HRA Pma.rev 2docx

8/6/2019 HRA Pma.rev 2docx

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction Page 1

2. Management of health hazards health hazards in engine room Page 4

3. Role of health surveillance Page 14

4. Health prevention and promotion Page 215. Role for occupational health service provider Page 25

6. Conclusion Page 26

7. References Page 27

8. Appendix Page 28


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Individual Assignment:

1. Identify the various common occupational health hazards in your job /workplace.2. Discuss whether environmental monitoring, biological monitoring, biological effect

monitoring, and/or medical surveillance have any role in managing each of those hazards

you identified. Provide details where applicable.

3. Suggest how health prevention and promotion can be included in the management of such

hazards at your workplace.4. Is there any role for an Occupational Health Service provider to help you manage those

health hazards? Discuss your answer.


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1.0 Introduction

Marine engineers working on board vessels are exceptional in their profession, having to

spend a large part of their lives at sea. Marine Engineers is responsible for the operation,

troubleshooting, repair and maintenance of shipboard engines and other machinery such as

generators, pumps, boilers, etc. They are exposed to occupational risk factors, as well as

environmental risk factors, as part of their normal, everyday activities. Most marine engineers

live and work under extremely hazardous conditions that can cause serious short term and

long-term damage to their health. Sarawak Shell engineering construction services

department currently chaptered 5 work barges and 4 work boats from contractor to carry out

hook up and commissioning (HUC) work at offshore installations in Sarawak and Sabah

water. Each work barge and work boat has 8 marine engineers on board. The marine

engineers normally stay on board for 60 days; go home for 2 weeks break and joint back

again. This assignment will look at the working condition and various occupational health

hazards for marine engineer who stay on board a work barge or a work boat.


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2.0 Management of health hazards in engine room

In a work barge or work boat, safety has always been the top priority, however not muchattention is paid to understand, appreciate occupational health risk for the marine engineers.

The awareness to occupational health risk is general found to be weak among the marine

engineers

Currently, number of marine engineers failed their offshore medical has increased. Many of

them fail in the hearing test. There is also an increase in the number of medical emergencycases and medical referral cases. Being a company who take cares of his employees and

contractors, Health Risk Assessment (HRA) had been included as part of the hazards and

effects management process (HEMP) of the HSE Case. The aims of the HRAs are to address

the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological health hazards associated

with work. HRA involves identification of health hazards in the work place, evaluate the risk

to health and decide on the control measures.

The management of common occupation health consists of the following main steps as

shown in figure 2 below.


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in the discussion. For chemicals hazardous to health, the pertinent information was obtainedfrom Material Safety Data Sheets, occupational and toxicology textbooks, and pertinent ShellGuides. A detailed observation and walkthrough of several work sites were also conducted toensure that most activities and process in engine room operations are included. Refer toappendix 1: Health inventory for engine room personnel

Step 2: D etermine the severity and likelihood of the threat of occupational health risk using risk assessment matrix. (RAM).

The risk (high, medium and low) of the hazard is assigned based on risk assessment matrix. Thosewith high and medium risk will go through detail appraisal.

Risk Assessment Matrix Increasing Probability

CONSEQUENCE A B C D E

HAZARDRATING

People Assets Env. Reputation

Occurred

elsewhere inthe worldbut not inthe Petro-ChemicalIndustry

Heard of

incident inPetro-ChemicalIndustry

Incident has

occurred inShellCompany

Happens

several timesper year inShell (Retail)Business

Happens

several timesper year in ourcountry retailoperation.

No healtheffect

Nodamage

Noeffect

Noimpact

LOW RISK

1 Slight healtheffect

Slightdamage

Slighteffect

Slightimpact

2 Minor healtheffect

Minordamage

Minoreffect

Limitedimpact

MEDIUMRISK


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Step 3: Detail appraisal of the health risk identified

For those risks with medium and low exposure rating, control measure and recovery measureneed to put in place. Control measures and recovery measures consists of health prevention

and promotion which will be described in detail section 3.

