustklir sirvadi cfe

schis& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr îhctakfs îvaiw ( 95( 941,925&Nksihai( W&( Wccuwi( O& " Ocfssif W& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe

pirbkrlcfdi? Hisskfs brkl tmi Fitmirhcfes& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 3370,33>9&

Nkrudja( D&D& " Nurji( L&O& -3111!& Cf ixclafctakf kb sirvadi,rihctie cftidieifts tkritcah stkri pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >7( 154,12>&

Nyrfi( N&L& ->773!& Ttrudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` watm CLKT( ncsad dkfdipts( cpphadctakfs( cfe prk`rcllaf` & Lcmwcm( FO? Hcwrifdi Irhncul&

Dcrr( O&_&( Tdmlaet( C&L&( Bkre( O&J& " EiTmkf( ^&W& ->774!& Dhalcti pirdiptakfs lcttir? C litc,cfchytad pctm cfchysas rihctaf` lkhcr dhalcti( dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis(cfe afeavaeuch hivih wkrj kutdklis& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 279,231&

Dmcf( E& -311=!& Bufdtakfch rihctakfs clkf` dkfstrudts af tmi scli dkftift eklcaf cteabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas? C typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >45,>52&

@ihcei( @&C& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe wkrj kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( 4=4,419&

@hadj( P&M& -31=9!& Dkfdiptuchazaf` cfe licsuraf` kr`cfazctakfch cfe psydmkhkàdchdhalcti? Watbchhs af luhtahivih risicrdm& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( 37( 273,232&

@kkelcf( I&C&( _cllutk( ^&B& " @abbkre( N&E& ->773!& Umi dklpitaf` vchuisbrcliwkrj?Yfeirstcfeaf` tmi alpcdt kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi kf tmi quchaty kb

wkrj habi& Kr`cfazctakf Eivihkplift Okurfch ( 31( 9=,2=&@rabbitm( ^&( Mkl( W& " @cirtfir( T& ->777!& C litc,cfchysas kb cftidieifts cfe

dkrrihctis kb ilphkyii turfkvir? Ypecti( lkeirctkr tists( cfe risicrdmalphadctakfs bkr tmi fixt lahhiffaul& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( >2( 524,5==&

Mcrtir( O&J&( Tdmlaet( I&H& " Mcyis( U&H& ->77>!& Nusafiss ufat hivih rihctakfsmap nitwiifilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( ilphkyii if`cìlift( cfe nusafiss kutdklis? C litc,cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( >2=,>01&

Misjitt( O&H&( Tcssir( P&I& " Tdmhisafìr( H&C& -3110!& Umi sirvadi prkbat dmcaf & Fiw Qkrj?Brii Wriss&

Acbbchecfk( L&U& " Ludmafsjy( W&L& -31=9!& Okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi? Clitc,cfchysas& Wsydmkhkàdch Nuhhitaf ( 10( >93,>04&

Oclis( H&^&( Dmka( D&D&( Jk( D&M&I&( LdFiah( W&J&( Laftkf( L&J&( Pra`mt( L&C& " Jal(J& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhkàdch dhalcti? C rivaiw kb tmikry cfe risicrdm&

Iurkpicf Okurfch kb Pkrj cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 30( 9,4>& Oclis( H&^&( Eilcrii( ^&@& " Pkhb( @& -31=5!& Istalctaf` watmaf,`rkup aftirrctir

rihacnahaty watm cfe watmkut rispkfsi nacs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( =9,1=& Oclis( H&^&( Luhcaj( T&C& " Nritt( O&L& ->772!& C tchi kb twk litmkes& Kr`cfazctakfch

îsicrdm Litmkes ( 1( >44,>55& Oueì( C&O&( Umkriskf( U&O&( Nkfk( O&I& " Wcttkf( @&J& ->773!& Umi okn sctasbcdtakf,okn

pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? C quchatctavi cfe qucftatctavi rivaiw& Wsydmkhkàdch Nuhhitaf ( 3>0( 402,570&

Jchhactm( U&O&( Nhuiekrf( C&D& " Ttruni( L&O& -3111!& C tist kb vchui dkf`ruifdi& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >7( 3309,331=&

Jhiaf( J&O&( Nhaisi( W&E&( Jkzhkwsja( T&P&O( Ecfsiricu( B&( @cvaf( L&N&( @rabbaf( L&C& it

ch& ->777!& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& 93>,993!& J& O& Jhiaf " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&




303


Jkys( E& O& ->773!& Umi ibbidts kb ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmapnimcvakr( cfe turfkvir kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C ufat,hivih( hkfàtueafch

stuey& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 95( 373,335&Juifza( L& " Tdmlafji( L& ->771!& Cssilnhaf` brc`lifts aftk c hifs? C rivaiw( drataqui(

cfe prkpksie risicrdm cìfec bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch wkrj dhalcti hatircturi& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( 49( 4( 245,030&

Hkdji( I&C& -3102!& Umi fcturi cfe dcusis kb okn sctasbcdtakf& Af? Mcfenkkj kb afeustrach cfe kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y -pp& 3>10,3451!& L&E& Euffitti -Ie&!& Dmadc`k?^cfeLdFchhy&

Lcrjhufe( T&( Nkhaf( L& " Rkf Issif( O& ->77=!& Dcf afeavaeuch michtm eabbirifdis niixphcafie ny wkrjphcdi dmcrcdtirastads; — C luhtahivih cfchysas& Tkdach Tdaifdi "

Lieadafi ( 22( 297,22>&Lcskf( D&L& " @rabbaf( L&C& ->77>!& @rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf? Cpphyaf` tmi dkfstrudt kb

okn sctasbcdtakf tk `rkups& Tlchh @rkup îsicrdm ( 44( >03,43>&Ludmafsjy( W&L& -3100!& Kr`cfazctakfch dkllufadctakf? îhctakfsmap tk kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti cfe okn sctasbcdtakf& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( >7( 91>,270&Kr`cf( E&P& -31==!& Kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr? Umi `kke skheair syferkli & Hixaf`tkf(

LC? Hixaf`tkf Nkkjs&Kstrkbb( D& -311>!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif sctasbcdtakf( cttatueis( cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cf

kr`cfazctakfch hivih cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 124,105&Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih?(M^ prcdtadis cfe

kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry(risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O& Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&

Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C& O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&

Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929,914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ahìf( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies&!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&

Kstrkbb( D& " Tdmlatt( F& -3114!& Dkfbaùrctakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss cfeibbadaifdy& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 42( 3459,3423&

Wcrjir( D&W&( Nchtis( N&N&( Qkuf`( T&C&( Mubb( O&P&( Chtlcff( ^&C&( Hcdkst( M&C&( it ch&->774!& îhctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkhkàdch dhalcti pirdiptakfs cfe wkrj kutdklis? C litc,cfchytad rivaiw& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >5( 4=1,532&

Wcttirskf( L&( Pcrr( W& " Pist( L& ->775!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe dklpcfy prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb ilphkyii cbbidt cfe ilphkyii hivih& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 314,>32&

Wcttirskf( L&@&( Pist( L&C&( Tmcdjhitkf( R&O&( Ecwskf( O&B&( Hcwtmkl( ^&( Lcathas( T&(

^knafskf( E&H& " Pchhcdi( C&L& ->779!& Rchaectaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalctilicsuri( hafjs tk lcfcìrach prcdtadis( prkeudtavaty cfe affkvctakf& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >2( 401,57=&


^mkceis( H& " Iasifnirìr( ^& ->77>!& Wirdiavie kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt? C rivaiw kb tmihatircturi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( 21=,035&


Tdmlat( L&O& " Chhsdmiae( T&W& -3119!& Ilphkyii cttatueis cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf?

Lcjaf` tmikritadch cfe ilparadch dkffidtakfs& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 5=( 9>3,940&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&




30>

Tdmfiaeir( N& -31=7!& Umi sirvadi kr`cfazctakf? Dhalcti as drudach& Kr`cfazctakfch Eyfclads (1( 9>,29&

Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117c!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi & Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117n!& Umi dhalcti bkr sirvadi? Cf cpphadctakf kb tmi dhalcti dkfstrudt&

Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& 4=4,53>!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!& Tcf

Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcfìs( W&O&( Tlatm( E& N& " Tchvc`àk( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst(

ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( =42, =93&

Tdmfiaeir( N&( Pmati( T&T& " Wcuh( L&D& -311=!& Hafjaf` sirvadi dhalcti cfe dustklirspirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty? Uist kb c dcusch lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (=4( 397,324&

Tdmuhti( L&( Kstrkbb( D&( Tmluhyacf( T& " Jafadja( C& ->771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctidkfbaùrctakfs? îhctakfsmaps tk dkhhidtavi cttatueis( dustklir sctasbcdtakf( cfepirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 15( 4( 23=,245&

Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi; Af?

Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!& Tcf Brcfsasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&

Ucras( U& ->777!& C pralir af hkfàtueafch ectc cfchysas & Hkfekf? Tcì& Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjcìs nitwiif

kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhkàdch lcfcìlift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Rcf Luaoif( O&( Jkkplcf( W&( Ei Patti J& " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur(mit dkfdurrifei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur & Tdmkkfmkvif?

Cdceilad Tirvadi& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U& B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit

iif vrcìfhaost(ei vrcìfhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?

Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif& Raswisvcrcf( D& " Kfis( E& T& ->777!& Wirspidtavis kf lkeihs kb okn pirbkrlcfdi&

Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Tihidtakf cfe Cssisslift ( =( >32,>>2& Pcfkus( O&W&( îadmirs( C&I& " Muey( L&O& -3110!& Kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf( mkw `kke cri

saf`hi, atil licsuris; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =>( >50,>9>& Pchjir( C&@&( Tlatmir( O&P& " Pchelcf( E&C& ->77=!& C hkfàtueafch ixclafctakf kb

dkfdklatcft dmcfìs af ticl hiceirsmap cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 950,900&

Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf îhctakfs ( 9=( 5>1,52>&

Paheirs( O& -3120!& Ttaluhus cfe rispkfsi? Umi hcw kb afatach vchui & Nrastkh? Pra`mt&

Qkkf( L&M&( Nictty( T&I& " Tum( O& ->773!& Umi ibbidt kb wkrj dhalcti kf dratadchilphkyii cfe dustklir kutdklis? Cf ilphkyii,hivih cfchysas& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Tirvadi cfe Afeustry Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 977,9>>&



0

Easdussakf



Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf

305

0&3 Aftrkeudtakf

Umas tmisas cals tk ifmcfdi kur ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi pctmwcys tmrku`m wmadm M^L

afbhuifdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af bavi stueais -kfi

rivaiw stuey cfe bkur ilparadch stueais!( bkur dmchhifìs( wmadm risicrdmirs cfe

lcfcìrs bcdi wmif afti`rctaf` tmi ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi

hafjcì cri ceerissie& Umi bkur dmchhifìs easdussie cri? 3& nraeàf` risicrdm trceatakfs:

>& nchcfdaf` lcfcìrach cfe ilphkyii aftirists: 4& bkdusaf` kf prcdtadch rihivcfdi: 5&

alprkvaf` risicrdm litmkes& Af tmi fixt sidtakf tmi lcaf bafeaf`s bkr icdm dmchhifì cri

prisiftie cfe easdussie( bkhhkwie ny cf ivchuctakf kb tmi wicjfissis cfe strif`tms kb

tmas tmisas& Tunsiquifthy( tmikritadch( prcdtadch cfe litmkekhkàdch alphadctakfs cri

easdussie& Bafchhy( su`ìstakfs bkr buturi risicrdm cri kbbirie&

0&>&3 Dmchhifì 3? Nraeàf` îsicrdm Urceatakfs

îsicrdm kf M^L mcs niif eavaeie aftk twk sun eklcafs? ”ladrk‑ risicrdm

-bufdtakfch vaiw! bkdusis kf tmi ibbidt kb M^L kf afeavaeuchs( wmahi ”lcdrk‑ risicrdm

-strctiàd M^L vaiw! bkdusis kf tmi hafjcìs nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi -Nksihai( Nriwstir " Wccuwi( >771: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Pra`mt "

Nkswihh( >77>!& Tdmkhcrs crùi tmct dklnafaf` tmi ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ pirspidtavi as

fiieie tk prk`riss tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe -i&`& Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777: @uist(>773: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Umiribkri( tmi barst dmchhifì dkfdirfs nraeàf` risicrdm

trceatakfs&

Pi cttilptie tk nricj ekwf tmi ncrrairs nitwiif ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ risicrdm ny

cha`faf` tmi KN cfe kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y kraiftctakf tkwcres tmi tkpad kb TM^L

cfe pirbkrlcfdi( watm tmi lkri nusafiss kraiftie pirspidtavi& Pi afti`rctie hatircturi

kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&

Barst( stueyaf` ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L ct cf aftirlieacti hivih -tmi nusafiss,

ufat hivih! alprkvie kur ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi ”lcdrk‑ hafj nitwiif M^L cfe

pirbkrlcfdi ct dklpcfy hivih& Pi smkw tmct tmi pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis kb M^L

vcrais nitwiif nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcrì kr`cfazctakf -Dmcptir 4 cfe 9!& Chsk( af hafi

watm M^ prkdiss lkeihs -i&`& Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!( wi

eisdranie tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L , rihctie aftirviftakfs kf ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe

ixpiraifdis kb M^L prkdissis -Dmcptir 9!& Af ceeatakf( wi eilkfstrcti tmct dirtcaf

ixpiraifdis kb M^L prkdissis fclihy pcy sctasbcdtakf( eivihkplift( okn siduraty cfe c




309

dklnafctakf kb `kch ibbidtavifiss( quchaty kraiftctakf cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` cri rihctie

tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir 9!&

Tidkfehy( afti`rctakf wcs istcnhasmie ny rihyaf` kf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti tmikry

-Dmcptir 4( 5( 2!& Dhalcti mcs ats bkufectakfs af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y cfe KN& Af

ceeatakf( dhalcti as eisdranie cs tmi lidmcfasl nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Kstrkbb( Jafadja "

Ucljafs( >774!& Pi bkufe tmct bkur M^L,afeudie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs

-Jkpihlcf( Nraib " @uzzk( 3117! afbhuifdie kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( rctmir tmcf

tmi rivirsi kr nktm prkdissis niaf` prisift saluhtcfikushy -Dmcptir 5!& Af pcrtaduhcr(

`kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe riwcre kraiftctakf -pksatavi!( cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt

-fi`ctavi! cri prieadtavi kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf( wi afvista`ctie tmi

lieactaf` ibbidt kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy

cfe sirvadi( cfe pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir 2!& Pi bkufe fk suppkrt tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf

cdts cs aftirlieacry af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif tmi twk strctiàd dhalcti typis cfe

pirbkrlcfdi( safdi wkrj sctasbcdtakf wcs ny fk licfs rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi&

Bafchhy( wi afti`rctie tmi kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y + KN pirspidtavi aftk tmi

-”lcdrk‑! M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì ny bkdusaf` kf tmi rkhi kb tmrii typis kb ilphkyii

wihh,niaf` -c ”ladrk‑ rihctie kutdkli! af tmas rihctakfsmap& Ncsie kf dkfdiptuch lkeihs

cfe tmikrais bkufeie af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y cfe KN -i&`& nimcvakrch pirspidtavi-Pra`mt " LdLcmcf( 311>!( skdach ixdmcfì -Nhcu( 3125!( CLK,tmikry -i&`& Cppihncul

