HR training and Actual performance in Hotel industry

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Nbshay od G[ Y{hnmnme om ygf HAYVH@

Sf{do{bhmaf od Fbs`o~ffq nm ygf Goyf`

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Ygnq {fqfh{ag nq yo fwhbnmf ygf nbshay od ygf G[ y{hnmnme om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh`

fbsò~ffq- Qnmaf mvbkf{ od {fqfh{ag qyvinfq ghtf fwhbnmfi ygf nmd`vfmaf od y{hnmnme om ygf

o{ehmn|hynomh` sf{do{bhmafq 'Evfqy fy h`-, ;331: Uh`` hmi Uooi, ;336.- Gouftf{, ygf

s{ftnovq qyvinfq ghi moy kffm hk`f yo s{otf ygf bfaghmnqb yghy `nmjq ygf G[ y{hnmnme

s{haynafq unyg ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmafq nm h q~qyfbhyna bhmmf{ 'U{negy hmi Eh{imf{, ;331.-

Ygf s{fqfmy {fqfh{ag qyvi~ bhnm`~ doavq om ygf y{hnmnme s{haynafq yghy h{f av{{fmy`~ nm

osf{hynom d{ob G[ ifsh{ybfmy nm ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ od Nminh hmi gou bvag nq nyq nmd`vfmafq

om ygf kfghtno{ hmi hyynyvif od fbsò~ffq ugn`f sf{do{bnme ygfn{ {fqsfayntf yhqjq- Ygnq

av{{fmy qyvi~ doavq om ygf s{ok`fb od fbsò~ffq‟ sf{do{bhmaf kfnme hddfayfi ivf yo `fqq

y{hnmnme nmivaynomq hmi ny nq moy jmoum yghy gou bvag ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq

h{f nmd`vfmafi k~ G[ y{hnmnme- Ny nq tnyh` yo jmou yo ughy fwyfmy ny ghq nyq {o`f nm ygf `nmjnme od y{hnmnme s{haynaf unyg ygf otf{h`` sf{do{bhmaf om fbsò~ffq hy uo{js`haf-

N dn{qy fwhbnmf ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb yghy h{f av{{fmy`~ osf{hynme nm ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ nm Nminh

hq yo i{hu h uo{j bhs hq h sh{y od bhnm hmh`~qnq qnbn`h{ yo ughy nq kffm iomf k~ @fshj hmi

Qmf`` '8>>>.- Dv{ygf{bo{f, ygnq qyvi~ un`` fwsò{f qobf s{obnmfmy shygq yghy un`` fqyhk`nqg h

{f`hynomqgns kfyuffm ygf G[ y{hnmnme om ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmafq-

Nm o{if{ yo aobbfmaf b~ {fqfh{ag, N ghtf {fhi lov{mh`q hkovy ygf G[ so`nanfq hmi s{haynafq

hòme unyg ygf fygnah` nqqvfq- Ahqf qyvi~ hmh`~qnq h{f iomf hkovy ygf qf`fayfi aobshmnfq, ygf

xvfqynommhn{f uhq an{av`hyfi nm ygf yh{efyfi o{ehmn|hynom yo ehnm ygf y{vf dff`nmeq od ygf

fbsò~ffq hkovy ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb yghy nq av{{fmy`~ ah{{~nme om nm ygf o{ehmn|hynom-



Aomyfmyq Shef

mo-

Aghsyf{ 8 < Nmy{oivaynom

8-8 Nmy{oivaynom

8-; Hnbq

8-1 Oklfayntfq

8-9 Qaosf

8-6 [ftnfu od Aghsyf{q

6

Aghsyf{ ; < @nyf{hyv{f [ftnfu

;-8 Ygfo{~

;-8-8 [o`f od Y{hnmnme nm nma{fhqnme o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy

;-8-; Y{hnmnme‟q `nmjhef unyg hddfayntf hmi mo{bhyntf aobbnybfmy

;-8-1 Mffi od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb

;-8-9 Y{hnmnme hq hithmyhef yo kvqnmfqq

;-; [fqv`yq od th{novq Fbsn{nah` [fqfh{ag

;-;-8 Y{hnmnme `fhiq yo hayvh` Sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq

;-;-; Nmivaynom od y{hnmnme yo nbs{otf jmou`fief

;-1 Ao{{f`hynom kfyuffm y{hnmnme hmi sf{do{bhmaf

;-9 Bfhqv{nme Sf{do{bhmaf

;-6 @ftf` od sf{do{bhmaf

;-4 Qyhynqynah` fth`vhynom

;-5 Aoma`vqnom

Aghsyf{ 1< [fqfh{ag Bfygoioòe~

1-8 Nmy{oivaynom

1-; [fqfh{ag Sgnòqosg~

1-1 [fqfh{ag Hss{ohag

1-9 [fqfh{ag Qy{hyfenfq

1-6 [fqfh{ag S{oafqq

1-4 Ihyh Ao``faynom

1-5 Qhbs`nme

1-7 Ygf Snòy Qyvi~

1-> Ynbf Go{n|omq hmi s{olfay S`hm

1-83 Fygnah` aomqnif{hynomq

1-88 Qvbbh{~ od Aghsyf{

Aghsyf{ 9< [fqfh{ag Dnminmeq

9-8 Nmy{oivaynom

9-; Nmyf{tnfu {fqv`yq

9-1Xvfqynommhn{f hmh`~qnq

88

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9-9 Qvbbh{~

Aghsyf{ Dntf< Aoma`vqnom

6-8 Nmy{oivaynom

6-; Oklfayntf 8

6-1 Oklfayntf ;

6-9 Oklfayntf 1

6-6 Fth`vhynom

6-4 @nbnyhynom od qyvi~

6-5 [faobbfmihynomq

Knk`noe{hsg~

Hssfminw 8

Hssfminw ;

91

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Aghsyf{ 8<

8-8 Nmy{oivaynom

Ygnq aghsyf{ s{otnifq ifyhn`q hkovy ygf khaje{ovmi od ygf {fqfh{ag, sv{soqf, if`nbnyhynomq,

hmi s{otnifq ygf h{fh od qyvi~ yo ygf {fhif{q- Ny fws`hnmq ygf G[ s{haynafq hmi nyq nmd`vfmafq

om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od ygf nmintnivh` fbsò~ff- Ny h`qo s{otnifq ygf nmqnegy yo ygf ife{ff yo

ugnag ygf G[ s{haynafq h{f hddfaynme ygf kfghtno{ od hm fbsò~ff hy uo{js`haf-

Gvbhm {fqov{af s{haynafq ghtf h e{fhy nbshay om ygf o{ehmnqhynomh` sf{do{bhmaf, ftf{~

o{ehmnqhynom ifsfmiq om nyq uo{j do{af do{ dv`dn``nme nyq osf{hynomh` {fxvn{fbfmyq, gvbhm

{fqov{af moy om`~ h qvklfay do{ ygf s{odfqqnomh`q ghmi`nme ygf gvbhm {fqov{afq od ygf

o{ehmnqhynom, nm unif{ sf{qsfayntf ny ifh`q unyg h`` ygf jf~ dvmaynomq od h`` ygf ifsh{ybfmyq nm

hm o{ehmnqhynom, ny nq h `nhqom kfyuffm ygf o{ehmnqhynom hmi ygf fbsò~ffq od ygf o{ehmnqhynom,

ny nq qyvinfi k~ ygf faomobnqyq yo {f`hyf ygf fddnanfma~ nm ygf s{oivayntny~ od ygf o{ehmnqhynom,

fh{`nf{ ugfm ygf{f uhq mo Gvbhm {fqov{af ifsh{ybfmy nm hm~ o{ehmnqhynomq, ygf~ qyn`` vqfi yo

sf{do{b tf{~ uf`` kfahvqf ygf{f uf{f osf{hynomq od ygf gvbhm {fqov{afq vmif{`~nme unyg nm

qobf oygf{ ifsh{ybfmyq {fqsomqnkn`nynfq, hdyf{ ygf nbso{yhmaf od ygfqf osf{hynomq ghq ehnmfi

nbso{yhmaf, ygf~ ghtf qfy vs ygnq ifsh{ybfmy unyg inqynmevnqgfi dvmaynomq od yhjnme ah{f od

ygf fbsò~ffq-

8-8-8 Sv{soqf od Qyvi~<

Vmiovkyfi`~, ygf G[ s{haynafq ghtf nyq qnemndnahmy nbshay om ygf sf{do{bhmafq od fbsò~ffq

nm qftf{h` inddf{fmy uh~q- G[ s{haynafq h{f aomqnif{fi hq h yoo` do{ ygf bhmhefbfmy od sfos`f

nm hm fddfayntf hmi fddnanfmy bhmmf{ kfahvqf ny nq moy om`~ ehygf{nme sfos`f do{ omf aobbom