2.1 Ccommon occupational health hazards for marine engineer

The following main health hazards are identified:

1. Physical hazards associated with the work environment

a. Noise

b. Heat Stress

2. Chemical hazards associated with the work environmenta. Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions

b. Solvents in Paint (containing benzene, chromates, lead, urethane)

4. Biological hazards associated with the work environment


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reverberation on the walls. In a generally reverberant engine room, as a first approximation it

is reasonable to consider that the noise level is the same throughout the room, unless one isnext to a particularly noisy engine (less than 2 metres away).

Location dB(A)Low-speed diesel engine( Main Engines)

Medium-speed diesel engine for generator

Steam turbine

Reducer

Auxiliary boiler

Compressor

Water pump

100-105

105-110

85-95

80-90

95

85-100

80

Figure 4 Noise level in engine room

2.1.1.2 Noise induced hearing loss


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Fig 5: Audiometric curves of Marine engineers by ages (Median values,combined results from both ears).

In a more recent study, Parker found hearing loss in 26.8% of engineers, compared with 16%

of deck crew members and 9.9% of supervisors (these differences were statistically

significant).

2.1.2 Heat stress


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Heat exhaustion. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are headache, nausea, vertigo,

weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompttreatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly, however, for several reasons. One

is that the fainting associated with heat exhaustion can be dangerous because the victim may

be operating machinery or controlling an operation that should not be left unattended;

moreover, the victim may be injured when he or she faints.

Heat cramps are usually caused by performing hard physical labour in a hot environment.

These cramps have been attributed to an electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating. It is

important to understand that cramps can be caused by both too much and too little salt.

Cramps appear to be caused by the lack of water replenishment. Because sweat is a hypotonic

solution (0.3% NaCl), excess salt can build up in the body if the water lost through sweating

is not replaced. Thirst cannot be relied on as a guide to the need for water; instead, water

must be taken every 15 to 20 minutes in hot environments.

In heat collapse, the brain does not receive enough oxygen because blood pools in the

extremities. As a result, the exposed individual may lose consciousness. This reaction is

i il h f h h i d d ff h b d ' h b l H h


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2.2 Chemical hazards associated with the work environment

2.2.1 Diesel exhaust fumesIn a workboat, there are 2 x 2100 bhp main engines and 3 x 500 KW diesel engines driven

generator. Due to vibration, the exhaust bellow tends to crack and marine engineers are

exposed to the diesel exhaust fumes that leaked into the engine room. Diesel engine exhaust

emissions (commonly known as 'diesel fumes') are a mixture of gases, vapours, liquid

aerosols and substances made up of particles. They contain the products of combustion

including:

1. carbon (soot);

2. nitrogen;

3. water;

4. carbon monoxide;

5. aldehydes;

6. nitrogen dioxide;


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1. Inhalation

most solvents are "volatile", that is, they evaporate into the air very quickly. Thefumes, dusts, gases and vapours that result can then be breathed in and easily passed

through the lungs into the blood stream.

2. Ingestion

Solvent droplets can form in the hairs inside the nose, be sniffed in or swallowed.

Mouth contact with contaminated hands, food and cigarettes can also result in the

ingestion of solvents.

3. Skin Absorption

Solvents can be absorbed through the skin by direct contact and enter the bloodstream

in this way.

Different solvents have different health effects, which will depend on how exposure happens,

how much and for how long. Short-term effects can be caused by single exposures, often to a

large amount of solvent.

Short-term exposure can cause:


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Some solvents, for example, benzene, can cause cancer. Some solvents will have synergistic

effects with other hazards and drugs. This means that the solvent will have greater healtheffects when it is in combination with other hazards. For example, after using an organic

solvent, the effects from exposure will be greater if smoking soon afterwards.

2.3 Biological hazards associated with the work environment;

2.3.1 Bacteria in portable water.

In a workboat and work barge, the portable water is produced by reverse osmosis water

maker using sea water. The fresh water produced is stored inside the fresh water tank. The

water was passed through a UV sterili zer before distributed to accommod ation. Occasionally

this water is infected by bacteria or microorganisms. The microorganisms that have the most

significance to human health are those that cause disease, which are called pathogens.