Ncahiy( Nir` " Jchhinir`( >777!( dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(

31=4!( hcnkr prkdiss tmikry -i&`& @kecre( >773!!( twk dklpitaf` vaiws kf tmi rkhi kb

wihh,niaf` wiri tistie& Umi lcaf bafeaf`s cri prisiftie af lkri eitcah nihkw -Dmchhifì

>!&

0&>&> Dmchhifì >? Nchcfdaf` Lcfcìrach cfe Ilphkyii Aftirists

Umi sidkfe jiy dmchhifì ixphkrie af tmas tmisas dkfdirfs nchcfdaf` lcfcìrach-kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! cfe ilphkyii -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! aftirists& Uwk

dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri prisift af tmi M^L cfe

dhalcti hatircturi& Umi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi cssulis tmct M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi c

pksatavi ibbidt kf nktm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -i&`&

Cppihncul it ch&( >777: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif(

>777: Uishuj( Mkblcff " Sua`hiy( >77>!( wmirics tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi

cssulis tmct M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi nut




302

mcvi fk kr c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -i&`& Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Hi`ì(

3119: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!&

Pi ceerissie tmas dmchhifì ny tistaf` wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis

prkvaeis c nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif

M^L + dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi afdhueie michtm( mcppafiss cfe

rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -@rcft( Dmrastacfskf " Wradi( >770! cs wkrj,rihctie wihh,niaf`

typis& Umi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi as sit c`cafst tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi tk

tist wmitmir M^L + dhalcti risuhts af alprkvie kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tk tmi

saluhtcfikus cevcftcì kr ct tmi dkst kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&

Barst( wi dkfeudtie c rivaiw stuey kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi

rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir >!& Ncsie kf tmi

quchaty cfe tmi dkfsastifdy af bafeaf`s kb 53 stueais punhasmie brkl 3119 tk >77=( wi

dkfdhueie tmct mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` bufdtakf cs lutuch `cafs watm

pirbkrlcfdi& Michtm wihh,niaf`( mkwivir( siils tk bufdtakf cs dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli watm

pirbkrlcfdi&

Tidkfehy( wi ixclafie tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf -tmi mcppafiss dklpkfift kb

ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr

sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty usaf` hkfàtueafch ectc kntcafie brkl lkri tmcf 35(777

ilphkyiis af 303 nrcfdmis kb c bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf -Dmcptir 2!& Fk ivaeifdibkr tmi ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry‑ pirspidtavi -lutuch `cafs! wcs bkufe? wkrj

sctasbcdtakf wcs fkt rihctie tk prkeudtavaty& Af hafi watm c ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑

pirspidtavi -dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis!( wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri

csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi wcs lkri

csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy& Cdrkss tali c trcei,kbb

pcttirf wcs bkufe? dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty ct U>(

cfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U>&

Tullcrazaf`( wi smkw tmct rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` bufdtakfs cs lutuch `caf cfe

michtm ilphkyii wihh,niaf` siils tk bufdtakf cs dkfbhadtaf` kr`cfazctakfch kutdkli&

Patm rispidt tk mcppafiss wi eilkfstrcti laxie risuhts& Af tmi rivaiw stuey wi

dkfdhuei tmct mcppafiss bufdtakfs cs lutuch `caf( wmirics af tmi ilparadch stuey wi

dkfdhuei tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf -c dcti`kry kb mcppafiss wihh,niaf`! bufdtakfs lkri cs

dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli watm pirbkrlcfdi&




300

0&>&4 Dmchhifì 4? Bkdusaf` kf Wrcdtadch îhivcfdi

Umi tmare dmchhifì ceerissie af tmas tmisas wcs prc`lctad af fcturi: at ribirs tk

bkdusaf` kf prcdtadch rihivcfdi kb sdaiftabad bafeaf`s& Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfcìlift

-^kussicu( >772! cfe cfchytadch M^L -Nkxchh( Wurdihh " Pra`mt( >770! cri prkpksie bkr

nraeàf` tmi `cp nitwiif sdaifdi cfe prcdtadi -i&`& ^kussicu( >772: Cdceily kb

Lcfcìlift Okurfch( 0( >770: Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift Ttueais( 4( >771!& Nktm cpprkcdmis

ma`mha`mt tmi fiie bkr risicrdmirs tk prkvaei lcfcìrs watm afbkrlctakf kf tmi dcusch

prkdissis nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi watmaf kr`cfazctakfs( tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf

as fiieie tk eivihkp( alphilift cfe usi wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres&

Pi cttilpt tk nraeì tmi `cp nitwiif sdaifdi cfe prcdtadi ny prkvaeaf` cf ixclphi

kb mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf `caf afsa`mt af tmi dcusch prkdissis tmct cri tcjaf` phcdi watmaf

c dklpcfy nitwiif M^L eisa`fie ct dkrpkrcti hivih kf tmi kfi mcfe cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi ktmir& Pi prkvaei c eisdraptakf kb mkw kr`cfazctakfs

dcf lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi ha`mt kb wkrjbkrdi

sdkridcres& Pi ceeriss tmrii dmchhifìs bcdaf` prcdtatakfirs wmif sittaf` up cfe lcjaf`

usi kb ilphkyii surviys af ha`mt kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres? -c! mkw tk usi afeavaeuch

ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf tk prkvaei licfaf`buh afbkrlctakf kf M^L prkdissis ct

nusafiss ufat hivih( -n! mkw tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif M^L afeadctkrs cfe

nusafiss kutdklis( -d! mkw tk trcfshcti istcnhasmie rihctakfsmaps aftk rihivcftlcfcìlift afbkrlctakf&

Barst( wi eivihkpie c brcliwkrj bkr ivchuctaf` tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf`

afeavaeuch surviy afbkrlctakf tk dkfstrudt licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih licsuris& Umi

bavi eivihkpie dratirac wiri? ilirìfdi prkdissis( ribirift typi( twk typis kb aftrcdhcss

dkrrihctakfs dkibbadaifts cfe aftirrctir c`riilift& Cpphadctakf kb tmi bavi dratirac smkwie

tk c `rict ixtift suppkrt bkr tmi usi kb c``ri`ctie surviy sdchis tk licsuri licfaf`buh

nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts -Dmcptir 4!& Pi chsk ahhustrctie tmi utahaty kb usaf`

ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf cs licfaf`buh afeadctkr kb tmi wcy M^L pkhadais cri

ifcdtie af kr`cfazctakfs? surviy afbkrlctakf wcs bkufe tk ni prieadtavi kb buturi

pirbkrlcfdi cfe afeadctavi kb tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie -Dmcptir 9!&

î`creaf` lcjaf` tilpkrch afbirifdis( wi eilkfstrctie tmct twk wcvis kb ectc cri

fiieie tk ercw tilpkrch dkfdhusakfs? tmas eisa`f ifcnhis tk tist tmi ixtift tk wmadm

pirbkrlcfdi afdricsie cs c risuht kb dmcfìs af ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs( cfe tk tist

bkr tmi pkssanahaty tmct pirbkrlcfdi sdkris afbhuifdie ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs

-Dmcptir 5 cfe 9!& Bafchhy( wi wiri cnhi tk smkw tmct 37&= pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af




30=

pirbkrlcfdi dcf ni ixphcafie ny sdkris eiravie brkl surviy sdkris( cbtir dkrridtaf` bkr

prakr pirbkrlcfdi& Urcfshctaf` tmas aftk rihivcft lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf ny

ixtrcpkhctaf` tk chh nrcfdmis kb tmas kr`cfazctakf( wi dkuhe afeadcti tmct dmcfìs af

ilphkyii surviy sdkris prieadt ma`mir yicrhy prkbats kb 30= lahhakf Iurks -30&1 pirdift

kb tmi tktch yicrhy prkbats! cdrkss tmi iftari dklpcfy -Dmcptir 9!&

0&>&5 Dmchhifì 5? Alprkvaf` îsicrdm Litmkes

îsicrdm kf M^L cfe dhalcti mcs niif phcùie watm litmkekhkàdch patbchhs cfe

prknhils -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Nksihai it ch&( >771: @irmcrt( >770: Juifza "

Tdmlafji( >771: Wccuwi( >771: Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&

Umiribkri( tmi bkurtm dmchhifì ceerissie af tmas tmisas as alprkvaf` risicrdm litmkes&

îsicrdm mcs niif dratadazie bkr cf kvir,rihacfdi kf drkss,sidtakfch eisa`fs( pkkrhy

ufeirstkke dcusch rihctakfs cfe hcdj kb skpmastadctakf kb tidmfaquis usie -i&`& @irmcrt(

>770: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif(

>779: Pra`mt " Mc`ìrty( >779!( kvir,rihacfdi kf saf`hi skurdi sihb,ripkrt ectc -i&`&

@irmcrt( Pra`mt( LdLcmcf " Tfihh( >777: @irmcrt( Pra`mt " LdLcmcf( >777: @uist(

>773: Pchh " Pkke( >779!( cfe sunoidtavi kr pcrtach kutdkli licsuris -i&`& @irmcrt(

>770: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!( cfe cf kvirilpmcsas kf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih kb cfchysas

-i&`& Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Af kreir tk kvirdkli tmi

aeiftabaie litmkekhkàdch smkrtdklaf`s kb prakr risicrdm( affkvctavi risicrdm

litmkekhkàis wiri cpphaie af tmas tmisas&

Barst( wi cekptie c twk,wcvi hkfàtueafch eisa`f( wmiriny ilphkyii pirdiptakfs

cfe ixpiraifdis cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi wiri licsurie twadi& Lkrikvir(

strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` wcs usie tk tist rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmi vcracnhis ufeir

stuey -Dmcptir 5 tmrku`m 2!& Pi bkufe tmct nusafiss ufats watm ma`m sdkris kf

pirdiptakfs kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe pirbkrlcfdi af rihctakf tk ktmir nusafiss

ufats ct c dirtcaf tali pkaft ritcafie quati salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs ct c bkhhkw,up talipkaft& Af pcrtaduhcr( pirbkrlcfdi( pcy sctasbcdtakf( quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss(

afbkrlctakf smcraf` smkwie c rihctavihy ma`m stcnahaty -Dmcptir 5,2!& Chsk( pirbkrlcfdi

afbhuifdie okn siduraty -Dmcptir 9!( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe dustklir sirvadi -Dmcptir 2!(

wmadm afeadcti c rivirsie tilpkrch kreir& Bafchhy( wi bkufe ibbidts cdrkss tali -Dmcptir

9 cfe Dmcptir 2!& Tidkfe( luhtaphi rctirs kb M^L -ilphkyiis! wiri afdhueie af dkftrcst

tk tmi kvir,rihacfdi kf saf`hi -kbtif tmi M^ lcfcìr‑s! rctaf`s& Pi bkufe sctasbyaf`

aftirrctir c`riilift bkr chh surviy ealifsakfs ixdipt bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf( eivihkplift

cfe okn siduraty( lkeircti aftirrctir c`riilift wcs bkufe bkr tmisi sdchis -Dmcptir 4!&




301

Umare( tmi pirdiavirs kb M^L -ilphkyiis! prkvaeie afbkrlctakf kf tmiar pirdiptakfs

cfe ixpiraifdis kb M^L& Ny afvista`ctaf` -hkfàtueafch! ibbidts nitwiif ilphkyii

pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe cf knoidtavi pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkr( dkllkf litmke vcracfdi

as dkftrkhhie bkr& Bafchhy( wi dklpcrie nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi kr`cfazctakf af tmi

ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas& Umiribkri( afstatutakfch bcdtkrs cs wihh cs afeustry cfe

dklpcfy ibbidts cri dkftrkhhie bkr&

0&4 Picjfissis cfe Ttrif`tms

Chtmku`m tmas tmisas dkftranutis tk ufeirstcfeaf` tmi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L(

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi( tmas tmisas mcs c fulnir kb halatctakfs& Umi barst

halatctakf dkfdirfs tmi kvirhcp af stueais cfe ectc usie& Af kur rivaiw stuey -Dmcptir >!

risuhts brkl c fulnir kb stueais wiri afdhueie luhtaphi talis& Af ceeatakf( skli stueaisafdhueie af tmas rivaiw wiri ncsie kf tmi scli ectcsit& Lkrikvir( wi usie tmi scli

crdmavch hkfàtueafch ectcsit bkr bkur ilparadch dmcptirs -Dmcptir 4 tmrku`m 2!& Chtmku`m

af icdm dmcptir kur risicrdm quistakf as stueaie brkl c eabbirift tmikritadch cf`hi -M^L(

kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres trceatakf!( cfe

eabbirift surviy ealifsakfs -M^L pirdiptakfs( dhalcti( wihh,niaf`! cri afdhueie af icdm

dmcptir( tmiri as kvirhcp af tmi ectcsit usie& Mifdi( tmi dmcptirs ek fkt prkvaei

afeipifeift ivaeifdi ri`creaf` kur risicrdm quistakf kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

cfe pirbkrlcfdi&

Umi halatctakfs kb tmi crdmavch hkfàtueafch ectcsit usie af dmcptir 4 , 2 mcvi niif

eisdranie af eitcah af icdm dmcptir: cddkreaf`hy tmiy cri liftakfie nraibhy miri& Af

ceeatakf( c fulnir kb lkri ìfirch wicjfissis kb tmi ectc cfe tmi litmkes usie cri

easdussie& Barst( tmi ectc cri kntcafie brkl c saf`hi hcrì Eutdm kr`cfazctakf& Umas halats

tmi ìfirchazcnahaty kb tmi bafeaf`s tk ktmir afeustrais -Dklns( Hau( Mchh " Jitdmif(

>772! cfe dkuftrais -Nksihai( Wccuwi " Ocfssif( >773!& Tidkfehy( tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi

ct tmi nrcfdm hivih -ADD3! wcs rctmir hkw bkr skli surviy sdchis -a&i& ilphkyii wihh,

niaf`!& Umarehy( twk fkasi bcdtkrs wiri aftrkeudie af tmi hkfàtueafch risicrdm eisa`f&

Eabbirift tali,hc`s wiri dklpcrie( cfe eabbirift -pcrthy kvirhcppaf`! yicrs wiri usie bkr

tali pkaft 3 cfe >& Mkwivir( dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch eae fkt

dmcfì tmi risuhts -Dmcptir 5( 9( 2!& Patm ri`cres tk tmi usi kb kvirhcppaf` yicrs( bkr 333

nrcfdmis tmi tali pkaft 3 licsurilift -af >777 kr >773! pridiei lkst kb tmi tali pkaft

> licsurilifts -kfhy tmrii nrcfdmis mcvi c tali pkaft > licsurilift af >773( tmi

rilcafaf` nrcfdmis mcvi tali pkaft > licsurilifts af >77>( >774( >775 kr >779!& Cfedkfvirsihy( bkr 04 nrcfdmis tmi tali pkaft > licsurilift -af >775 kr >779! dklis cbtir