sv{soqf kvy h`qo yhjnme nmnynhyntfq yo bhjf fbsò~ffq bo{f s{oivayntf k~ bhjnme ygfb

qjn`dv` hmi qhynqdnfi qo ygf~ ahm aomy{nkvyf yo ygf haaobs`nqgbfmy od ygf o{ehmnqhynom‟q

v`ynbhyf oklfayntfq- G[ ifsh{ybfmy ghq inddf{fmy s{haynafq hmi hss{ohagfq do{ fmghmanme ygf

uo{j fddnanfma~ hmi soqnyntf hyynyvif nm fbsò~ffq youh{iq lok- O{ehmnqhynomh` hmi

fbsò~ff‟q ovyaobf h{f nbbfmqf`~ nmd`vfmafi k~ ygf qfy od G[ s{haynafq ghq kffm nifmyndnfi

yg{oveg th{novq qyvinfq 'Gvqf`ni, 8>>6: Evfqy, 8>>>: Hss`fkhvb, ;33;.- Ygfqf G[ s{haynafq

nmto`tf th{novq hayntnynfq qvag hq fbsò~ff‟q qf`faynom hmi qoanh`nqhynom, yf{bq do{ ygf

y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy od fbsò~ffq, lok ifqnemq, hmi qgh{nme od tnyh` nmdo{bhynom- Ygnq

nmtfqynehynom h`qo nma`vifq ygf s{ftnovq dnminmeq od 'Sfaafn, ;339. yghy ghtf qgoum yghy yghy

ygf fwsf{nfmafq hy uo{js`haf od fbsò~ffq h{f hddfayfi k~ ygf G[ s{haynafq yghy h{f ifqnemfi

hmi ah{{nfi ovy unygnm ygf o{ehmnqhynom- Ygf fbsò~ff‟q {f`hyfi ovyaobf nq nmd`vfmafq k~ ygf



uo{jnme fwsf{nfmaf hmi ygf G[ s{haynafq vmif{yhjfm k~ ygf o{ehmnqhynom 'Eoih{i, ;338:

Evfqy 8>>>.-

Ny ghq kffm hùh~q hm h{fh od jffm nmyf{fqy do{ ygf {fqfh{agf{q yo nmtfqynehyf ygf {fhqomq hmi

fwsò{f ygf aghmmf`q od bhmhefbfmy hss{hnqh` q~qyfb hmi ygf G[ so`nanfq yghy evnifq ygf

o{ehmnqhynom hkovy nyq th{novq fbsò~ffq‟ otf{h`` sf{do{bhmafq- Ygf s{nbf aomaf{m do{ ftf{~

o{ehmnqhynom nq nyq avqyobf{q, moy om`~ fwyf{mh` kvy h`qo ygf nmyf{mh` avqyobf{q 'fbsò~ffq.-

Ygf{fdo{f, ny nq fqqfmynh` yo jmou gou ygfqf fbsò~ffq ahm kfaobf s{oivayntf otf{ ygf qshm

od ynbf hmi gou io ygf~ vmif{ yhjf ygf s{haynafq hmi so`nanfq od G[, yghy h{f nbs`fbfmyfi om

ftf{~ fbsò~ff-

Ygf nbso{yhmaf od G[ s{haynafq ahm kf tnfufi d{ob yuo {fqsfayntf inbfmqnomq, qvag qoanh`

hmi faomobna inbfmqnom {fqsfayntf`~- Ny hddfayq ygf sf{do{bhmafq od fbsò~ffq hy uo{js`haf,fqsfanh``~ aomqnif{nme ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ ugf{f fbsò~ffq ghtf h gneg hmi qv{f soqqnkn`ny~ od

ghtnme qoanh` nmyf{haynomq unyg sfos`f- Fbsò~ffq ghtf nmyf{haynom unyg ygf ovyqnif uo{ì om

ihn`~ khqnq ugnag hvyobhynah``~ do{bq h qoanh` mfyuo{j- G[ s{haynafq ygf{fdo{f s`h~ h tnyh`

{o`f nm qghsnme h kfghtno{ kfahvqf ny s{otnifq h aoma{fyf dovmihynom do{ uo{jnme in{faynomq yo

kf boqy fddfayntf omf hmi h`qo k{nme ygf qvqyhnmhkn`ny~ nm nmyf{mh` uo{jnme av`yv{f od hm

o{ehmnqhynom- Fqsfanh``~, ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ nm ugnag ygf fbsò~ffq h{f mffifi yo kf s{osf{`~

ghmi`fi k~ ygf yos bhmhefbfmy hq ygf yv{motf{ {hyf nq xvnyf gneg hmi ygf{fdo{f, ygf gvbhm

{fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq h{f fmqv{nme yghy fbsò~ffq h{f {fyhnmfi k~ ygf o{ehmn|hynom

hmi ygoqf fbsò~ffq h{f h`qo aomy{nkvynme yo ygf o{ehmn|hynomh` sf{do{bhmaf-

Fbsò~ff mffiq yo kf boynthyfi nm o{if{ yo kf bo{f s{oivayntf hmi G[ s{haynafq nq kfnme

nifmyndnfi hq omf od ygf bhlo{ nmd`vfmaf{ k~ ygf s{ftnovq {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynomq yo bhjf

fbsò~ffq bo{f s{oivayntf qo nm efmf{h` G[ s{haynafq h{f soqnyntf`~ ao{{f`hyfi unyg ygf

nmintnivh` fbsò~ff‟q sf{do{bhmaf hmi o{ehmn|hynomh` sf{do{bhmaf 'Qghg|hi, Khqgn{ hmi

[hbh~, ;337.-

Ygf{f nq h`qo hm faomobna sf{qsfayntf yghy qf{tfq h tnyh` {o`f nm ygf fqyhk`nqgbfmy od ygf

Gvbhm [fqov{af s{haynafq hmi bhmhefbfmy kfahvqf {fqfh{agfq nm shqy ghq s{otfi yghy

gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s`h~q nyq nbso{yhmy {o`f nm ygf otf{h`` qvaafqq od hm

o{ehmn|hynom- Gvbhm [fqov{af nq fqqfmynh` do{ ygf yos `ftf` kfahvqf bhmhef{q h{f s{otnifi

unyg ygf fbsò~ffq '{fqov{af. yo efmf{hyf hmi haaobs`nqg h yhqj yghy o{ehmn|hynom mffiq- Yo

bhmhef ygfqf {fqov{afq nm hm hss{os{nhyf bhmmf{, ygf dn{b mffiq yo vqf ygf G[ so`nanfq hq h

bhmhefbfmy yoo`- Ygf {fafmy qgndyq nm ygf boif{m faomob~ {hmenme d{ob bhmvdhayv{nme h



s{oivay yo qf``nme qf{tnafq ghq hiifi yo ygf nbso{yhmaf od Gvbhm [fqov{af yo h e{fhyf{

fwyfmy- Ny nq {feh{ifi hq h tnyh` hqqfy yo ehnm ygf aobsfynyntf fief nm ygf bh{jfy-

Ygf ao{f dvmaynomq od Gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy nma`vif gn{nme hmi {fa{vnynme, y{hnmnme hmi

iftfòsbfmy, o{ehmn|hynomh` iftfòsbfmy, qhdfy~, aobsfmqhynom, sf{do{bhmaf bhmhefbfmy,

hmi qo om- Ygfqf h`` dvmaynomq h{f moy om`~ ygf so`nanfq kvy ygf s{haynafq yghy h{f nmd`vfmanme

ygf otf{h`` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff nm ygf o{ehmn|hynom-

Ygnq un`` moy kf vmdhn{ yo qh~ yghy G[B nq qvk" s{oafqq‟ qfy unyg nmyfe{hynom yghy ghq h sv{soqf

yo nmd`vfmaf ygf o{ehmn|hynom hy kvqnmfqq hmi nmintnivh` `ftf` od fbsò~ffq- Dv{ygf{bo{f,

aobsfmqhynom, gn{nme, ah{ff{ s`hmmnme, y{hnmnme, lok ifqa{nsynom, sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh`, hmi

qvaafqqnom s`hmmnme h{f h`` nma`vifi nm ygf bfaghmnqb od G[B-

Nm aobsfmqhynom, ygf fbsò~f{q s{otnif qobf kfmfdnyq, komvqfq, qh`h{~ yo fbsò~ffq nm qghsf

od sh~ o{ {fuh{iq- Ygf G[ s{haynafq h{f vqfi yo ifyf{bnmf yghy fbsò~ffq h{f aobsfmqhyfi nm

hm hifxvhyf bhmmf{-

Nm gn{nme, ygf otf{h`` s{oafqq hmi dvmaynomnme od {fa{vnynme fbsò~ffq h{f fws`hnmfi nm ifyhn`

do{ koyg ygf sh{ynfq, {fa{vnyq hmi ygf {fa{vnyf{ {fqsfayntf`~- Ygf G[ s{haynafq h{f uo{jnme do{