Examples of common pathogens include bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella ,

protozoans such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium , and viruses such as hepatitis A and

Norwalk. Most of these pathogens are transmitted by what is called the faecal-oral route of

exposure; this means that faeces from an infected person or animal somehow (directly or

indirectly) get into a person's mouth. It is not possible to test drinking water regularly for the

f d b h l b


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bending, stretching, and heavy lifting to grasp and carry materials can be HFE/Ergonomic

risk factors that may lead to development of WMSDs involving the back, shoulders, legs,knees, and arms.

2.4.2 Maintenance

Equipment and spaces designed without the maintainer in mind can forces engineer to

assume awkward postures, use repetitive motions, exert excessive force, and be exposed tolong periods of hand/arm or whole body vibrations while performing maintenance. Some

valves onboard are difficult to reach. Stretching to reach and turning these valves can be

difficult and result in excessive strain on arm and back muscles. Constant strain can lead to

the development of painful and disabling WMSDs and worker fatigue, resulting in decreased

productivity and lack of concentration. Electrical and pneumatic hand tools are used forgrinding and scraping in preparation for painting and other maintenance or repair tasks.

Prolonged use of some types of vibrating hand tools (especially in awkward postures) are

associated with hand-arm discomfort and potential loss of functional abilities known as Hand

Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)


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recreation value of leisure time. Further, depending on weather, ship motion can be very

stressful. Severe seasickness can distinctly impair a marine engineer well-being onboard andmarine engineers suffering from it are incapable of changing it if they do not respond to

treatment or medication is not available on board.

The often observed lack of leisure time facilities, such as fitness rooms or social events, often

impairs marine engineer well-being on board ship. The occurrence of psycho emotional

stress of marine engineer is often associated with disturbed sexual life and with disturbed

working and resting regimes due to working in shift.

3.0 Role of health surveillance

Health surveillance consists of Environmental monitoring, biological monitoring, andbiological effect monitoring and medical surveillance.

Chemical Exposure Dose Toxic

ff

Metabolized

Excreted


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3. To collect, keep up to date and use data and information for identifying, evaluating,

managing and reporting hazard related effects on health.

4. To assure compliance with applicable laws and regulations which require medical

monitoring when employees are potentially exposed to certain substances at work.

In addition, this assessment provides the employees:

1. Opportunity to share their work-related health issues or concerns; and

2. Education on specific substances/agents and control measures required to minimize

exposure .

3 . 1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l m o n i t o r i n g

Exposure measurement and monitoring is done to determine existing environmental

conditions, contaminant or substance levels or rates in the (work) environment. In the area of

occupational health and hygiene, ambient monitoring is part of the exposure monitoring

strategy, and typically comprises of area monitoring, or personal monitoring, or both.


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alteration, a physiologic effect or a secondary clinical finding and obtaining a red blood cell

cholinesterase level in a worker with organophosphate pesticide exposure. The choice of

biological medium depends on kinetic factors, the convenience of sample collection and the

possibility of sample contamination.

Blood . Since this is the main vehicle for transport and distribution, most systematically active

substances and their metabolites can be found in blood. The medium is useful for inorganic

chemicals and for organic chemicals which are poorly metabolized and have a sufficiently

long half-life.

Urine . Urine collection is easier, less invasive and more readily accepted by workers. It is

usually suitable for water-soluble metabolites of organic substances and for some inorganic

substances. The concentration of a substance in urine usually reflects the mean plasma level

during the period of urine accumulation in the bladder. End of shift samples are appropriate

for rapidly excreted substances, such as solvents; 24-hour specimens (although rarely

collected) may be more representative in some cases. The concentration of a substance in

urine will depend on the rate of urine production, and correction of results on the basis of

creatinine concentration or density may be necessary. Contamination during collection can be

a source of error.


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Like any other clinical laboratory data, biological monitoring data need to be interpreted by a

physician. Some BLVs, i.e. those referring to urinary excretion, are expressed relative to

creatinine concentrations. In the first instance this refers to compounds for which the relevant

studies are documented only on the basis of urinary creatinine values.