3=7

lkst kb tmi tali pkaft 3 licsurilifts -kfi nrcfdm mcs c tali pkaft 3 licsurilift af

>775( tmi rilcafaf` nrcfdmis mcvi tali pkaft 3 licsurilifts af >777( >773( >77> kr

>774!&

îhctie tk tmi hkfàtueafch ectc dkuphaf` c lkri ìfirch wicjfiss kb tmas ectcsit

dkfdirfs tmi ixdhusakf kb nrcfdmis tmct lirìe euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake& Umas la`mt

nacs kur sclphi( cs -hiss ibbidtavi! M^L( -hkw! ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe -nce!

pirbkrlcfdi la`mt afbhuifdi prissuris tk lirì( cfe tmi ktmir wcy crkufe c lirìr

la`mt afbhuifdi M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi&

Chtmku`m wi afdhueie c licsuri kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf -mcppafiss typi kb ilphkyii

wihh,niaf`!( rihctakfsmaps kr michtm wihh,niaf` wcs fkt stueaie& Mifdi( tmi ilparadch

dmcptirs prkvaei fk afsa`mt af tmi rkhi kb rihctakfsmaps cfe michtm wihh,niaf` af tmi

rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Fk afbkrlctakf wcs cvcahcnhi kf

rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe tmku`m halatie afbkrlctakf kf michtm wihh,niaf` wcs

cvcahcnhi tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf wcs fkt afdhueie bkr twk ricskfs& Barst( tmi mcppafiss

typi kb wihh,niaf` as lkst briquifthy liftakfie af tmi dhalcti hatircturi -Jkpihlcf it ch&(

3117: Kstrkbb( it ch& >774: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Nisaeis( tmi

kr`cfazctakf ufeir stuey as kfi kb tmi tkp pirbkrlaf` bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakfs af

tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe c rihctavihy ”michtmy‑ kr`cfazctakf watm hkw cnsiftiiasl baùris ct

nrcfdm hivih& Umiribkri( tmi lcaf bkdus ct nrcfdm hivih wcs kf alprkvaf` pirbkrlcfdi wmahi lcaftcafaf` ilphkyii wkrj sctasbcdtakf hivihs( alprkvaf` ilphkyii michtm wcs kb

hiss alpkrtcfdi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih&

C sidkfe ìfirch wicjfiss dkfdirfs tmi hcdj kb afbkrlctakf kf M^ aftirviftakfs(

ilphkyii nimcvakrs cfe dkftrkh vcracnhis& Chtmku`m wi mcvi afbkrlctakf kf tmi

rifiwie M^L pkhadais -cs eisdranie af Dmcptir 9!( ufbkrtufctihy( fk afbkrlctakf wcs

cvcahcnhi kf tmi alphiliftie M^L aftirviftakfs ct tmi nrcfdm hivih& Tidkfehy( fk

licsuris kb ilphkyii nimcvakrs( sudm cs Kr`cfazctakfch Datazifsmap Nimcvakr -Kr`cf(

31==!( dustklir bkdusie KDN -Tdmfiaeir( Imrmcrt( Lcyir( Tchtz " Fahis,Okhhy( >779! kr

wkrj if`cìlift -Tchcfkvc( Cùt " Wiark( >779! wiri afdhueie af tmi surviy& Umarehy(

fk afbkrlctakf wcs cvcahcnhi kf c fulnir kb nrcfdm,hivih aftirviftakfs sudm cs

eastranutakf dmcffihs( usi kb afbkrlctakf systils cfe kpirctakfch prcdtadis( wmadm dkuhe

eastkrt kur risuhts( cs dmcfìs af M^L cri usuchhy cddklpcfaie ny dmcfìs af ktmir

lcfcìlift cdtakfs cfe afvistlifts -Nkxchh " Lcdjy( >771!&

Umi hcst wicjfiss stils brkl tmi c``ri`ctakf kb tmi surviy ealifsakfs tk tmi

nrcfdm hivih& Af tmas tmisas nrcfdm,hivih licf sdkris wiri usie& Mkwivir( risicrdmirs




3=3

mcvi niùf tk ixphkri dhalcti strif`tm( wmadm as eibafie cs tmi hivih kb vcracfdi watmaf c

nrcfdm -i&`& Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& At as crùie tmct dhalcti strif`tm earidthy

afbhuifdis afeavaeuch cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis( cfe kr lkeirctis rihctakfsmaps

nitwiif dhalcti licf cfe kutdklis -i&`& @kfzchiz,^klc( Wiark( " Ukreirc( >77>:

Hafechh " Nrcfet( >777: Tdmfiaeir( Tchvc`àk " Tunarcts( >77>!& Af tmas tmisas tmi ibbidts

kb dhalcti strif`tm cri fkt stueaie( nidcusi at wcs bkufe tmct lkst nrcfdmis smkwie

lkeircti tk ma`m hivihs kb c`riilift -Dmcptir 4!( wmadm afeadctie c hcdj kb vcractakf af

dhalcti strif`tm af kur sclphi& Ny cssa`faf` icdm nrcfdm ats cvircì sdkri kf tmi surviy

ealifsakfs tmi vcracnahaty af tmi sdkris cri rieudie( risuhtaf` af nacsie pcrclitirs

istalctis -Drkkf " Rcf Rihemkvif( >770!& îdifthy( hctift vcracnhi luhtahivih lkeihaf`(

wmadm tricts tmi afeavaeuch sdkris kb c vcracnhi cs ribhidtavi afeadctkrs bkr c hctift vcracnhi

ct ma`mir hivih kb cfchysas( cfe tmiriny yaiheaf` ufnacsie istalctis( mcs niif eivihkpie

-Drkkf " Rcf Rihemkvif( >770!& Mkwivir( tmas tidmfaqui wcs fkt cpphaie af tmas tmisas(

bkr tmi ricskf tmct tmi surviy afbkrlctakf ct tmi twk tali pkafts dkuhe fkt ni dkuphie

kf cf afeavaeuch ncsi( cfe tmct tmas tidmfaqui wcs fkt cvcahcnhi ct tmi stcrt kb tmas prkoidt&

Eispati tmisi halatctakfs eravif ny tmi fcturi kb tmi ectc dkhhidtie af kf`kaf`

nusafiss prcdtadi( tmi usi kb tmi crdmavch hkfàtueafch ectcsit mcs c fulnir kb strif`tms&

Barst( tmi surviy dkvirie c waei rcfì kb tkpads& Wirdiptakfs kf M^L( kr`cfazctakfch

dhalcti( cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` wiri afdhueie& Afbkrlctakf brkl lkri tmcf 35(777ilphkyiis wcs cvcahcnhi ct twk tali pkafts prkvaeie ny tmi aftirfch Michtm cfe Tcbity

Ixidutavi& Umi cvircì rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs

lkri tmcf 00 pirdift& Umas prkvaeie c ufaqui radmfiss af ectc( cfe af dkrrispkfeaf`

tmikrais tmct dkuhe ni stueaie& Tidkfehy( ny dkuphaf` tmi ilphkyii surviy sdchis tk cf

knoidtavi kutdkli afeadctkr ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( licfaf`buh rihctakfsmaps nitwiif

ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb alphiliftie lcfcìlift cdtavatais rihivcft bkr tmi nrcfdmis

ufeir stuey( cfe c dratadch kutdkli bkr wmadm lcfcìrs cri cddkuftcnhi bkr mcvi niif

ixclafie& Umare( tmi watmaf dklpcfy eisa`f mcs niif nifibadach& At ifcnhie us tk ixdhuei

tmi afbhuifdi kb afstatutakfch( afeustry cfe dklpcfy bcdtkrs& Af ceeatakf( tmi sclphi

dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf af tirls kb nrcfdm sazi cfe

riàkf af tmi Fitmirhcfes& Bafchhy( ny lcjaf` usi kb cf crdmavch ectcsit wi wiri cnhi tk

stuey ibbidts cdrkss tali& Ysaf` c twk,wcvi eisa`f as rcrihy ekfi nut kbtif cevkdctie af

M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi -i&`& Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!&




3=>

0&5 Alphadctakfs

Kf tmi ncsas kb tmi lcaf bafeaf`s bkr icdm dmchhifì -cs prisiftie cnkvi!( sivirch

alphadctakfs ilirìe& Af tmi fixt sidtakf tmikritadch( prcdtadch cfe litmkekhkàdch

alphadctakfs cri prisiftie&

0&5&3 Umikritadch Alphadctakfs

Umas tmisas nraeìs tmi `cp nitwiif ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ pirspidtavis tk tmi tkpad kb

M^L ny afti`rctaf` dhalcti( pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` hatircturi&

Patm ri`cres tk pirdiptakfs kb M^L( wi eilkfstrcti tmct ixpiraifdis cfe

pirdiptakfs kb M^L smkw vcracfdi nitwiif tmi nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcrì

kr`cfazctakf -Dmcptir 4 cfe 9!& Umas cees tk kur jfkwhieì kb afti`rctaf` ilphkyiis

aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì( cs at smkws tmct tmiri as vcractakf af M^L watmaf

barls -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Pra`mt " Mc`ìrty( >779!& Lkrikvir( wi smkw tmct tmi

pirdiptakfs kb M^L dcf ni `rkupie kf tmi ncsas kb vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm&

Umi barst `rkup ribhidts ilphkyii ixpiraifdis kb alphiliftie M^L -i&`& trcafaf` cfe

eivihkplift( okn siduraty!( tmi vcracfdi af tmisi pirdiptakfs ct tmi nrcfdm hivih as rctmir

halatie dklpcrie tk tmi vcracfdi ct tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii hivih& Cfktmir `rkup kb

ilphkyii ixpiraifdis as lkri ribhidtavi kb tmi strctiàd `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf -i&`&

`kch ibbidtavifiss( quchaty kraiftctakf( dustklir kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`!( bkr tmas

`rkup lkri vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm as bkufe& Umas eavasakf cees tk tmi

dkfdiptuchazctakf kb M^L& Tdmkhcrs eabbiriftacti nitwiif M^L prcdtadis cfe tmi `kch

M^L dkllufadctis -i&`& Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb "

Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!&

Bkr dhalcti tmikry( wi smkw tmi scli skrt kb eastafdtakf cs eisdranie cnkvi&

@ifirch dhalcti ealifsakfs ribirraf` tk chh cspidts kb ilphkyiis wkrjaf` ifvarkflift

-i&`& Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117! smkwie hiss vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk nrcfdm hivih tmcf dhalcti

ealifsakfs watm c spidabad strctiàd bkdus& Tidkfehy( af hafi watm Tdmfiaeir‑s wkrj -3109!(dhalcti ealifsakfs watm c spidabad dratirakf kb aftirist wiri lkri strkf`hy rihctie tk

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tmcf ifirch dhalcti ealifsakfs&

Ny smkwaf` tmct tmi strctiàd bkdusie pirdiptakfs cri hafjie watm kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi wi cee tk M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi& Patm ri`cres tk tmi M^L hatircturi(

Nkwif cfe Kstrkbb ->775! crùi tmct M^L prcdtadis smkuhe ni eisa`fie crkufe c

pcrtaduhcr strctiàd bkdus tk ni ibbidtavi& Umi istcnhasmlift kb c dhalcti bkr c spidabad `kch

as tmi jiy bcdtkr tmct eitirlafis wmitmir ilphkyiis ifcnhi tmi kr`cfazctakf tk cdmaivi

ats `kch& Tdmfiaeir -3109! crùis tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs hafjie tk c spidabad strctiàd




3=4

bkdus dcf sirvi cs c brcli kb ribirifdi bkr ùaeaf` cpprkpracti cfe cecptavi tcsj

nimcvakrs& Umas chsk cees tk tmi ilphkyii ”hafi kb sa`mt‑ tk cf kr`cfazctakf dkfdipt& Hafi

kb sa`mt afeadctis tmi ixtift tk wmadm cf ilphkyii ufeirstcfes tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s

knoidtavis( cfe ufeirstcfes mkw tk ibbidtavihy dkftranuti tk eihaviraf` tmil -Nkswihh(

>772!& Umi pirdiptakfs kf `kch ibbadaifdy( quchaty( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( cfe riwcre cri

lkst dhksihy cha`fie watm tmas nusafiss kutdkli& Pmif ilphkyiis jfkw tmct ibbadaifthy

eihaviraf` ma`m quchaty tk dustklirs as kb ma`m prakraty af tmiar nusafiss ufat cfe tmct tmiy

wahh ni riwcreie cddkreaf`hy( tmas afbkrlctakf wahh ùaei tmiar nimcvakr tk ni af hafi watm

tmas nusafiss `kch&

Af sul( buturi risicrdm lcy nifibat brkl afdkrpkrctaf` tmikry kf pirdiptakfs kb

M^L cfe kf dhalcti tk ufeirstcfe tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì& Afti`rctakf kb tmi

twk risicrdm trceatakfs dkuhe dhcraby tmi afbhuifdi kb strctiàd virsus ìfirch M^L cfe

dhalcti pirdiptakfs kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&

C sidkfe tmikritadch assui dkfdirfie tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi M^L +

dhalcti,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì& Pi tistie tmi lutuch `cafs virsus tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis

pirspidtavis ny usaf` lkeihs tmct afdhuei M^L + dhalcti( wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi&

Bkr M^L tmikry( wi dkftranuti tk privakus risicrdm ny prkvaeaf` c rivaiw kf

rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -mcppafiss( rihctakfsmaps cfe michtm wihh,niaf`! cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi smkw tmct tmiri la`mt ni eabbiriftach

ibbidts prisift? M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -af

hafi watm tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi!( cfe c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf michtm -af hafi watm tmi

pissalastad vaiw! -Dmcptir >!& Umas risuht as af hafi watm stueais ny ^clscy( Tdmkhcras cfe

Mcrhiy ->777!( cfe Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779! wmadm dkfbarlie tmi ”pksatavi‑ cfe

”fi`ctavi‑ dkfsiquifdis kb tmi scli sit kb M^L cdtavatais kf luhtaphi ilphkyii wihh,

niaf` typis& Umas afeadctis tmct tmiri cri pkssanhy twk lidmcfasls ct wkrj ct tmi scli

tali? lutuch `cafs bkr mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe cs c saei ibbidt

dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis bkr michtm& Lkrikvir( c burtmir afvista`ctakf rivichie tmct tmi

pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi wcs fkt istcnhasmie tmrku`m c fi`ctavi

ibbidt kf ilphkyii michtm& Mifdi( ilphkyii michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch

prkeudtavaty la`mt bufdtakf cs pcrchhih kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis afbhuifdie ny c eabbirift

sit kb M^L ealifsakfs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=! afstice kb dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis -hcnkr

prkdiss tmikry -@kecre( >773! cfe tmi ixphkatavi fcturi kb M^L -i&`& Hi`ì( 3119!!&




3=5

Bkr dhalcti tmikry( wi cee tk privakus risicrdm ny afvista`ctaf` tmi rkhi kb wkrj

sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi

smkw tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf as fkt rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty -Dmcptir 2!( tmus

fk suppkrt as bkufe bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry cs prkpksie ny Jkpihlcf it ch&