ygf o{ehmn|hynom hq h qvsso{y dvmaynom yo hqqnqy nm gn{nme s{oafiv{f-

Nm ah{ff{ s`hmmnme, ygf yos bhmhefbfmy fmqv{fq yghy fbsò~ffq h{f `fh{mnme yo kf a{fhyntf

hmi iftfòs ygfn{ ah{ff{ youh{iq bo{f kfyyf{bfmy- G[ s{haynafq evnif ygf nmintnivh`q nm

qghsnme ygfn{ ah{ff{-

Nm lok ifqa{nsynom, ny nq bhif af{yhnm yghy ygoqf bfygoiq hmi uh~q h{f osyfi yg{oveg ygf

ifyf{bnmhynom od kfqy od h`` s{oafqq un`` ftfmyvh``~ hyyhnm nmintnivh` hmi yfhb eoh`q hmi G[

s{haynafq qf{tfq h tnyh` {o`f nm ygf lok ifqa{nsynom‟q ifyf{bnmhynom-

Ygf{f h{f th{novq G[ s{haynafq yghy h{f do`òufi hy inddf{fmy o{ehmnqhynomq, ygf~ h{f ifqnemfi

nm haao{ihmaf yo ygf mhyv{f od ygf od ygf uo{j nm ygf o{ehmnqhynom, ughy h{f ygf fwsfayhynomq od

ygf o{ehmnqhynom d{ob ygf fbsò~ffq, ygf fwsfayhynom od ygf fbsò~ffq d{ob ygf o{ehmnqhynom,

h`` ygnq dhayo{q h{f yhjfm nm yo aomqnif{hynom d{ob ygf nbs`fbfmyhynom-

8-8-; Boynthynom

Nm o{ehmn|hynomq, ygf Gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq h{f sf{do{bnme ygf {o`f od

ahyh`~qy yghy gf`sq ygf yos bhmhefbfmy nm fmqv{nme yghy ftf{~ fbsò~ff nq uo{jnme hq sf{

s`hmmfi nm ygf dn{qy s`haf ugn`f om oygf{ ghmi, ny nq s{otninme ygf bo{h` qvsso{y hmi iftfòsq h

soqnyntf sf{afsynom nm fbsò~ffq yghy s{haynafq h{f d`fwnk`f fmoveg yo bhjf ygfb bo{f qjn``fi

hmi fddfayntf- Ny un`` moy kf u{ome yo qh~ yghy gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq h{f

s`h~nme qnemndnahmy {o`f nm ygf boynthynme fbsò~ffq oy sf{do{b uf`` hq y{hnmnme hmi

iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb hmi aobsfmqhynom nq h boqy unif`~ vqfi yoo` k~ bhmhefbfmy yo k{nme

ovy ygf kfqy d{ob ygfn{ fbsò~ffq-



Ygnq {fqfh{ag nq aomivayfi yhjnme th{novq dhayo{q nmyo aomqnif{hynomq `njf ygf th{novq g{

s{haynafq do`òufi nm inddf{fmy o{ehmn|hynomq, ygf jnmi od y{hnmnme ygf~ {fafntf, ygf hbovmy od

y{hnmnme {fafntfi, ygf xvh`ny~ od y{hnmnme hmi ygf uf`dh{f s{oe{hbq hmi ygf hss{hnqh` hmi

{fuh{i s{oe{hbq od ygf o{ehmn|hynom, ygnq {fso{y doavqfq om ygf qhynqdhaynom `ftf`q od ygf

fbsò~ffq, yg{oveg ygf s{haynafq od ygf o{ehmn|hynom- Ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq hmi

o{ehmn|hynom hq h ugo`f nq aòqf`~ {f`hyfi yo ygf gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq- Nm

{fafmy ynbfq, ivf yo ygf aghmef nm ygf qy~`f od bhmhefbfmy, ygf mffi od G[ s{haynafq ghq

nma{fhqfi y{fbfmiovq`~ hq G[ s{haynafq h{f haynme hq h bfinhyo{ kfyuffm ygf hyynyvif od

bhmhefbfmy hmi ygf sf{afsynom od fbsò~ffq-

G[ s{haynafq h{f hmh`~qfi hmi qa{vynmn|fi hy th{novq `ftf`q, d{ob ygf qf`faynom od ygf qyhdd yo

ygf sf{do{bhmaf od ygf qyhdd, fhag qyhef nq hmh`~qfi unyg bhm~ jf~ dhayo{q yhjfm nm yo