3 . 3 M e d i c a l S u r v e i l l a n c e

Medical surveillance is the systematic assessment of employees exposed or potentially

exposed to occupational hazards. This assessment monitors individuals for adverse health

effects and determines the effectiveness of exposure prevention strategies. The fundamental

purpose of medical surveillance is to detect and eliminate the underlying causes such as

specific hazards or exposures, and it thus has a prevention focus . Analysis of specific group

results assists in the identification of potential problem areas and the effectiveness of existing

worksite preventive strategies. As such, surveillance serves as a feedback loop to the

employer.

When considering how to monitor for the development of adverse health effects from

exposures in the workplace it is important to consider the timeframe over which the health

effects manifest themselves.


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3.4 Role summary of Environment monitoring, Biological and biological effect monitoring and medical surveillance for marine Engineer

Occupational

hazard

Environmental monitoring Biological and biological effect monitoring Medical surveillance

Noise Conduct noise measurement on vessels duringinitial sea trial and subsequently every five years

or if there is major modification.

Purpose

Issue noise mapping report and put control

measures in places to control noise induced

hearing loss.

No person may encounter a 24-hour effective

noise level greater than 82 dB (A) when noise ismeasured using a sound-level meter and an A-

weighting filter.

Ear protection must be provided for any person

entering any space with a noise level greater than

85 dB (A).

Each entrance to a machinery space with a noise

level greater than 85 dB(A) must have a warning

sign stating that each person entering the space

must wear ear protection.

Nil Entry criteriaExposure to noise 85 dB (A) 8-hour TWA The assessment will identify early noiseinduced hearing loss in 99% of marine engineer and engine crews.

Purpose

To identify, evaluate and manage possible adverse health effects of noise on marineengineer and engine crews with potential exposure to Noise. In addition, this assessmentprovides

a) The employee an opportunity to share their issues or concerns

b) The health advisor an opportunity for health education on the hazards of Noise andcontrol measures including correct use of required PPE to minimize exposure.

Activities

Initial (Baseline) EvaluationNoise Health history Baseline Health status questionnaireFocused health evaluation (Otoscopic evaluation of external and middle ear) withemphasis on review of questionnaire and health educationBaseline audiogram (Testing of new employees likely to be exposed to >80 dB(A) 8-hour TWA followed by a repeat test within 6 12 months)Review evaluation, discuss outcome, provide recommendation and document results

Periodic EvaluationFrequency of audiometric testing:Every 2 years for all employees 85 dB(A) 8-hour TWANoise Health history - Interim Health status questionnaireClinical assessment of hearing lossIf the medical assessment reveals a classic work related NIHL, it is to be reported as anoccupational Illness (OI). For atypical or complicated hearing losses (unable todifferentiate NIHL or not), a referral to an otologist or ENT doctor should be considered.PPE Training: Should be included either in clinical assessment or as part of audiometrictestingReview evaluation, discuss outcome as well as any other employee issue or concern,provide recommendation and document results


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Heat Using wet bulb thermometer Temperature to take

temperature measurement at various location in

engine room.

Engineering control measures should be used to

prevent heat exposure including shielding,

insulation and ventilation.

Engineer should be given adequate rest periods

NIL Pre-placement and periodical medical examination

Diesel

exhaust

fumes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are

one of the most important and carcinogenic

components in diesel exhaust (DE). Therefore,

ambient PAHs concentrations were measured and

characterized for engine. Exposure assessment

for health effects of exposure to diesel exhaust

should focus on the measurement of specific

PAHs that are known carcinogens, such asbenzene; However, these compounds are

typically found at very low levels in the ambient

environment and are not unique to diesel exhaust.

Biological Monitoring of PAHs Exposure.

Pre- and Post-Shift Urinary 1-OHP

Concentrations. The mean concentration variation

of pre- and post-shift urinary 1-OHP among engine

room personnel during 4 consecutive sampling

days is used to determine the actual exposure level.