-3117!( Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! cfe Uishuj it ch& ->77>!( cfe af hafi watm tmi bafeaf`s

kb kur rivaiw stuey -Dmcptir >!& Umas risuht la`mt ni cttranutcnhi tk tmi bcdt tmct wi

stueaie rihctakfsmaps ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih cddkreaf` tk tmi

”mcppy prkeudtavi wkrjir tmisas‑ -Oue`i( Umkriskf( Nkfk " Wcttkf( >773: Dcrr( Tdmlaet(

Bkre " Eismkf( >774: Wcrjir( Nchtis( Qkuf`( Mubb( Chtlcff( Hcstkst it ch&( >774! c

pksatavi rihctakfsmap dkuhe ni ixpidtie: mkwivir at as alpkrtcft fkt tk afeasdralafctihy

cpphy afeavaeuch,hivih tmikrais tk nrcfdm,hivih pmifklifc& Cfktmir ixphcfctakf la`mt hai

af tmi typi kb mcppafiss wihh,niaf` afdhueie& Pi stueaie wkrj sctasbcdtakf( ktmir

mcppafiss wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts lkri rihctie tk easdritakfcry ibbkrt( haji kr`cfazctakfch

dkllatlift cfe KDN la`mt ni rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Wkescjkbb(

Pmataf`( Wkescjkbb " Nhuli( >771!& Tidkfehy( wi dkftranuti ny stueyaf` tmi ibbidts kb

luhtaphi dhalcti typis kf kutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs -Juifza "

Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Tdmuhti( Kstrkbb( Tmluhyacf " Jafadja( >771!& Pi

smkw tmct eabbirift dhalcti typis rihcti tk ibbidtavifiss kutdklis af eabbirift

pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs& Af pcrtaduhcr( wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as rihctie tkprkeudtavaty( wmirics dhalcti bkr sirvadi as rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Lkrikvir( c

dkftranutakf tk tmi dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4! as tmct

kvirilpmcsazaf` c dhalcti typi dcf risuht af eysbufdtakfch kr`cfazctakfs Pi eilkfstrcti

tmct `avaf` prakraty skhihy tk dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy kr dustklir sirvadi tk ifmcfdi

pirbkrlcfdi kr wkrj sctasbcdtakf lcy mclpir tmi pursuat kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( rispidtavihy&

Af sul( wi eilkfstrcti tmct tmi lcafstricl -lutuch `cafs! pirspidtavi wmadm mkhes

tmct M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi pksatavi kutdklis bkr tmi kr`cfazctakf cfe bkr ilphkyii

wihh,niaf` cs wihh as tkk salphastad& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dkfsasts kb luhtaphi ealifsakfs(

wmadm cri eabbirifthy afbhuifdie ny M^L cfe dhalcti( cdrkss tali cfe ct eabbirift hivihs

kb cfchysas& Buturi risicrdm lcy nifibat brkl afdkrpkrctaf` dklpitaf` pirspidtavis

-lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis! tk smie lkri ha`mt kf tmi eyfclad rkhi kb

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L + dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi&




3=9

0&5&> Wrcdtadch Alphadctakfs

Umas tmisas cees tk nraeàf` tmi `cp nitwiif tmikry cfe prcdtadi& Lcfy

kr`cfazctakfs cri usaf` strcti`y tkkhs sudm cs wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres tk jiip trcdj kb

alphiliftie M^L cfe tmi ibbidts kf nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf( lcfy

kr`cfazctakfs lcji usi kb ilphkyii surviys& Umas tmisas eisdranie mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf

lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi dkftixt kb wkrjbkrdi

sdkridcres&

Barst( wi easduss mkw afeavaeuch ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf dcf ni usie tk

prkvaei licfaf`buh afbkrlctakf kf M^L prkdissis ct nusafiss ufat hivih& Pi eivihkpie

cfe tistie c brcliwkrj bkr ivchuctaf` tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch surviy ectc

tk licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts& Kr`cfazctakfs fiie tk cssiss wmitmir

surviy sdkris cri rihacnhi ct tmi nusafiss ufat: tmiri fiies tk ni c lafalch clkuft kb

c`riilift nitwiif ilphkyiis watmaf c nusafiss ufat kf tmi surviy ealifsakfs( cfe tmi

sdkris fiie tk eabbiriftacti nitwiif nusafiss ufats& Nisaeis( ilphkyii surviy

afbkrlctakf fiies tk ribhidt tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie tk bufdtakfs cs cf

afeadctkr kb tmi wcy M^L pkhadais cri ifcdtie af kr`cfazctakfs& Tidkfehy( wi smkw mkw

tk eilkfstrcti dcusch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif surviy afbkrlctakf kf M^L cfe bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi& Bafchhy( wi eilkfstrcti tmi prcdtadch rihivcfdi ny usaf` cf ixtrcpkhctakf

litmke tk trcfshcti tmi ”sdaiftabad istalctis‑ aftk afbkrlctakf tmct dcf ni usie ny lcfcìrs cfe pkhady lcjirs watmaf kr`cfazctakfs& Pi prkvaei cf ixclphi kb mkw tmi

risuhts brkl strudturch iquctakf lkeihs( wmadm cri eabbaduht tk aftirprit ny prcdtatakfirs(

dcf ni eisdranie af pkhady,rihivcft ibbidt sazis&

Af sul( wi afbkrl prcdtadi ny smkwaf` tmi nkufecry dkfeatakfs cfe nifibats kb

dkhhidtaf` ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf cfe knoidtavi kutdkli afeadctkrs af c wkrjbkrdi

sdkridcre systil cs as briquifthy ekfi af kr`cfazctakfs fkwcecys& Wrkvaeie tmct rihacnhi

afbkrlctakf kf M^L,rihctie prkdissis ct nusafiss ufat hivih cfe kutdklis cdrkss c

fulnir kb yicrs as cvcahcnhi( hkfàtueafch rihctakfsmaps dcf ni istcnhasmie tk `caf afsa`mt

af tmi prkdissis nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmisi rihctakfsmaps dcf ni

trcfshctie aftk lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf&

Mifdi( wi dkfbarl tmi usibuhfiss kb afdhueaf` ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kf M^L +

dhalcti af wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres cs c pcrclitir rihivcft bkr cdmaivaf` buturi bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi& Umi sdkris kb c pcrtaduhcr nrcfdm kf ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs

dklpcrie tk ats prakr sdkris cfe dklpcrie tk tmi sdkris kb ktmir nrcfdmis prkvaei

nrcfdm lcfcìrs watm usibuh lcfcìlift afbkrlctakf kf tmi nrcfdm‑s durrift pksatakf&




3=2

Lkfatkraf` cfe lcfcàf` eabbirifdis af ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs as alpkrtcft bkr

kr`cfazctakfs& Cbtir chh( tmisi cspidts cri pirbkrlcfdi,staluhctaf` bcdtkrs wmadm kbbir

hafi cfe M^ lcfcìrs nittir dkftrkh kppkrtufatais tmcf( bkr ixclphi( ixtirfch bcdtkrs(

sudm cs lcrjit trifes kr lcrjit pradis&

Mkwivir( tmi lkfatkraf` cfe lcfcìlift kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe

pirbkrlcfdi sdkris bcdi lcfcìrs watm c eahillc wmadm dkuhe ni eisdranie cs? bkr

wmkl cfe mkw wihh -Nkxchh it ch&( >770!& Pi ahhustrcti tmct M^L as nifibadach bkr

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tirls kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps: mkwivir M^L as tk c

dirtcaf ei`rii eitraliftch tk ilphkyii michtm& Af ceeatakf( wi eilkfstrcti tmct c dhalcti

bkr ibbadaifdy as pralcrahy rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi( wmahi c dhalcti bkr dustklir as

pralcrahy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Lcfcìlift dcf ifdkurcì c ma`m,sirvadi kr c

ma`m,ibbadaifdy dhalcti eipifeaf` kf tmi strctiàd `kch-s! lcfcìlift pursuis -Dmcptir

2!& Pi dkfdhuei tmct eabbirift kutdklis -ilphkyii wihh,niaf` virsus kr`cfazctakfch

pirbkrlcfdi! cri rihctie tk eabbirift M^L cspidts& Umiribkri( tmi barst eahillc

dkfdirfs bkr wmkl& Kr`cfazctakfs fiie tk dmkksi wmiri tk bkdus kf&

Pi chsk smkw tmct cdrkss tali dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj

sctasbcdtakf( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi& Af ”ma`m,

ibbadaifdy dhalcti nrcfdmis‑( tmi lkst alpkrtcft tcrìt la`mt ni sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf

lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb ibbadaifdy dhalcti( cfe af ”ma`m,sirvadi dhalcti nrcfdmis‑( tmilkst alpkrtcft tcrìt la`mt ni sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb sirvadi

dhalcti& Chkf` salahcr hafis( lcxalazaf` kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt mcvi c

eitraliftch ibbidt kf ilphkyii michtm wihh,niaf`& Mifdi( tmi sidkfe eahillc as mkw

wihh( at ribirs tk tmi eahillc kb sittaf` tmi kptalch hivih kb cf kutdkli&

0&5&4 Litmkekhkàdch Alphadctakfs

Umi cpphadctakf kb affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhkàis tk alprkvi tmi

litmkekhkàdch quchaty cfe ra`kr kb M^L + dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm risuhts afalphadctakfs bkr burtmir risicrdm&

Barst( tmas tmisas as kfi kb tmi barst stueais tmct usie c twk,wcvi hkfàtueafch eisa`f

cfe usie strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` tk afvista`cti rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( wihh,

niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf tk drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm smkwaf` csskdactakfs

nitwiif M^L + dhalcti( wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi tmas eisa`f ifcnhis us tk smkw tmct

tmisi rihctakfsmaps chsk mkhe hkfàtueafch& Umas afeadctis tmct M^L cfe dhalcti sdkris cri

prieadtavi kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmct c dmcfì af M^L + dhalcti as

csskdactie watm c dmcfì af wihh,niaf` cfe kr kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf(




3=0

tmas eisa`f lcjis at pkssanhi tk dkftrkh bkr prakr sdkris( wmadm as bkufe tk ni alpkrtcft(

cs tmi clkuft cfe earidtakf kb cdrkss,tali dmcfì eipifes kf tmi nrcfdm‑s afatach sdkri

-Paheir‑s -3120! hcw kb afatach vchuis!& Umi usi kb tmas eisa`f mcs cf ceeatakfch cevcftcì(

at dkftranutis tk kur jfkwhieì cnkut rivirsie dcusctakf ibbidts ixphcafie cs

afvistlifts af M^L -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117! cfe sa`fchaf`

ibbidts -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Tdmfiaeir( Mcfìs( Tlatm " Tchvc`àk( >774!& Pi

dkfdhuei tmct tmi rivirsi dcusctakf ibbidts cri lkri af hafi watm sa`fchaf` ibbidts tmcf

watm M^L afvistlift ibbidts af tmas stuey& Nrcfdm lcfcìrs kb ma`m pirbkrlcfdi

nrcfdmis la`mt fkt aftrkeudi ceeatakfch M^ prcdtadis( safdi M^ pkhadais cri diftrchhy

eisa`fie( nrcfdm lcfcìrs mcvi halatie kptakfs bkr eisa`faf` M^ pkhadais( cfe tmiar

rispkfsanahatais tife lkri tk dkfdirf tmi alphiliftctakf cfe cecptctakf kb tmisi

pkhadais watmaf tmiar nrcfdm& Tidkfehy( tmi tali,hc` kb twk yicrs as lkri af hafi watm

sa`fchaf` tmct afvistlift ricskfaf`& Wrakr dhalcti risicrdm prkpksie tmct at tcjis crkufe

twk yicrs tk prkeudi nacs af ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cs c risuht

kb ma`m nrcfdm sdkris kf pirbkrlcfdi -Tdmfiaeir( Pmati " Wcuh( 311=!( wmahi M^L

risicrdm prkpksie tmct at tcjis ct hicst tmrii yicrs tk eisa`f cfe eihavir fiw M^ prcdtadis

cfe nibkri tmisi prcdtadis mcvi cf ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Pra`mt "

Mc`ìrty( >779!& Mifdi( wi ridkllife tmi usi kb hkfàtueafch eisa`fs tk prkvaei c

eiipir ufeirstcfeaf` kb rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti(ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss tali&

Tidkfehy( wi usi luhtaphi ilphkyii rctaf`s kf M^L watmaf c nrcfdm af dkftrcst tk

stueais usaf` c saf`hi lcfcìr‑s pkaft kb vaiw ri`creaf` alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis&

Umi usi kb c saf`hi M^ prkbissakfch kr hafi lcfcìr cs rctir kb M^L as ma`mhy

quistakfie( cs cf M^ prkbissakfch kr hafi lcfcìr la`mt fkt ni cnhi tk prkvaei cf

cddurcti eisdraptakf kb tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis cfe cri susdiptanhi tk rctir nacs

-Nkswihh( Dkhvaf " Ecrfkhe( >77=: @irmcrt it ch&( >777: @irmcrt it ch&( >777: @uist(

>773!& Pi smkw tmct rctaf`s kb ilphkyiis kf M^L cri tk c hcrì ixtift rihacnhi& Af

ceeatakf( wi ahhustrcti tmct afbkrlctakf dkhhidtie tmrku`m ilphkyii surviys as afeadctavi

kb tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie& Umiribkri( wi su`ìst usaf` ilphkyii

afbkrlctakf kf M^L( cs c rihacnhi skurdi kb afbkrlctakf kf mkw tmiy pirdiavi(

ixpiraifdi( cfe aftirprit M^L&

Ceeatakfchhy( at as c strif`tm kb tmi durrift tmisas tmct eabbirift ectc skurdis cri usie&

Pi dkffidt M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ectc dkhhidtie vac ilphkyii surviys

watm knoidtavi kutdkli ectc& Luhta,skurdi rihctakfsmaps cri hiss prkfi tk dkllkf




3==

litmke nacs -Ekty " @hadj( 311=!& Lkrikvir( tmi ectc cri dkhhidtie watmaf kfi

kr`cfazctakf( wi dklpcri nrcfdmis& Umas cpprkcdm ifcnhis us tk dkftrkh bkr afstatutakfch

cs wihh cs afeustry cfe dklpcfy bcdtkrs& At chsk prkvaeis us watm c dklpcrcnhi kutdkli

afeadctkr cvcahcnhi bkr chh nrcfdmis wmadm wcs strkf`hy rihctie tk tmi bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi kb tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf& Chtmku`m tmisi litmkekhkàis la`mt risuht af

hkwir ibbidt sazis( tmiy prkvaei nittir kppkrtufatais tk ercw dkfdhusakfs kf tmi

rihctakfsmaps bkufe&

Af sul( kur affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhkàis? tmi cpphadctakf kb c hkfàtueafch

eisa`f cfe cfchysis -strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`!( tmi dklnafctakf kb ectc brkl

luhtaphi rctirs -ilphkyiis! cfe skurdis -ilphkyiis cfe knoidtavi afeadctkrs!( cfe tmi

dklpcraskf kb nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi kr`cfazctakf prkvaeie af kur kpafakf cf af,

eiptm afsa`mt af eyfclad M^L , ilphkyii wihh,niaf` , kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi

prkdissis kpirctaf` watmaf c dklpcfy& Umiribkri( usaf` crdmavch surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi

ectc( lksthy dkhhidtie ny eabbirift eipcrtlifts -mulcf riskurdis: bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh!