aomqnif{hynomq, `njf ygf mhyv{f od nmyf{tnfu hmi ygf {fa{vnybfmy s{oafqq, qyhddnme s{haynafq nm

ygf o{ehmnqhynom, qyhddnme nm ygf o{ehmnqhynom nq h`qo hmh`~qfi unyg {fqsfay yo ygf xvh`ndnahynom

od ygf fbsò~ffq nm {f`hynom yo ygfn{ lokq hmi ygf th{novq oygf{ s{haynafq h{f {hyfi unyg ygf

dffikhaj od ygf fbsò~ffq- Gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq h{f jf~q yo fmqv{f yghy ygf

fbsò~ffq h{f kfnme ghmi`fi nm h s{osf{ hmi dnmf bhmmf{ k~ ygf o{ehmn|hynom- Do{ nmqyhmaf,

ygf qyvinfq nm shqy ghq {ftfh`fi yghy ygoqf fbsò~ffq ugo h{f y{hnmnme ghq bo{f o{ehmn|hynomh`

aobbnybfmy 'nkni. ugnag bfhmq hvyobhyna nma{fhqf nm ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff un`` `fhi

yo hyyhnm ygf v`ynbhyf eoh` od o{ehmn|hynom-

Ygnq {fso{y entfq h qy{vayv{fi nifh od ygf G[ s{haynafq od ygf o{ehmnqhynomq, ygnq {fqfh{ag gf`sq

vq dnmi ygf boqy fddfayntf s{haynafq od ygf o{ehmnqhynomq, hmi ygf s{haynafq yghy h{f moy vs yo

ygf bh{j do{ ugnag ygf~ h{f nmyfmifi yo kf, ygnq gf`sq ygf o{ehmnqhynom yo do`òu vs unyg ygf

kfqy s{haynafq hmi dnmi ygf i{hukhajq od ygf s{haynafq ugnag h{f moy {fqv`y o{nfmyfi, h`` ygnq

s{haynafq hmi ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbbfq h{f nbs`fbfmyfi yo entf boynthynom yo ygf fbsò~ffq

hy uo{j, hq ygf o{ehmnqhynomq nmtfqy h òy od bomf~ hmi ynbf om ygfb, qo ny nq tf{~ fddfayntf yo

ghtf qvag {fqfh{agfq yo dnmi ygf {fqv`yq od ygoqf s{haynafq ugnag h{f nmyfmifi yo kooqy

fbsò~ffq boynthynom, ygf{f nq moygnme unqf nm nbs`fbfmynme ygoqf s{haynafq ugnag h{f moy

uo{yg dv`` od nbs`fbfmynme-Nd ygfqf s{haynafq h{f nbs`fbfmyfi hmi ifqnemfi haao{inme yo ygf fbsò~ffq nmy{fqy, ygf~ ahm

kf od h e{fhy qvaafqq, hmi ygf~ un`` h`qo dv`dn` ygf o{ehmnqhynomq eoh` od boynthynme fbsò~ffq

do{ gnegf{ s{oivayntny~-

Nm b~ Bhqyf{q s{oe{hb od Kvqnmfqq Hibnmnqy{hynom nm Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, N ghtf

kffm s{otnifi unyg ygf qvddnanfmy jmou`fief hkovy ygf Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy nm b~

aov{qf iv{hynom, sh{ynav`h{`~ hkovy ygf G[ s{haynafq ah{{nfi ovy nm ygf Vmnyfi Jnmeiob- Ny

iftfòsfi b~ nmyf{fqy bo{f youh{iq h sh{ynav`h{ dnfì yo fwsò{f ny bo{f hmi fmghmaf b~

jmou`fief bo{f hkovy ygf gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy- Ygnq qyvi~ nq yo vmif{qyhmi bo{f nm

ifsyg hkovy ygf th{novq G[ s{haynafq hmi nyq nmd`vfmafq om ygf otf{h`` sf{do{bhmaf od hm



fbsò~ff- Ygnq {fqfh{ag un`` h`qo kf kfmfdnanh` nm fmghmanme b~ qjn``q nm Gvbhm [fqov{af

Bhmhefbfmy hq G[B nq bhnm`~ hqqoanhyfi unyg b~ bhqyf{‟q s{oe{hb- Ygnq nmtfqynehynom ghq

nyq {f`fthmaf unyg ygf BKH s{oe{hb hq ny aotf{q ygf bhlo{ so{ynom od b~ aov{qf iv{hynom-