The observed urinary 1-OHP concentrations weremuch lower in this study than in other occupations

with similar environmental exposure levels (This is

probably because engine spent less than 50% of

work time in the diesel engine area during a full

work shift therefore the true personal exposures to

PAHs were likely to be overestimated by using the

ambient exposure values.

Entry criteria

PAH-exposure at or above 0.2 mg/m of air as an 8-hour TWA benzene soluble fraction

for 30 or more days/year.

Purpose

To identify, evaluate and manage possible adverse health effects of PAH in engine roompersonnel with potential exposure to PAH. In addition, this assessment provides

a) the employee an opportunity to share their issues or concerns; and

b) the health advisor an opportunity for health awareness and education on the hazards of

PAH and control measures required to minimize exposure

Initial (Baseline) Evaluation upon pre-employment or pre-placementHealth history - Baseline Health status questionnaire (Form: MS-Q1)Occupational Health history questionnaire (Form: MS-Q2)Focused health evaluation with emphasis on review of questionnaire including follow-upof abnormal responses and health educationAdvise workers: Smoking will increase the adverse effect of PAH exposure; dermaluptake is an important path of exposure; and be aware of occurrence, recognition andreporting of photosensitivityLaboratory test: Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Differential for baseline onlyReview evaluation, discuss outcome, provide recommendation and document resultsPeriodic Evaluation - every 2 yearsPAH Health history - Interim Health status questionnaire (Form: MS-Q3)


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Focused health evaluation with emphasis on review of questionnaire including follow-upof abnormal responses and health educationUrinary 1-hydroxypyrene: to demonstrate efficacy of controls and complianceReview evaluation, discuss outcome, provide recommendation, document results

Solvent and

thinners

Nil, Blood and urine test when engineer showing

symptoms like headaches, drowsiness or having

skin problem.

Nil

Bacterial in

drinking

water

Taking water sample and send for laboratory

analysis monthly. For water fail the test, the

water need to be changed.

Nil Nil

Manual

handling

Nil Nil Pre-placement and periodical medical examination

Stress and

cumulative

fatigue

Nil Nil Pre-placement and periodical medical examination


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4.0 Health prevention and promotion

Health prevention and promotion are the control measures put in place in the management of occupational hazards.

Goals of health prevention and promotion at the workplace/engine room

1. Improving health risk

2. Reducing medical care cost

3. Improving worker performance

4.1 Primary health prevention

Same like other hazards at worksite, the risk of occupational hazards can be prevented by

putting controls measure in place. Control measures are the interventions and actions of the

equipment, techniques, processes, protocols and education that help to eliminate or reduce the

levels of hazardous exposure. There are several levels of control measures that can be put in

place to deal with occupation health hazard adverse exposures. These are generally termed

the Hierarchy of Control (HOC). In order of reliability, effectiveness and likelihood of


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iterative process of reviewing hazards and controls should be implemented to ensure that a

continuous drive up the hierarch y of control is embedded in the operational culture.

Though personal protective equipment (PPE) should only be used as a last resort it can be a

valuable addition to any hazard control program and, in some instances, may be the only

effective option. When it is used it should be associated with a well planned program of

training, routine maintenance and replacement.

The following are examples of how the hierarchy of control might work in a specific instance.

Elimination

Remove a major emission source of particulates and various gases by replacing diesel

powered equipment, with electrically powered equipment.

Substitution

Electrically powered tools such as rock drills can emit lower levels of noise and vibration

than pneumatically powered ones.

Engineering (including isolation)

In engine room, Vibration reducing mountings and damping can reduce both vibration and

noise levels. The engine room design plays a large role in improving marine engineer comfort,

reducing exposure to noise, dust, muscular stresses, extreme temperatures and reducing


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4.2 Secondary prevention

This is accomplished by identifying health problems before they become clinically apparent

(i.e. before marine engineer report ill) and intervening to limit the adverse effects of problem.

This is also known as occupational disease surveillance. The underlying assumption is that

such early identification will result in a more favourable outcome.

An example of secondary prevention is the measurement of blood lead level in marine

engineer exposed to lead. An elevated blood level indicates a failure of primary prevention

but can allow for corrective action before clinically apparent lead poisoning occurs.