brkl c hcrìr kr`cfazctakf( cfe istcnhasmaf` hkfàtueafch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii

surviy ectc kf M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` cfe bafcfdach kutdklis cs wi eae af tmas

tmisas dcf kpif up fiw kppkrtufatais bkr risicrdmirs&

0&9 Buturi îsicrdm

Umi bafeaf`s cfe alphadctakfs kb tmi bkur dmchhifìs ri`creaf` afti`rctaf` ilphkyii

pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì af tmas tmisas prkvaeis tmrii su`ìstakfs

tmct fiie tk ni ceerissie af buturi risicrdm&

0&9&3 Aftirviftakfs

Af tmi ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe

ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri hafjie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat

hivih& Umas cpprkcdm afti`rctie tmi ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi

hafjcì& Mkwivir( fk aftirviftakfs ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih tk afbhuifdi cfe smcpi tmisi

smcrie pirdiptakfs kf M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi niif afvista`ctie& Brkl c prcdtatakfir

vaiwpkaft tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf dkhhidtie ny jiy afbkrlcft aftirvaiws dkuhe ni usie

tk ”lcfcì‑ pirdiptakfs kf M^L cfe dhalcti( cfe dkuhe ni afdhueie cs M^L afeadctkrs

af wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres& Buturi risicrdm as fiieie tk aeiftaby tmi aftirviftakfs tk

afbhuifdi tmi dkftift kb pirdiptakfs kr tmi hivih tk wmadm tmisi pirdiptakfs cri smcrie&

Barst( tmi prkdiss lkeihs kb M^L -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=:

Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770! suppksi tmct cdtuch prcdtadis -prcdtadis




3=1

tmct cri alphiliftie! risuht af ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmksi prcdtadis& Af tmas prkdiss

tmi rkhi kb hiceirs as drudach -Eif Mcrtk`( Nksihai " Wccuwi( >775!& Umi cpphadctakf kb

M^ prcdtadis ny hafi lcfcìrs smcpis ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb cfe ricdtakfs tk M^L

-Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770! îdifthy( Fasmaa( Hipcj cfe Tdmfiaeir

->77=! prkpksi tk pcy cttiftakf tk tmi cttranutakfs ilphkyiis lcji ri`creaf`

lcfcìlift‑s lktavctakf bkr usaf` pcrtaduhcr M^ prcdtadis tk `caf lkri afsa`mt af mkw

ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi M^L& Mkwivir( ktmir sdmkhcrs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: @irmcrt(

>779: Wurdihh " Mutdmafskf( >770: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770! fkti tmi pkssanahaty tmct fkt

kfhy tmi M^L prcdtadis wahh afbhuifdi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis& Hiceirs

cfe tmi kr`cfazctakfch duhturi dkllufadcti tmi fcturi kb tmi barl( tmi vchuis cfe tmi

nimcvakrs tmct cri ixpidtie&

Tidkfehy( buturi risicrdm dkuhe afvista`cti mkw lcfcìlift cdtakfs dkuhe afbhuifdi

tmi ilirìfdi kb smcrie pirdiptakfs& Pi smkw tmct chtmku`m pirdiptakfs kb M^L cri

smcrie watmaf nrcfdmis( pirdiptakfs chsk vcry watmaf nrcfdmis& Ilphkyiis ek mcvi

aeaksyfdrctad ixpiraifdis kb M^L& Umiribkri cfktmir cvifui bkr burtmir risicrdm

dkfdirfs cftidieifts kb tmi hivih kb wmadm pirdiptakfs cri smcrie& Nisaeis tmi CTC,

brcliwkrj -Tdmfiaeir( 31=0!: skdach afbkrlctakf prkdissis -Tchcfdaj " Wbibbir( 310=!:

skdach aftircdtakf -Jhiaf( Dkff( Tlatm " Tkrrc( >773!( tmi lkri lcfcìcnhi bcdtkrs kb

hiceirsmap cfe litc,bicturis kb M^L systil cri prkpksie cs ufeirpaffaf`s bkr tminkttkl,up ilirìfdi& Hiceirs cri cnhi tk aftrkeudi c dkllkf aftirpritctakf clkf`

ufat lilnirs( nidcusi kb tmiar dkllufadctakf cfe aftircdtakf watm ilphkyiis -Kstrkbb

it ch&( >774: _kmcr " Uiffi,@czat( >77=!& Nkwif cfe Kstrkbb ->775! prkpksi vasanahaty(

ufeirstcfecnahaty( hiàtalcdy kb cutmkraty( rihivcfdi( afstruliftchaty( vchaeaty( dkfsastifdy(

c`riilift clkf` eidasakf lcjirs( bcarfiss kb M^L prcdtadis cs litc,bicturis tk dricti

smcrie pirdiptakfs&

0&9&> Lidmcfasls cfe Urcei,kbbs C sidkfe cric bkr buturi risicrdm dkfdirfs tmi lidmcfasls nitwiif M^L +

dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi smkw tmct tmi strctiàd

,kraiftie dhalcti cfe M^L ealifsakfs cri hafjie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af

ceeatakf wi eilkfstrcti tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf ekis fkt bufdtakf cs aftirlieacry af tmas

rihctakfsmap& Dkfdipts ncsie kf lktavctakf tmikrais -Nkswihh it ch&( >77=! haji ”hafi kb

sa`mt‑( cf ilphkyii‑s ufeirstcfeaf` kb cf kr`cfazctakf‑s knoidtavis cfe mkw tk dkftranuti

tk tmksi knoidtavis -Nkswihh( >772!( nimcvakr kutdkli dkftafìfdais -i&`& Jkpihlcf it

ch& 3117: _kmcr( 31=7!( cfe cf ilphkyii‑s wahhaf`fiss tk ixirt ibbkrt tk ifcdt nimcvakrs




317

cfe tmi vchifdi csskdactie watm tmksi nimcvakrs -Fich " @rabbaf( >772! dkuhe smie ha`mt

kf tmi lidmcfasls ufeirhyaf` tmas rihctakfsmap&

îhctie tk tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif strctiàd cfe fkf,strctiàd M^L cfe dhalcti

ealifsakfs( buturi risicrdm dkuhe bkdus kf tmi pkssanhi eastafdt rihctakfsmap watm

kutdklis& Pi smkw tmct strctiàd,kraiftie ealifsakfs cri lkri hafjie watm

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tmcf fkf,strctiàd,kraiftie ealifsakfs& Mkwivir at as hajihy

tmct tmi fkf,strctiàd ealifsakfs cri lkri hafjie tk afeavaeuch kutdklis ct afeavaeuch,

hivih kb cfchysas -Dcrr it ch&( >774: Wcrjir it ch&( >774! kr ct tmi okn,hivih kb cfchysas -i&`&

Jcrcsij " Umikrihh( 3117: Hipcj " Tfihh( >77>!& Cs c dkfsiquifdi fkt chh M^L cfe

dhalcti ealifsakfs fiie tk ni ma`m tk cdmaivi bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( lkeircti hivihs kb

skli ealifsakfs la`mt ni oust cs ibbidtavi cs ma`m hivihs bkr bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi

-Tdmuhti it ch&( >771!& Burtmir risicrdm as fiieie tk afvista`cti tmisi twk dklpkfifts cfe

tk easiftcf`hi tmiar eabbiriftach ibbidts kf ufat,( afeavaeuch, cfe okn,hivih kutdklis&

Cfktmir cvifui bkr burtmir risicrdm dkfdirfs tmi ibbidts kb luhtaphi strctiàd,M^L

cfe dhalcti typis& M^L cfe dhalcti dcf ni cfdmkrie watm c spidabad `kch kr knoidtavi

-Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >775: Tdmfiaeir( 3109!& Af tmi M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi c

eastafdtakf as lcei nitwiif M^L cfe dhalcti bkdusaf` pralcrahy kf pirbkrlcfdi cfe

bkdusaf` pralcrahy kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -@kf`( Hcw( Dmcf` " ]af( >771: Suaff "

^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Buturi risicrdm smkuhe bkdus kf tmi aftirphcy nitwiif tmisi twktypis kf kutdklis&

Pi smkw tmct viry ma`m prkhkfìe sdkris kf strctiàd dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy

-pirbkrlcfdi! la`mt ni eitraliftch bkr ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Cfe tmi ktmir wcy crkufe

viry ma`m prkhkfìe sdkris kf dustklir sirvadi cfe hiceirsmap -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!

la`mt ni eitraliftch bkr pirbkrlcfdi& Lkrikvir( wi smkw tmct M^L la`mt mcvi c

fi`ctavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii michtm wihh,niaf`& Umas la`mt ni afeadctavi kb c trcei,kbb

prkdiss& Umas riprisifts cf aftiristaf` eahillc? kptalazaf` kfi kutdkli -i&`& bafcfdach

pirbkrlcfdi! la`mt ni ct tmi dkst kb kptalazaf` cfktmir kutdkli -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!&

Lafalazaf` tmas trcei,kbb prkvaeis cf cric bkr burtmir tmikritadch eivihkplift cfe

risicrdm& Wrakr risicrdm bkdusaf` kf tmi trcei,kbb nitwiif lktavctakf cfe lidmcfastad

wkrj eisa`f dkfdhuei ncsie kf tmi prafdaphi kb okaft kptalazctakf tmct nchcfdi as jiy tk

lafalazaf` trcei,kbbs -Lkrìfskf " Dclpakf( >77>!& Umi M^L eincti crkufe tmi

dkfbaùrctakfs kb afvkhvilift -cdmaivaf` `cafs tmrku`m ilphkyii dkllatlift! cfe

aftifsabadctakf -cdmaivaf` `cafs tmrku`m wkrj aftifsabadctakf! -@kecre( >775: Nkxchh "

Lcdjy( >771! dkuhe prkvaei vchucnhi afsa`mts af tmi dklnafctakf kb eabbirift cpprkcdmis&




313

îdifthy( Jrkkf( Rcf Ei Rkkrei cfe Rcf Rihemkvif ->771! dklpcrie twk pktiftach

lieactaf` lidmcfasls tmct dkuftirnchcfdi icdm ktmir af tmi eivihkplift kb nurfkut? c

dratadch lidmcfasl wmadm stctis tmct MWPWs aftifsaby okn eilcfes -wmadm afdricsi

nurfkut! cfe c pksatavi lidmcfasl wmadm stctis tmct MWPWs afdricsi bcarfiss clkf`

ilphkyiis -wmadm rieudis nurfkut!& Bafchhy( tmi wkrj kb Talkf -3101! la`mt ni mihpbuh

tk tmikrazi cnkut tmi csparctakf hivih kb eabbirift kutdklis( c eastafdtakf as lcei

nitwiif ”kptalazi‑ virsus ”sctasbadi‑&

Af sul( tmiri as c fiie tk afvista`cti ibbidts kb dklnafctakfs kb ma`m+lkeircti+hkw

sdkris kb M^L cfe dhalcti typis -strctiàd cfe lkri ìfirch!( kf lktavctakfch dkfdipts(

cfe kf luhtaphi kutdklis -afeavaeuch cfe kr`cfazctakfch! tk `caf lkri afsa`mt af tmi

ufeirhyaf` lidmcfasls cfe trcei,kbbs&

0&9&4 Uali

Umi bafch sit kb alphadctakfs dkfdirfs tmi rkhi kb tali af M^L( dhalcti ilphkyii

wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Umas tmisas as kfi kb tmi barst stueais tmct usie c

twk,wcvi hkfàtueafch eisa`f tk afvista`cti rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( wihh,niaf` cfe

pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss tali& Chtmku`m tmas eisa`f dkftranutis tk kur jfkwhieì cnkut tmisi

rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali( tmi rkhi kb tali af tmikrazaf` cfe risicrdm af lcfcìlift cfe

psydmkhk`y fiie burtmir afvista`ctakf -i&`& Cfdkfc( @kkelcf( Hcwrifdi " Uusmlcf(

>773: @ikrì " Okfis( >777: Latdmihh " Oclis( >773: ^ki( >77=!& Miri( wi bkdus kf tmi

rkhi kb tali af M^L( dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` risicrdm&

Barst( tmikry eivihkplift kf tmi cpprkpracti tali hc` as fiieie af kreir tk spidaby

wmif c rihctakfsmap nitwiif vcracnhis as hajihy tk kddur kvir tali -Latdmihh " Oclis(

>773!& Bkr ixclphi ab M^L pirdiptakfs dmcfì wmif wahh pirbkrlcfdi dmcfì& Umas

typi kb mypktmisas nuaheaf` as hcrìhy hcdjaf` watmaf tmi ixastaf` hatircturi -Kstrkbb it ch&(

>774: Pra`mt " Mc`ìrty( >779!& Lkrikvir( M^L pirdiptakfs cfe dhalcti eivihkplift

as c prkdiss ufbkheaf` cdrkss tali af wmadm nktm dkftift cfe ilirìfdi prkdissis phcy crkhi -Ecfsiricu( Qcllcrafk " Jkmhis( 3111: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& Umarehy( wi smkw

ridaprkdch cfe afvirsi dcusctakf nitwiif M^L pirdiptakfs + dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe

wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Umas afeadctis tmi eyfclad fcturi kb tmisi rihctakfsmaps&

Bafchhy( wi eilkfstrcti tmct ibbidts eabbir cdrkss tali( cfe tmct tmi afatach vchui as rihctie

tk tmi sazi kb tmi ibbidt -Paheir( 3120!& Mifdi( buturi risicrdmirs smkuhe afdkrpkrcti tmi

rkhi kb tali af tmikry cfe risicrdm kf M^L + dhalcti( wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi&




31>

0&2 Dkfdhusakf

Umas tmisas afti`rctie ilphkyiis af risicrdm kf tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjcì(

wmadm as afeadctie cs c pririquasati bkr cevcfdaf` tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe& Pi

ixphkrie tmi euchatais bkr risicrdm cfe prcdtadi ny cha`faf` tmi KN pirspidtavi tkwcres

tmi tkpad kb TM^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tistaf` tmi lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf`

kutdklis pirspidtavis( cfe ny ixpksaf` tmisi euchatais tk raàe tists ny cpphyaf`

affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhkàis& Umi lcaf dkfdhusakf as tmct cekptaf` sudm c

nchcfdie cpprkcdm hices tk c lkri dklphiti ufeirstcfeaf` rihivcft bkr sdaifdi cfe

prcdtadi kb tmi dklphix( aftircdtavi cfe eyfclad pctmwcys tmrku`m wmadm M^L

afbhuifdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&




314

0&0 îbirifdis

Cfdkfc( E&@&( @kkelcf( W&T&( Hcwrifdi( N&T& " Uusmlcf( L&H& ->773!& Uali? C fiw risicrdm hifs& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( >2( 5( 259,224&

Cppihncul( I&( Ncahiy( U&( Nir`( W& " Jchhinir`( C& ->777!& Lcfubcdturaf` cevcftcì? Pmy

ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils pcy kbb & Fiw Qkrj? Dkrfihh Yfavirsaty Wriss&Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift kf

kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&

Nhcu( W&L& -3125!& Ixdmcfì cfe pkwir af skdach habi & Fiw Qkrj? Pahiy&Nksihai( W&( Nriwstir( D& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Af sicrdm kb nchcfdi,lcfcàf` tmi euchatais

kb M^L? Cf kvirvaiw kb tmi assuis& Wirskfffih ivaiw ( 4=( 9( 523,503&Nksihai( W&( Wccuwi( O& " Ocfssif W& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe

pirbkrlcfdi? Hisskfs brkl tmi Fitmirhcfes& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 3370,33>9&

Nkswihh( P& ->772!& Cha`faf` ilphkyiis watm tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s strctiàd knoidtavis? kut


Nkswihh( P&^&( Dkhvaf( C&O&T& " Ecrfkhe( U&D& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch systils cfeilphkyii lktavctakf& Af? Pkrj lktavctakf? Wcst( prisift cfe buturi -pp& 423,577!& ^&Jcfbir( @& Dmif( " ^&E& Wratdmcre -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? ^kuthieì Cdceilad&

Nkwif( E& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjcìs? tmirkhi kb tmi ”strif`tm‑ kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&

Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& îsicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?Wrk`rissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 31(3( 4,>4&

Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( O& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&

Nkxchh( W&( Wurdihh( O& " Pra`mt( W& ->770!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? Tdkpi( cfchysas(cfe sa`fabadcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift -pp& 3,32!& W&Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&

Dcrr( O&_&( Tdmlaet( C&L&( Bkre( O&J& " EiTmkf( ^&W& ->774!& Dhalcti pirdiptakfs lcttir? C litc,cfchytad pctm cfchysas rihctaf` lkhcr dhalcti( dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis(cfe afeavaeuch hivih wkrj kutdklis& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 279,231&

Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&

Drkkf( L& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->770!& Wrieadtaf` `rkup hivih kutdkli vcracnhis brkl vcracnhis licsurie ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih? C hctift vcracnhi luhtahivih cpprkcdm&Wsdymkhkàdch Litmkes ( 3>( 3( 59,90&

Ecfsircu( B&( Qcllcrafk( B&O& " Jkmhis( O&D& -3111!& Luhtaphi hivihs kb cfchysas brkl chkfàtueafch pirspidtavi? Tkli alphadctakfs bkr tmikry nuaheaf`& Cdceily kb

Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( >5( >( 452,490&Eif Mcrtk`( E&F&( Nksihai( W& " Wccuwi( O& ->775!& Wirbkrlcfdi lcfcìlift? C lkeih

cfe risicrdm cìfec& Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y? Cf aftirfctakfch îvaiw ( 94( 5( 992,921&Ekty( M&E& " @hadj( P&M& -311=!& Dkllkf litmkes nacs? Ekis dkllkf litmke nacs

vcracfdi richhy nacs tmi risuhts; Kr`cfazctakfch îsicrdm Litmkes ( 3( 405,572&@ikrì( O&L& " Okfis( @&^& ->777!& Umi rkhi kb tali af tmikry cfe tmikry nuaheaf`& Okurfch

kb Lcfcìlift ( >2( 5( 290,2=5&




315

@irmcrt( N& ->779!& Mulcf riskurdis cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi? Bafeaf`s( ufcfswiriequistakfs( cfe cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm& Lcfcìlift îvui ( 32( >( 305,3=9&

@irmcrt( N& ->770!& Lkeihaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi hafjcìs& Af? Umi Kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift -pp& 99> , 9=7!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&

@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L& " LdLcmcf( @&D& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr cfe istalctis kb tmi M^,barl pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? Burtmir ivaeifdi cfe cfchysas& Wirskffih Wsdydmkhk`y ( 94( =99,=0>&

@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L&( LdLcmcf( @&D& " Tfihh( T&C& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr afrisicrdm kf mulcf riskurdis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Mkw ludm irrkr as tmiricfe mkw ekis at afbhuifdi ibbidt sazi istalctis; Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 94( 5( =74,=45&

@kecre( O& ->773!& Niykfe tmi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l; Cf cfchysas kb vcractakf afDcfceacf lcfcìrach pirdiptakfs kb ribkrl prk`rclli ibbidtavifiss& Nratasm

Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 41( 3( >9,9>&@kecre( O& ->775!& C dratadch cssisslift kb tmi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l& Nratasm Okurfch

kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 5>( >( 451,40=&@kf`( Q&( Hcw( J&T&( Dmcf`( T& " ]af( J&^& ->771!& Mulcf riskurdis lcfcìlift cfe

barl pirbkrlcfdi? Umi eabbiriftach rkhi kb lcfcìrach cbbidtavi cfe dkftafucfdidkllatlift& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsdymkhk`y ( 15( 3( >24,>09&

@kfzchiz,^klc( R&( Wiark( O&L& " Ukreirc( F& ->77>!& Cf ixclafctakf kb tmicftidieifts cfe lkeirctkr afbhuifdis kb dhalcti strif`tm& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsdymkhk`y ( =0( 4( 529,504


Lcfcìlift Wirspidtavis ( >3( 93,24&@uist( E& -3111!& ”Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt‑& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&

Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 3>( 371>,3372& Oueì( C&O&( Umkriskf( U&O&( Nkfk( O&I& " Wcttkf( @&J& ->773!& Umi okn sctasbcdtakf,okn

pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? C quchatctavi cfe qucftatctavi rivaiw& Wsydmkhkàdch Nuhhitaf ( 3>0( 402,570&

Jcrcsij( ^&C& " Umikrihh( U& -3117!& Michtmy wkrj? Ttriss( prkeudtavaty cfe tmi ridkfstrudtakf kb wkrjaf` habi & Fiw Qkrj? Ncsad Nkkjs&

Jhiaf( J&O&( Dkff( C&N&( Tlatm( E& " Tkrrc( O&T& ->773!& As ivirykfi af c`riilift; Cfixphkrctakf kb watmaf,`rkup c`riilift af ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmi wkrj ifvarkflift& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =2( 4,32&


Jrkkf( N&( Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->771!& Drkss,hivih ibbidts kb ma`mpirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis kf nurfkut? Uwk dkuftircdtaf` lieactaf` lidmcfasls dklpcrie& Wirskffih ivaiw ( 4=( 9( 971,9>9&

Juifza( L& " Tdmlafji( L& ->771!& Cssilnhaf` brc`lifts aftk c hifs? C rivaiw( drataqui(cfe prkpksie risicrdm cìfec bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch wkrj dhalcti hatircturi&

Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( 49( 4( 245,030&Hi`ì( J& -3119!& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift? ^mitkrads cfe îchatais & Lcdlahhcf?

Ncsaf`stkji( Hkfekf&




319

Hipcj( E&W& " Tfihh( T&C& ->77>!& Ixclafaf` tmi mulcf riskurdi crdmatidturi? Umirihctakfsmaps clkf` mulcf dcpatch( ilphkylift( cfe mulcf riskurdidkfbaùrctakfs& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift( >=( 930,954&

Hafeihh( L&J& " Nrcfet( D&O& ->777!& Dhalcti quchaty cfe dhalcti dkfsifsus cs lieactkrskb tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch cftidieifts cfe kutdklis& Okurfch kb

Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =9( 443,45=&Latdmihh( U&^& " Oclis( H&^& ->773!& Nuaheaf` nittir tmikry? Uali cf tmi spidabadctakf kb

wmif tmaf`s mcppif& Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( >2(5( 947,950&Lkrìskf( B&W& " Dclpakf( L&C& ->77>!& Lafalazaf` trceikbbs wmif rieisa`faf` wkrj?

Ivaeifdi brkl c hkfàtueafch qucsa,ixpiralift& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 99( 9=1,23>&Fich( C& " @rabbaf( L&C& ->772!& C stuey kb tmi hc`ìe rihctakfsmaps clkf` scbity

dhalcti( scbity lktavctakf( scbity nimcvakr( cfe cddaeifts ct tmi afeavaeuch cfe`rkup hivihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 13( 152,194&

Fasmaa( H&( Hipcj( E&W& " Tdmfiaeir( N& ->77=!& Ilphkyii cttranutakfs kb tmi ”wmy‑ kb M^ prcdtadis? Umiar ibbidts kf ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs( cfe dustklirsctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 4( 974,959&

Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkr strctiàdmulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjcìs nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >>9,>5=!& E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfeBrcfdas @rkup&

Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af r`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&

Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C&O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929, 914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ahìf( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies&!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&

Kr`cf( E&P& -31==!& Kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr? Umi `kke skheair syferkli& Hixaf`tkf(

LC? Hixaf`tkf Nkkjs&Krhatzjy( L& " Brifjih( T&O& ->779!& Chtirfctavi pctmwcys tk ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi

wkrjphcdis& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift ( 32( =( 34>9,345=&Wccuwi( O& ->771!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivilifts( litmkekhkàdch assuis cfe

prkspidts& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift Ttueais ( 52( 3( 3>1,399&Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? wmct fixt;& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wcrjir( D&W&( Nchtis( N&N&( Qkuf`( T&C&( Mubb( O&P&( Chtlcff( ^&C&( Hcdkst( M&C& it ch&

->774!& îhctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkhkàdch dhalcti pirdiptakfs cfe wkrj kutdklis? C litc,cfchytad rivaiw& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >5( 4=1,532&

Wkescjkbb( F&W&( Pmataf`( T&P&( Wkescjkbb( W&L& " Nhuli( N&E& ->771!& Afeavaeuch,cfe

kr`cfazctakfch,hivih dkfsiquifdis kb kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakrs? Clitc,cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 3( 3>>,353&

Wurdihh( O& " Mutdmafskf( T& ->770!& Brkft,hafi lcfcìrs cs cìfts af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi dcusch dmcaf? Umikry( cfchysas cfe ivaeifdi& Mulcf îskurdi

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 30( 3( 4,>7&Wurdihh( O& " Jaffai( F& ->770!& M^L cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb

mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift -pp& 944,993!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&





312

^clscy( M&( Tdmkhcraks( E& " Mcrhiy( N& ->777!& Ilphkyiis kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Uistaf` afsaei tmi nhcdj nkx& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach îhctakfs ( 4=( 5(973,943&

^ki( ^&C& ->77=!& Uali af cpphaie psydmkhk`y? tmi stuey kb ”wmct mcppifs‑ rctmir tmcf”wmct as‑& Iurkpicf Wsydmkhkàst ( 34( 3( 40,9>&

^kussicu( E& ->772!& As tmiri sudm c tmaf` cs ”Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfcìlift‑; Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift îvaiw ( 43( >92—>21&

Tchcfdaj( @&^& " Wbibbir( O& -310=!& C skdach afbkrlctakf prkdissaf` cpprkcdm tk okncttatueis cfe tcsj eisa`f& Celafastrctavi Tdaifdi Suctirhy ( >4( >>5,>94&

Tchcfkvc( L&( Cùt( T& " Wiark( O&L& ->779!& Hafjaf` kr`cfazctakfch riskurdis cfe wkrj if`cìlift tk ilphkyii pirbkrlcfdi cfe dustklir hkychty? Umi lieactakf kb sirvadi dhalcti& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 17( 2( 3>30,3>>0&

Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( (550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -31=0!& Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 57( 540,595&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Imrmcrt( L&@&( Lcyir( E&L&( Tchtz( O&H& " Fahis,Okhhy( J& ->779!&

Yfeirstcfeaf` kr`cfazctakf,dustklir hafjs af sirvadi sittaf`s& Cdceily kb

Lcfcìlift Okurfch ( 5=( 2( 3730,374>&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcfìs( W& O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc`àk( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?

Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfasctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&

Tdmfiaeir( N&( Tchvc`àk( C&F& " Tunarcts( L& ->77>!& Dhalcti strif`tm? C fiw earidtakfbkr dhalcti risicrdm& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsdymkhk`y ( =0( >>7, >>1&

Tdmfiaeir N&( Pmati T&T& " Wcuh( L&D& -311=!& Hafjaf` sirvadi dhalcti cfe dustklirspirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty? Uist kb c dcusch lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (=4( >( 397,324&

Tdmuhti( L&( Kstrkbb( D&( Tmluhyacf( T& " Jafadja( C& ->771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctidkfbaùrctakfs? îhctakfsmaps tk dkhhidtavi cttatueis( dustklir sctasbcdtakf( cfe

pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 15( 4( 23=,245&Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach Wirbkrlcfdi; Af?


Talkf( M&C& -3101!& Lkeihs kb tmku`mt & Hkfekf? Qchi Yfavirsaty Wriss& Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjcìs nitwiif

kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhkàdch lcfcìlift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&

Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf îhctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,52>&

Paheir( O& -3120!& Ttaluhus cfe rispkfsi? Umi hcw kb afatach vchui & Nrastkh? Pra`mt& Pra`mt( W& " Nkswihh& P& ->77>!& Eisi`ri`ctaf` M^L? C rivaiw cfe syftmisas kb ladrk



ùaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433 , 4>=!& W& Tpcrrkw( " C&Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&





310

Pra`mt( W&L& " Mc`ìrty( O&O& ->779!& Lassaf` vcracnhis af tmikrais kb strctiàd mulcfriskurdi lcfcìlift? Uali( dcusi( cfe afeavaeuchs//& Lcfcìlift îvui ( 32( >(325,304&

Pra`mt( W&L& " LcdLcmcf( @&D& -311>!& Umikritadch pirspidtavis bkr strctiàd mulcfriskurdi lcfcìlift& Okurfch kb Lcfcìlift ( 3=( >( >19,4>7&

_kmcr( E& -31=7!& Tcbity dhalcti af afeustrach kr`cfazctakfs& Umikritadch cfe cpphaiealphadctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( 12,37>&

_kmcr( E& " Uiffi,@czat( K& ->77=!& Urcfsbkrlctakfch hiceirsmap cfe `rkup aftircdtakfcs dhalcti cftidieifts? C skdach fitwkrj cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 14(5( 055,090&



Tclifvcttaf` -Eutdm!

M^L( wihzaof if kr`cfasctaipristctai?