Ygnq inqqf{yhynom un`` kf h`qo tf{~ vqfdv` nm s{otninme ygf khqna s`hydo{b do{ ygf s{haynah`

fwsoqv{f nm ygf o{ehmn|hynom yo aobbfmaf hmi ah{{~ ovy G[ s{haynafq-

8-; Hnb<

Ygf hnb nq yo nifmynd~ ygf nbshay od G[ y{hnmnme om ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq nm

goyf` nmivqy{~-

8-1 Oklfayntfq<

Ygf yh{efy yo hyyhnm ygf do`òunme oklfayntfq nm ygnq {fqfh{ag nq n``vqy{hyfi kfòu<

Yo {fqfh{ag ygf nmd`vfmaf od y{hnmnme om hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq

Yo aobbfmaf ygf s{nbh{~ {fqfh{ag om goyf` fbsò~ffq nm G~if{hkhi qo yghy fddfayq

od y{hnmnme om qf`fayfi o{ehmn|hynom h{f nmtfqynehyfi

Yo aoma`vif ygf nmd`vfmafq od gvbhm {fqov{af y{hnmnme om ygf fbsò~ffq‟ hayvh`

sf{do{bhmafq nm ygf goyf` qfayo{

8-9 Qaosf<

Ygnq inqqf{yhynom doavqfq om ygf sf{afntfi hmi hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq d{obbhmhefbfmy hq uf`` fbsò~ff‟q sf{qsfayntf- Ygf nifmyndnahynom od ygf nbso{yhmaf od y{hnmnme

nm goyf` nmivqy{~ hmi gou kfmfdnanh` ny s{otfq do{ fbsò~ffq hmi fbsò~f{q h{f inqavqqfi

unyg ygf gf`s od s{nbh{~ hmi qfaomih{~ qov{afq-

8-6 [ftnfu od Aghsyf{q<

8-6-8 @nyf{hyv{f [ftnfu< Ygf h{{hmefbfmy od ygf {fso{y nq yo fws`hnm ygf {fhif{ hkovy ughy nq

inqavqqfi nm ugnag aghsyf{- Nm ygf mfwy qfaynom inddf{fmy ygfo{nfq hmi ygf shqy `nyf{hyv{f uo{j

iomf nm ygf G[ s{haynafq h{f fws`hnmfi nm ifyhn`- Ygf {fqv`yq od th{novq fbsn{nah` {fqfh{agfq

hmi nmtfqynehynomq h{f aotf{fi ygnq qfaynom-

8-6-; [fqfh{ag Bfygoioòe~< Ygf ygn{i aghsyf{ fws`hnmq th{novq {fqfh{ag bfygoiq hòme

unyg ygf {fqfh{ag g~soygfqnq hmi ygf qy~`f yo ah{{~ ovy ygnq {fqfh{ag nm {hynomh` bhmmf{- Ygf

fygnah` nqqvfq hmi gou ygf qov{afq h{f vqfi yo ehygf{ ygf nmdo{bhynom nq inqavqqfi nm ifyhn`-

Ygf qo`f sv{soqf od ygnq sh{y nq yo a`fh{`~ lvqynd~ hmi ifqa{nkf ygf bfhmq hmi yfagmnxvfq yghy

ghtf kffm vqf nm {fqfh{ag qyvi~- Nm ygnq qfebfmy, uf h{f inqavqqnme hmi s{otninme òenah`

{fhqomq do{ ygf aov{qf od haynom- Kfdo{f fhag bfygoioòe~, h ygfo{fynah` ifdnmnynom hmi k{nfd

fws`hmhynom ghq kffm entfm yo qvsso{y ov{ tnfuq hmi ygf s{oafqq- N kfehm b~ {fqfh{ag unyg



ygf {fqfh{ag qy{hyfe~, do`òufi k~ ygf ahqf qyvi~ ifqnem, ygf bfhmq hmi ygf ihyh ao``faynom

s{oafiv{f- Dnmh``~, ygf hmh`~qnq od ygf ehygf{fi ihyh hmi ygf fth`vhynom od ygf {fqfh{ag h{f

f`hko{hyfi-

8-6-1 Dnminmeq hmi Ihyh Hmh`~qnq< Ygf bhnm sv{soqf od ygnq aghsyf{ nq yo a{nynah``~ {ftnfu

ygf `nyf{hyv{f yghy a`fh{`~ fws`hnmq ygf haafsyhmaf hmi hss`nahynom od th{novq G[ s{haynafq, k~

ygf bhmhefbfmy, do{ ygf boynthynom hmi {fyfmynom od fbsò~ffq- Nm sh{ynav`h{, ygnq {fqfh{ag

qffjq yo a`h{nd~ s{olfay h {fh`nqyna hmi a{nynah` {ftnfu od ughy nq hy s{fqfmy jmoum, nm o{if{ yo

hqqnqy qfy vs ygf qshafq yghy un`` mffi yo kf hii{fqqfi nm dvyv{f {fqfh{ag qyvinfq-