Corrective actions would be to improve the primary prevention activities listed above.

4.3 Tertiary prevention

This is accomplished by minimizing the adverse effects on health of a disease or exposure.

Typically this is thought of as clinical occupational medicine. An example of tertiary

prevention is the treatment of lead poisoning (headache, muscle and joint pain, abdominal

pain, anaemia, kidney dysfunction) by administration of chelating medication. The goal is to


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4.6 Noise induced hearing loss prevention program

In engine room, noise usually exceeds regulated limits; employers must have an effectivenoise control and hearing loss prevention program. The regulated limit for noise exposure in

is 85 decibels (dBA) for an eight-hour period, or an equivalent noise exposure of one Pascal-

squared hour (Pa2h).

The goal of a hearing loss prevention program is to reduce the noise exposure of mechanics

to a safe level and prevent occupational hearing loss. Hearing loss prevention programs mustaddress

1. Noise measurement

2. Education and training

3. Engineered noise control

4. Hearing protection

5. Posting of noise hazard areas

6. Hearing tests


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5. Investigate options for engineered noise control.

5.0 Role for occupational health service provider

In Sarawak Shell, occupational health service provider plays an important role in managing

the health hazard. The main role includes managements of workplace occupational health

risks, management of worker hazards, participating in emergency response planning and

emergency management, Provisions of clinical service and records keeping

5.1 Management of workplace occupational health risks

1. Identification and assessment of workplace hazards and risks.

Medical practitioner is part of the team who help to identify and assess the health

hazards and risks inside the engine room.

2. Recommendations of OH control measures and surveillance/ monitoring of

workplace and workers

3. Risk communication of hazards and control measures to management and workers


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11. Sickness absence and lost time injury review

12. Health promotion

13. Post employment medical examination

5.3 Participating in emergency response planning and emergency management

When there is medical emergency, the medic in the work barge will seek medical advice from

duty doctor. The doctor will assess the situation and activate Medevac if necessary.

5.4 Provisions of clinical service

Health service providers are providing clinical service like environmental monitoring,

biological monitoring, biological effect monitoring, medical surveillance and etc.

5.5 Records keeping

In Shell medical records keeping is outsourced to health service provider. All MS including

biologic monitoring evaluations as recorded in employee's medical records are considered

most confidential and should be recorded and maintained in accordance with the SHS


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7.0 References

1. Industrial safety management; LM Deshmukh,

2. Job hazard analysis; James E. Roughton, Nathan Crutchfield

3. Occupational safety and health ACT 1994 (ACT 514) regulations and orders (March

2009)4. Factories and Machinery act 1967 (ACT 139), regulation and rules (January 2009)

5. Procedures and Guidance concerning Medical Surveillance Evaluation of Employees,Shell international

6. Occupational health, a manual for primary health care workers; WHO-EM/OCH/85/E/L

7. Good practise guidance on occupational health risk assessment; ICMM

8. Diesel engine exhaust Emissions; HSE health and safety executive

9. Thermal environment on ocean going oil tanker; K.J. Collins, T.P.Eddy

10. Occupational risks and challenges of seafaring; Marcus Oldenburg, xaver baur


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Appendix 1 Hazards inventory

HAZARDSEFFECTS

Code Type Hazard Distribution situations or activities Acute Effects (Harm to People) Chronic Effects (Harm to People) RAM

CH1 CHEM Gas oils (Automotive,Industrial grade)

1. Machinery Operations

Irritation to skin and eyes on inhalation of mist, deflating of skin, headache, nausea; may aspirate and cause lunginflammation if swallowed

3D-M

Prolonged or repeated skin contact may leadto dermatitis. Lung fibrosis from oil mistinhalation. Potential carcinogen.