Kp zkij fccr nchcfs



Tclifvcttaf`

>77

Aftrkeudtai

Ei rihctai tussif M^L if mit pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais as iif nihcf`raoj kfeirwirp

naffif M^L kfeirzkij& Kfeirzkijirs dkfdhueirif ect M^L iif `rkti afvhkie miibt

kp mit pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais( if eccrlii ect M^L iif nihcf`raoji lcfcìlifttccj

vkrlt& Umikrai if ilparasdm kfeirzkij zaof mairnao vkkrfclihaoj ìradmt kp ei

cftidieiftif if dkfsiquiftais vcf M^L kp kr`cfasctaifavicu -TM^L kfeirzkij!& Eat

typi kfeirzkij hivirt wiafa` tmikritasdmi jiffas kp kvir mki M^L wirjt -a&i& mit

kfeirha`ìfei lidmcfasli!& Kkj hivirt mit wiafa` rihivcfti lcfcìliftafbkrlctai kp

kvir mki lieiwirjirs naffif iif kr`cfasctai naoercìf ccf mit pristirif vcf ei

nitribbifei kr`cfasctai zkchs virkfeirstihe af sdkridcres& Liir afzadmt af ei rkh vcf

lieiwirjirs af ei rihctai tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai( as zkwih vcfuat tmikritasdmchs prcjtasdm kk`puft ìwifst& Ei naoercì vcf eat prkibsdmrabt ha`t af mit ccfpcjjif vcf

vair uatecàfìf wccrlii M^L kfeirzkijirs if lcfcìrs ìdkfbrkftiire wkreif chs

mit `cct kl ei rihctai tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai&

Ei iirsti uatecàf` ha`t af ”Mit dklnafirif vcf kfeirzkijstrceatais‑& M^L kfeirzkij

wkret ìjiflirjt ekkr iif stirji sdmiaeaf` af lcdrk -TM^L! if ladrk -crniaes, if

kr`cfasctaipsydmkhkàsdm! kfeirzkij& Iif afti`rctai vcf ladrk lit lcdrk kfeirzkij as

ìwifst kl liir afzadmt ti jraoìf af mki M^L wirjt -ei kfeirha`ìfei prkdissif!& Eat

prkibsdmrabt lccjt ìnruaj vcf erai typis crniaes, if kr`cfasctaipsydmkhkàsdmi

dkfdiptif if tmikraiêf& Chs iirsti nistueirif wi rihctais tussif lieiwirjirpirdiptais

vcf M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctais& Wirdiptais vcf lieiwirjirs spihif iif diftrchi rkh af

ridift kftwajjihei M^L,pristctai lkeihhif& Eccrfccst lcjif wi ìnruaj vcf

kr`cfasctaijhalcct hatirctuur& Kkj kr`cfasctaijhalcct wkret ìzaif chs tussifha`ìfei

bcdtkr af ei rihctai tussif M^L if pristctai& Ukt shkt afti`ririf wi hatirctuur kvir mit

wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs lit TM^L hatirctuur& Eizi afti`rctai wkret vireir uatìwirjt

af ei vkhìfei uatecàf`&

Iif twiiei uatecàf` vkrlt? ”Mit nchcfdirif vcf lieiwirjirs, if kr`cfasctainihcfìf‑&

Mair tistif wi ei rkh vcf lieiwirjirwihzaof af ei rihctai tussif M^L if pristctai& Pi

kfeirsdmiaeif mairnao erai typis wihzaof( fclihaoj wirjìhuj -naovkkrniihe? tivrieifmiae(

dkllatlift!( wirjrihctais -naovkkrniihe? lkrcch( sclifwirjaf`! if ìzkfemiae

-naovkkrniihe? wirjeruj( striss!& Kptalastasdmi tmikraiêf nicrùliftirif ect M^L if

kr`cfasctaijhalcct iif ùfsta` ibbidt minnif kp zkwih mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs chs

kkj kp mit pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais& Tdiptasdmi if pissalastasdmi tmikraiêfnicrùliftirif idmtir ect M^L if kr`cfasctaijhalcct iif pksataib ibbidt minnif kp mit



Tclifvcttaf`

>73

pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais( lccr ìif kb iif fi`ctaib ibbidt minnif kp mit wihzaof vcf

lieiwirjirs&

Ei eirei uatecàf` jklt vkkrt uat ei jhkkb tussif witifsdmcp if prcjtaoj( eizi

huaet? ”Mit virstirjif vcf ei prcjtasdmi rihivcftai vcf witifsdmcppihaoj kfeirzkij‑ & Ttiies liir

kr`cfasctais pcssif sdkridcres tki kl afzadmt ti jraoìf af ei prkdissif tussif M^L if

kr`cfasctaipristctai naffif iif kr`cfasctai( if lcjif eccrnao ìnruaj vcf

lieiwirjirvrcìfhaostif if knoidtaivi pristctai,afeadctkrif kp vistaàf`s, kb

cbeihaf`sfavicu& Af eat prkibsdmrabt nistieif wi ccfecdmt ccf mki

lieiwirjirvrcìfhaostif zafvkhhi M^L afbkrlctai juffif hivirif kp vistaàf`sfavicu&

Kkj nistieif wi ccfecdmt ccf mki rihctais tussif M^L afbkrlctai if cbeihaf`spristctai

ìhiè juffif wkreif( if virvkhìfs mki eizi rihctais zadm hctif virtchif af prcjtasdmi

alphadctais&

Uifshktti as mit vcf nihcf` kl ccfecdmt ti nistieif ccf

kfeirzkijslitmkekhkài vkkr mit juffif ekif vcf tmikritasdmi if prcjtasdmi

ccfnivihafìf& M^L kfeirzkij as nijratasiire vcfwiì mit fcìfki` uatshuatife ìnruaj

vcf drkss,sidtakfiih kfeirzkij( mit tkipcssif vcf nipirjti stctastasdmi litmkeif( mit

ìnruaj vcf ectc uat ááf ectcnrkf if vcf ááf nikkreihccr( if mit mkkbezcjihaoj

virìhaojif tussif liireiri kr`cfasctais& Iif hcctsti uatecàf` wkret eccrkl ìvkrle

ekkr? ”Mit virnitirif vcf kfeirzkijslitmkeif‑& Eat kfeirzkij pcst ìcvcfdiireikfeirzkijslitmkeif tki& Pi pcssif hkfàtueafcch kfeirzkij if ìcvcfdiirei cfchysis

tki& Pi ìnruajif liireiri ectcnrkffif if liireiri nikkreihccrs& Eccrfccst vkirif

wi iif stueai uat naffif ááf kr`cfasctai lit iif `rkkt ccftch vistaàfìf lit vkhekifei

niwiàf`srualti kl mit M^L nihiae af ti radmtif&

Eizi uatecàfìf wkreif af vaob mkkbestujjif nimcfeihe& Mit iirsti mkkbestuj

as iif hatirctuurkvirzadmtstueai fccr ìpunhadiirei stueais kvir M^L( wihzaof if

kr`cfasctaipristctai& Ei kviraì vair mkkbestujjif nisdmraovif ilparasdm kfeirzkij

ìncsiire kp sidufecari ectc eai wireif virzclihe nao liir ecf 35&777 lieiwirjirs if

zaof ìjkppihe ccf knoidtaivi uatjklstif vcf 303 vistaàfìf vcf iif `rkti Fieirhcfesi

bafcfdaêhi eaifstvirhifir& Kfzi risuhtctif wkreif mairkfeir pir uatecàf` jkrt tkiìhadmt&

îsuhtctif

3& Mit dklnafirif vcf kfeirzkijstrceatais

Af mkkbestuj 4 if 9 dklnafirif wi hatirctuur kvir M^L pirdiptais lit TM^L

hatirctuur& Pi tkfif ccf ect lieiwirjirs naffif ááf kr`cfasctai M^L virsdmahhifeirvcrif( if ect eizi irvcrafìf ìvkrle wkreif ekkr M^L aftirviftais& Rireir tkkft



Tclifvcttaf`

>7>

mkkbestuj 9 ccf ect pirdiptais kvir nihkfaf`( kftwajjihaf`( tkijklstzijirmiae(

ekihìradmtmiae( jwchatiatsìradmtmiae if afbkrlctaivkkrzaifaf` ìrihctiire zaof ccf

bafcfdaêhi pristctais vcf vistaàfìf& Uif twiiei lcjif wi ìnruaj vcf jhalccthatirctuur

-mkkbestuj 5 if 2!& Mair kfeirzkijif wi kb vair cspidtif vcf jhalcct( eai vkkrtjklif

uat M^L aftirviftais -pirdiptais kvir mit ekih if ei lcfair wccrkp eat niriajt wkret

naffif ei vistaàf`( nihkfaf`( wirjkfeirstiufaf` if skdachi stiuf! ei pristctai vcf iif

vistaàf` vkkrspihhif( kb ei pristctai vcf iif vistaàf` ei jhalcctcspidtif niëfvhkiet( kb

ect niaei prkdissif ccfwiza` zaof& Mkkbestuj 5 tkkft ccf ect jhalcct pristctai

niëfvhkiet& Wirdiptais kvir mit ekih if ei lcfair wccrkp eat ekih niriajt wkret naffif

ei vistaàf`( nihkfaf`( if skdachi stiuf minnif iif ibbidt kp ei pristctai vcf iif

vistaàf`& Rireir kfeirzkijif wi ei rkh vcf wirjtivrieifmiae af ei rihctai tussif twii

typis jhalcct -jhalcct ìradmt kp ibbadaifdy if jhalcct ìradmt kp jhcftìradmtmiae! if mit

pristirif vcf ei vistaàf`& Mair tkfif wi ccf ect wirjtivrieifmiae ìif lieactkr vkrlt

af eizi rihctai( wirjtivrieifmiae as fclihaoj fait ìrihctiire ccf mit pristirif vcf iif

vistaàf`& Ukt shkt dklnafirif wi tmikrai kvir wihzaof lit TM^L hatirctuur& îsuhtctif

wkreif mairkfeir nisprkjif nao uatecàf` twii&

>& Mit nchcfdirif vcf lieiwirjirs, if kr`cfasctainihcfìf

Mkkbestuj > if 2 `ccf chhinia af kp ei vrcc` kb M^L + jhalcct iif ùfsta` ibbidt

miibt kp zkwih mit pristirif vcf ei kr`cfasctai chs kp mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs( kb

ect M^L + jhalcct iif ùfsta` ibbidt miibt kp mit pristirif vcf ei kr`cfasctai( lccr fait

kp mit wihzaof vcf ei lieiwirjirs& îsuhtctif vcf iif hatirctuurkvirzadmtstueai

-mkkbestuj >! tkfif ccf ect ei rkh vcf wihzaof cbmcf`t vcf mit typi wihzaof& M^L miibt

iif pksataib ibbidt kp wirjìhuj if wirjrihctais& Rkkr ìzkfemiae vafeif wi ect M^L

ìif if af skllaì stueais zihbs iif fi`ctaib ibbidt miibt& Af mkkbestuj 2 kfeirzkijif

wi ei rkh vcf wirjtivrieifmiae af ei rihctai tussif twii typis jhalcct if

kr`cfasctaipristctai -jhalcct ìradmt kp ibbadaifdy if jhalcct ìradmt kp jhcftìradmtmiae!& Pi tistif kb wirjtivrieifmiae iif lieactkr vkrlt tussif ei jhalccttypis if pristctai&

Eccrfccst tistif wi kb iif jhalcct ìradmt kp ibbadaifdy vkkrfclihaoj ìrihctiire as ccf

kr`cfasctaipristctai( tirwaoh iif jhalcct ìradmt kp jhcftìradmtmiae vkkrfclihaoj

ìrihctiire as ccf wirjtivrieifmiae& Ei stueai tkkft ccf ect tivrieifmiae ìif

lieaêrifei bcdtkr vkrlt af ei rihctai tussif ei twii jhalccttypis if kr`cfasctaipristctai&

Jhalcct ìradmt kp ibbadaifdy as ìrihctiire ccf kr`cfasctaipristctai( tirwaoh iif jhalcct

ìradmt kp jhcftìradmtmiae ìrihctiire as ccf wirjtivrieifmiae& Eccrfccst vkfeif wi

iif trcei,kbb? jhalcct ìradmt kp ibbadaifdy kp taoestap 3 as fi`ctaib ìrihctiire ccf



Tclifvcttaf`

>74

wirjtivrieifmiae kp taoestap >( tirwaoh jhalcct ìradmt kp jhcftìradmtmiae kp taoestap 3

fi`ctaib ìrihctiire as ccf kr`cfasctaipristctai kp taoestap >&

4& Mit virstirjif vcf ei prcjtasdmi rihivcftai vcf witifsdmcppihaoj kfeirzkij

Ei eirei uatecàf` as iif naoercì ti hivirif ccf mit eadmtif vcf ei jhkkb tussif witifsdmcp if prcjtaoj& Af eat prkibsdmrabt ìvif wi iif vkkrniihe vcf mki kr`cfasctais

liir afzadmt juffif jraoìf af dcuschi prkdissif tussif M^L if pristctai& Eizi

afbkrlctai as vcf nihcf` nao mit kftwajjihif( alphiliftirif if ìnruajif vcf sdkridcres&

Af mkkbestuj 4 stihhif wi vaob dratirac kp vkkr mit virìhaojif vcf afbkrlctai uat

lieiwirjirvrcìfhaostif kp vistaàf`sfavicu& Eizi dratirac zaof? mit kftstccf vcf

ìeiihei pirdiptais( ribirift ìnruaj( twii typis aftrcjhcssi dkrrihctai dkêbbadaêftif if

iif afeix vkkr kviriifstillaf` tussif nikkreihccrs& Af mkkbestuj 9 ìvif wi iif

ahhustrctai vcf mki afbkrlctai uat lieiwirjirvrcìfhaostif ìnruajt jcf wkreif af

sdkridcres( chs afeadctkr vcf ei M^L aftirviftais eai tkiìpcst zaof naffif iif

kr`cfasctai& Pi tkfif ccf ect lit afbkrlctai uat lieiwirjirvrcìfhaostif tkijklstaì

pristctais vkkrspihe juffif wkreif& Ekkr ìnruaj ti lcjif vcf iif hkfàtueafcch

eisa`f tkfif wi ccf ect 37(= prkdift vcf ei vcracftai af pristctai virjhccre jcf wkreif

ekkr vrcìfhaostafbkrlctai& Eat risuhtcct wkret kkj virtcche af rihivcfti

lcfcìliftafbkrlctai -mkkbestuj 9!& Pct fiirjklt kp iif occrhaojs nierc` vcf 30=

lahokif Iurk vkkr ei ìmihi kr`cfasctai vcf 477 vistaàfìf lit 49&777 lieiwirjirs

-kp ncsas vcf ììvifs uat >774!&

5& Mit virnitirif vcf kfeirzkijslitmkeif

Ei hcctsti uatecàf` nitribt mit virnitirif vcf kfeirzkijslitmkeif&

@inruajlcjife vcf iif ufaiji ectcsit juffif wi ei litmkekhkàsdmi jwchatiat vcf

iireir kfeirzkij virnitirif& Chs iirsti lcjif wi ìnruaj vcf iif hkfàtueafcch eisa`f(

lieiwirjirspirdiptais if irvcrafìf if pristctais zaof twii jiir ìlitif& Eccrfccst

ìnruajif wi strudturihi virìhaojaf`slkeihhif kl ei rihctais ti cfchysirif -mkkbestuj 5

, 2!& Pi vafeif ect vrcìfhaostafbkrlctai if pristctais af iif nipcchei lcti stcnaih zaof(

eat mkuet af ect iif rihctaivi sdkri kp taoestap 3 iif vkkrspihhir vkrlt vkkr ei rihctaivi

sdkri kp taoestap >& Rireir tkfif wi ccf ect `kie pristirif vcf iif vistaàf` hiaet tkt

lafeir tkijklstkfzijirmiae( if tkt mkìri sdkris kp jhalcct vkkr ibbadaifdy if jhalcct

vkkr jhcftìradmtmiae -mkkbestuj 9 if 2!& Kkj vafeif wi ibbidtif af ei taoe( tussif

vrcìfhaostafbkrlctai kp taoestap 3 if uatjklstif kp taoestap >& Uif twiiei lcjif wi af

eat kfeirzkij ìnruaj vcf liireiri M^L nikkreihccrs pir vistaàf` -lieiwirjirs!( eaiiif nitrkuwnccr kkreiih hivirif -mkkbestuj 4!& Eat af tiìfstihhaf` tkt kfeirzkij ect



Tclifvcttaf`

>75

ìnruajt lccjt vcf ááf M^L nikkreihccr& Nkvifeaif juffif wi dkftrkhirif vkkr

dkllkf litmke nacs( ekkr ìnruaj ti lcjif vcf ectc uat twii nrkffif -lieiwirjirs

if knoidtaivi ììvifs!& Ukt shkt juffif wi dkftrkhirif vkkr afstatutakfihi( nieraobstcj

if kr`cfasctai virsdmahhif ekkr kfeirzkij ti ekif naffif ááf kr`cfasctai&

Alphadctais

Uiru`nhajjife kp ei vair uatecàfìf vcf kfeirzkijirs if lcfcìrs kp mit ìnaie

vcf ei rihctai tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai( wkreif af mkkbestuj 0 ei risuhtctif

if alphadctais nisdmrivif&

Eat prkibsdmrabt tkkft ccf ect mit afti`ririf vcf M^L, if jhalcctpirdiptais hiaet

tkt iif nitir afzadmt af ei prkdissif tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai& Af mit

naozkfeir ei M^L, if jhalcct ealifsais eai nitrijjaf` minnif kp mit dkllufadirif vcf ei kr`cfasctaiekihif nhaojif ìrihctiire ccf ei vistaàf`spristctai& Iif virjhcraf`

mairvkkr vkrlt mit aeii ect chs lieiwirjirs ei kr`cfasctaiekihif nitir jiffif if

eccrfccr wkreif nihkkfe( zao zadm liir vkhìfs eai ekihif `ccf ìercìf( wct iif

naoercì hivirt ccf mit nimchif vcf eizi ekihif&

Uif twiiei hivirt eat prkibsdmrabt afzadmt af ei rkh vcf wihzaof af ei rihctai tussif

M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai& Pi tkfif ccf ect M^L iif virsdmahhife ibbidt jcf minnif

kp mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs cbmcfjihaoj vcf mit typi wihzaof& Pirjìhuj if

wirjrihctai zaof pksataib ìrihctiire ccf M^L( tirwaoh M^L idmtir ìif kb iif fi`ctaib

ibbidt haojt ti minnif kp ìzkfemiae& Eccrfccst tkkft eat prkibsdmrabt ccf ect iif jhalcct

ìradmt kp ibbadaifdy pksataib naoercc`t ccf mit pristirif vcf iif vistaàf`( if ect iif

jhalcct ìradmt kp jhcftìradmtmiae naoercc`t ccf wirjtivrieifmiae& Nkvifeaif tkfif wi

ccf ect mit bkdussif kp ááf typi jhalcct lit ááf nipcchei uatjklst kp eif euur tif

jksti `cct vcf cfeiri uatjklstif&

Uif eirei wkret ìnruaj ìlccjt vcf iif vkkr M^L kfeirzkij affkvctaivi

kfeirzkijslitmkei& Mit hkfàtueafchi jcrcjtir vcf ei ectc if cfchysis( mit ìnruaj vcf

liireiri nikkreihccrs if ectcnrkffif naffif iif kr`cfasctai hivirt kfs afzaifs iif

eaip`ccfe afzadmt kp af ei eyfclasdmi prkdissif tussif M^L( wihzaof if pristctai& Pi

dkfdhueirif ect mit ìnruaj vcf sidufecari vrcìfhaostectc if knoidtaivi uatjklstif

virzclihe naffif ááf `rkti kr`cfasctai faiuwi jcfsif naiet vkkr mit ekif vcf

witifsdmcppihaoj kfeirzkij&

Eat prkibsdmrabt tkkft mit nihcf` vcf mit kpfilif vcf lieiwirjirafbkrlctai af

sdkridcres( lats eizi afbkrlctai nitrkuwnccr as if iif cbspaiìhaf` vkrlt vcf ei M^Laftirviftais af ei kr`cfasctai& Mit lkfatkrif if lcfcìf vcf sdkris kp



Tclifvcttaf`

>79

lieiwirjirvrcìfhaostif as nihcf`raoj? eizi sdkris zaof ti niëfvhkieif( af tiìfstihhaf` tkt

viih vcf ei ixtirfi bcdtkrif wccr kr`cfasctais lii ti lcjif minnif& Mit lcfcìf vcf

M^L( wihzaof if pristctais jift eccriftiìf kkj eahillc‑s& Pi tkfif ccf ect

virsdmahhifei uatjklstif ìrihctiire zaof ccf virsdmahhifei M^L cspidtif& Iif jiuzi

eaift ìlccjt ti wkreif wihji uatjklst ìkptalchasiire wkret& Eccrfccst nhaojt ect mit

bkdussif kp ááf uatjklst kp tirlaof tif jksti jcf `ccf vcf cfeiri uatjklstif& Eat hiaet

tkt iif twiiei jiuzi? kbwih ááf uatjklst lcxalchasirif -tif jksti vcf cfeiri

uatjklstif!( kb iif nchcfs tussif virsdmahhifei uatjklstif fcstrivif&

Tclifìvct( eat prkibsdmrabt radmt zadm kp ei rkh vcf lieiwirjirs af ei rihctai

tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai& Af eat prkibsdmrabt wkreif crniaes, if

kr`cfasctaipsydmkhkàsdmi tmikraiêf af ei TM^L hatirctuur ìëfti`riire( if wkret ei

afvhkie vcf M^L kp wihzaof if pristctai vcfuat iif kptalastasdm if jratasdm pirspidtaib

nistueiire& Kl eizi twii euchatiatif ti tistif wkret iif vkkr M^L kfeirzkij

affkvctaib kfeirzkijskftwirp tkiìpcst& Eizi nifceiraf` -kp zkij fccr nchcfs! ìibt

iif dklphitir niihe( rihivcft vkkr zkwih M^L kfeirzkij chs prcjtaoj( vcf ei

aftircdtaivi rihctais tussif M^L( mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs if mit pristirif vcf ei

kr`cfasctai&



Durraduhul Ratci



>7=

Durraduhul Ratci -If`hasm!

Jcrafc Rcf Ei Rkkrei wcs nkrf kf >3 Eidilnir 31=3( af

Laeeihnur`( tmi Fitmirhcfes& Cbtir smi `rceuctie -dul hcuei!

af Mulcf îskurdi Ttueais ct Uahnur` Yfavirsaty( smi wcs

cppkaftie cs oufakr ticdmir ct tmi eipcrtlift kb Mulcf

îskurdi Ttueais ct Uahnur` Yfavirsaty& Af >772 smi stcrtie tk

wkrj kf mir eassirtctakf cnkut ”M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`

cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C nchcfdie pirspidtavi‑&

Taluhtcfikus tk wrataf` mir Wm&E& tmisas( smi chsk wkrjie kf

risicrdm prkoidts kf aftirfctakfch mulcf riskurdi

lcfcìlift( cfe tmi ibbidt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift kf ilphkyii kutdklis& Tmiprisiftie mir wkrj ct aftirfctakfch dkfbirifdis( afdhueaf` tmi Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift

Liitaf`( TAKW dkfbirifdi( tmi ICPKW dkfbirifdi( tmi Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf

M^L( cfe tmi M^L Fitwkrj Dkfbirifdi& Af >770( smi wkf tmi nist pcpir cwcre ct tmi

Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf M^L( af >771 kfi kb mir pcpirs wcs punhasmie af tmi nist

pcpir prkdiieaf`s kb tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr eavasakf kb tmi Cdceily kb

Lcfcìlift& Tmi mcs tcu`mt dkursis kf mulcf riskurdi lcfcìlift cfe risicrdm

litmkes cfe smi mcs supirvasie nktm Ncdmihkr‑s cfe Lcstir‑s tmisis& Nisaeis ticdmaf`(

smi mcs niif afvkhvie af cpphaie risicrdm bkr sivirch hcrì dklpcfais af tmi Fitmirhcfes&

Af ceeatakf( smi mcs sirvie cs dmcar kb tmi Ekdtkrch Dkfskrtaul M^L Fitwkrj

Dkfbirifdi ->770!( cs dkkreafctkr kb Wmrism -Aftirfctakfch fitwkrj kb Wm&E& stueifts af

M^L! cfe cs c lilnir kb tmi Wm&E& dkufdah kb tmi Bcduhty kb Tkdach cfe Nimcvakurch

Tdaifdis ct Uahnur` Yfavirsaty&

Durraduhul Ratci -Eutdm!

Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei as ìnkrif kp >3 eidilnir 31=3 ti Laeeihnur`& Fc mit

cbrkfeif -dul hcuei! vcf mccr stueai Wirskfiihwitifsdmcppif ccf ei Yfavirsatiat vcf

Uahnur`( wire zi ccfìstihe chs oufakrekdift nao mit eipcrtilift

Wirskfiihwitifsdmcppif& Af >772 ni`kf Jcrafc ccf mccr prklktai kfeirzkij kvir

”M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C nchcfdie pirspidtavi‑&

Uiìhaojirtaoe wirjti zao ccf kfeirzkijsprkoidtif kvir aftirfctakfch M^L( if ei ibbidtif

vcf M^L kp lieiwirjiruatjklstif& Jcrafc prisiftiirei mccr wirj kp aftirfctakfchi

dkf`rissif( wccrkfeir ei Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift -af Wmahceihpmac if Dmadc`k!( ei

TAKW -af Tcf Brcfdasdk!( ei ICPKW -af Ttkdjmkhl if Tcftac`k ei Dklpkstihc!( ei



>71

Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf M^L -af Oiriz ei Brkftirc if Lurdac!( if mit M^L

Fitwirj dkf`ris -af Uahnur` if Clstirecl!& Af >770 wkf zao ei nist pcpir cwcre kp ei

Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf M^L( af >771 wcs iif vcf mccr pcpirs ìsihidtiire if

ìpunhadiire af ei nist pcpir prkdiieaf`s vcf ei Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift& Fccst

kfeirzkij `cb Jcrafc vcjjif kvir M^L( kfeirzkijslitmkeif( if niìhiaeei zao

cbstueiirkfeirzkij& Fccst kfeirwaos( wcs Jcrafc nitrkjjif nao tkiìpcst kfeirzkij

vkkr liieiri `rkti Fieirhcfesi kr`cfasctais& Jcrafc kr`cfasiirei liei mit WmE

dkfskrtaul vcf mit M^L Fitwirj dkf`ris ->770!( wcs dkkreafctkr vcf Wmrism -iif

fitwirj vcf cak‑s af M^L!( if wcs hae vcf ei cak,rcce vcf ei Tkdachi Bcduhtiat vcf ei

Yfavirsatiat vcf Uahnur`&

Wunhadctakfs Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Wccuwi( O& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& -af priss!& Wrieadtaf`

nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi usaf` ilphkyii surviys? Lkfatkraf` M^L,

rihctie dmcfìs& Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift Okurfch&

Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& -af priss!& Uali

pridieifdi af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe

kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C drkss,hc`ìe stuey ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih&

Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf îskurdi Lcfcìlift&

Jrkkf( N&( Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->771!& Drkss,hivih

ibbidts kb Ma`m Wirbkrlcfdi Pkrj Wrcdtadis kf nurfkut? Uwk

dkuftircdtaf` lieactaf` lidmcfasls dklpcrie& Wirskffih îvaiw( 4=( 9( 971,

9>9&

Pra`mt( W& " Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J& ->771!& Luhta,hivih tmikrazaf` af strctiàd

aftirfctakfch M^ risicrdm? Afti`rctaf` pikphi( prkdiss cfe dkftixt& Af?

Mcfenkkj kb Aftirfctakfch M^ îsicrdm -pp& >1,57!& W& Tpcrrkw -Ie&!& Kxbkre?

Nhcdjwihh&

Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Ttrctiàd dhalcti

cfe kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Af? Wrkdiieaf`s

kb tmi Taxty,Taxtm Cffuch Liitaf` kb tmi Cdceily kb Lcfcìlift -DE!& @&U&

Tkhklkf -Ie&!& ATTF 3954,=254&

Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->770!& Pct jklt iirst?

Kr`cfasctaijhalcct kb kr`cfasctaipristctai; @ierc` if Kr`cfasctai ( 4( >30,>40&



>33

Ttihhafìf

3& M^L miibt iif pksataib ibbidt kp wirjìhuj if wirjrihctais& Rkkr ìzkfemiae

zaof ei nivafeafìf lafeir iifeuaea`( lccr waozif irkp ect ìzkfemiae fait kb

zihbs fi`ctaib niëfvhkie wkret ekkr M^L&

>& Afti`rctai vcf mit lieiwirjirspirspidtaib af kfeirzkij fccr ei rihctai tussif

M^L if pristctai hkkft? Rircfeirafìf af M^L, if jhalcctpirdiptais vcf

lieiwirjirs vkkrspihhif 30(1 prkdift vcf ei occrhaojsi wafst&

4& Mit lkttk ”litif as witif‑ nao mit ìnruaj vcf sdkridcres chs lcfcìlifttkkh

`cct chhiif kp chs rihivcfti ììvifs nitrkuwnccr virìhijif wkreif( dcuschi

virncfeif ìhiè wkreif if prcjtasdmi alphadctais ekkr irijife wkreif&

5& Wrkeudtavatiat jcf nivkreire wkreif ekkr iif jhalcct vkkr ibbidtavatiat ti

staluhirif( if wirjtivrieifmiae jcf nivkreire wkreif ekkr iif jhalcct vkkr

jhcftìradmtmiae ti staluhirif& Idmtir( kvirlctaì ccfecdmt vkkr iif jhalcct

vkkr ibbidtavatiat `cct kp tirlaof tif jksti vcf tivrieif wirjfilirs ifkvirlctaì ccfecdmt vkkr jhcftìradmtmiae `cct kp tirlaof tif jksti vcf ei

prkeudtavatiat&

9& Ukijklsta` M^L kfeirzkij eaift nao mit kfeirzkijseisa`f rijifaf` ti mkueif

lit ei lkìhaojmiae ect M^L virsdmaht naffif kr`cfasctais if tussif

lieiwirjirs& _k kkj lit ei lkìhaojmiae ect M^L fait chhiif vcf afvhkie as kp

uatjklstif( lccr uatjklstif kkj M^L juffif niëfvhkieif&

2& Ei jhkkb tussif witifsdmcp if prcjtaoj eadmtif vir`t afspcffafìf ccf niaei

jcftif&

0& Mit afsturif vcf iif lcfusdrapt vkkr punhadctai af iif taoesdmrabt as ”haji c nkx kb

dmkdkhctis& Qku fivir jfkw wmct yku'ri `kffc ìt‑ -Bkrrist @ulp( 3115!&



Umi alpcdt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi mcs nidkli tmi

eklafcft tkpad af M^ risicrdm& Chtmku`m c hcr`i nkey kb ilparadch

risicrdm mcs smkwf tmct M^L mcs c sunstcftach ibbidt kf dklpcfy

pirbkrlcfdi( hatthi risicrdm mcs niif ekfi kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyiis af tmas

HRM, Employee Well-being and Organizational Performance: a balanced perspective

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