3C-M

CH2 CHEM Grease 6. Engr & Maint

May be mildly irritating to the eyes. 2B-L

Prolonged skin contact may result indermatitis, oil acne or folliculitis

2B-L

CH3 CHEMHydraulic Oil/Lubricant

Oil 6. Engr & Maint

May be mildly irritating to the eyes and skin (prolongedcontact)

2B-L

Dermatitis in predisposed persons 3B-L

CH4 CHEM Asbestos (CAG)

6. Engr & MaintIrritant to eyes and respiratory tract 3C-M

Lung cancer from prolonged exposure (Cat 1Carcinogen)

4B-M

Dermatitis may result from repeated solventexposure. Paint base of Chromates may causecancer, and organic lead-based paint mayhave reproductive effects. Urethane based

aint may cause sensitization.

3B-L

CH6 CHEMDiesel Engine Exhaust

Emissions

1. Machinery Operations Irritant to eye and respiratory track 2C-L

Prolonged exposure suspected to cause

cancer

4B-M

Repeated exposure causes chronic bronchitis 4C-M


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29

HAZARDSEFFECTS

Code Type Hazard Distribution situations oractivities

Acute Effects (Harm to People) Chronic Effects (Harm toPeople)

RAM

PH1 PHYS Noise Mechanics carry out watchkeeping in engine room

Acute: Impact noise: rupture ofeardrum; acoustic trauma.Loud steady noise: Temporarythreshold shift

Chronic: Noise induced hearingloss (Permanent thresholdshift); tinnitus (ringing in theears)

3D-M

PH2 PHYS Heat Stress Mechanic carry out watchkeeping and maintenancework in engine room

Acute: Heat stroke leading to death(lesser symptoms: exhaustion, cramps,rash, fatigue)

4B-M


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30

HAZARDSEFFECTS



RAM

E1 ERG Poor workplace or taskdesign leading to e.g.awkward, repetitive andstatic postures,movements, excessivestretching, bending,pushing, pulling, forceexertion.

Inaccessible equipment orinsufficient space for the taskto be carried out efficientlyand effectively.

Acute: Impaired or unsafeperformance; Musculoskeletaldisorder

3C-M

E2 ERG Chronic: Musculoskeletal andrepetitive strain injury

3C-M

E3 ERG Manual materials handling Acute: Impaired or unsafeperformance; Musculoskeletal illness

3D-M

E4 ERG Chronic: Musculoskeletal illness;repetitive strain illness

3C-M

E5 ERG Engine room Lighting Taking engine logs androutine maintenance

Eye Strain. Very Low light level maypredispose a worker to accidents e.g.slips & falls, trips

3C-M


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31

HAZARDSEFFECTS



RAM

B1 BIO Food and drinkcontaminated withmicro-organisms, e.g.salmonella

Contaminated food and/or drinkprovided by the Company,examples of sources: sale ofperishable foods at Distributionoutlets, vending machines,kitchens, small foodpreparation areas, drinkingwater supplies

Acute: e.g. food poisoning; hepatitis A,amoebic dysentery

2D-M or4B-M

B2 BIO Water borne pathogen -Legionella bacteria

Present in drinking water Acute: Pontiac fever (mildest form ofinfection); Legionnaires' disease -pneumonia (severest form of infection -may be fatal); dependent on the strain oflegionella bacteria

4B-M

B3 BIO Bacterial and fungalgrowth in air-conditioning systems

Air-conditioned offices withhumidifiers9. Office & Despatch

Acute: Humidifier fever, bacterial/fungaltransmission

2C-L


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32

HAZARDSEFFECTS



RAM

PS1 PSY Long and irregularworking hours; workingcycles; shift work;excessive workload

6 on 6 off watch keeping Acute: Incidents as a result of fatigue.Impaired or unsafe performance.Irritability.

2C-L

PS2 PSY Chronic: Symptoms of sleeppattern disruption. Leading toanxiety and fatigue.

3C-M

PS3 PSY Mismatch of workenvironment tocognitive skills,capabilities andlimitations of workforce

Requiring individuals to monitora process without trying toreduce their level of boredomby giving them a higher taskload, asking a worker to

supervise something of whichthey are not capable. Note:resulting adverse effectsdependent on the individual(s)concerned

Acute: Impaired or unsafe performance(may lead to a safety incident orproduction loss with greater potentialconsequence)

2C-L

PS4 PSY Chronic: physical signs offatigue and stress

4C-M


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