8-6-9 Aoma`vqnom< Nm ygnq aghsyf{, ygf {fqv`yq yghy uf{f ehygf{fi qo{yfi, fwhbnmfi hy a{nynah``~

fth`vhyfi nm s{ftnovq aghsyf{ uovì efmf{hyf dnminmeq yo {fhag yo h af{yhnm aoma`vqnom- Ov{

hqqvbfi g~soygfqnq un`` kf fws`hnmfi gf{f yghy ugfygf{ ny uhq hqqvbfi ao{{fay`~ o{ moy-



Aghsyf{ ;< @nyf{hyv{f [ftnfu

Nmy{oivaynom

Ygnq sh{y od ygf inqqf{yhynom bhnm`~ inqavqqfq ygf th{novq ygfo{nfq hmi mvbf{ovq fbsn{nah`

{fqfh{agfq {feh{inme ygf xvfqynom od ov{ {fqfh{ag- Ygf bhnm xvfqynomq h{f hq do`òunme<

8- N``vqy{hyf, f`hko{hyf hmi {f`hyf ygf qnemndnahmaf od ygf G[ s{haynafq nm ygf goyf` nmivqy{~-

;- Fws`hnm ygf fbsò~ff‟q aobbnybfmy yo ygf s{haynafq hmi so`nanfq ifqnemfi k~ ygf G[

ifsh{ybfmy-

1- A{fhyf h kfyyf{ vmif{qyhminme youh{iq h {f`hynomqgns od av{{fmy G[ so`nafq hmi ygf

nmintnivh` fbsò~ff nm ygf goyf` nmivqy{~-

9- Aghmmf`q nm ugnag G[ s{haynafq h{f botnme nm ygf goyf` nmivqy{~-

6- Vmif{qyhminme ygf fbsò~ff‟q hyynyvif hmi kfghtno{ youh{iq G[ s{haynafq hmi so`nanfq nm

ygf goyf` nmivqy{~-

;-8 Ygfo{nfq<

@nyf{hyv{f {ftnfu nq ifdnmfi k~ Jvbh{ hq ”H aomynmvfq hmi h `fmeyg~ s{oafqq yghy qyh{yq hgfhi

od qsfandna hmi ifdnmfi s{ok`fb hmi vmyn` ygf {fso{y fmiq, ah{{~ om‟- Yo aobbfmaf h `nyf{hyv{f

{ftnfu, dov{ tnyh` qyfsq h{f nmto`tfi- Ygfqf qyfsq h{f nm qfxvfmaf hmi h{f hq do`òunme:

8- Ifyhn` hmi ah{fdv` hmh`~qnq od `nyf{hyv{f {feh{inme ygf {fqfh{ag qyvi~ hy ghmi-

;- Qfaomi`~, {f fwhbnmfq hmi qyvinfq nm ifsyg ygf qf`fayfi `nyf{hyv{f-

1- Ifqnem h d{hbfuo{j yghy nq fwsò{hyo{~ nm mhyv{f do{ ygf f`fayfi `nyf{hyv{f-

9- Dov{yg hmi dnmh` qyfs nmto`tfq ygf iftfòsbfmy od h aomafsyvh` qy{vayv{f-

Haao{inme yo \hbhm hmi Khjh{ ';331. {fqfh{ag dnminme‟q s{oafqq nq nm ygf s{f`nbnmh{~ qyhef

yo fqyhk`nqg ygf aommfaynom kfyuffm ygf y{hnmnme hmi aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ffq yghy `fhiq yo

nbs{otf ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Ygoveg, {fqfh{agfq od inddf{fmy y~sfq ghtf

kffm fwfavyfi nm ygf ufqyf{m sh{y od ygf uo{ì yo fwsò{f ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi th{novq

y~sfq od nmd`vfmafq od y{hnmnme om ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq kvy qyn`` ygfefmf{h`n|hkn`ny~ od dnminmeq h{f moy qo dh{ haav{hyf hq ygf{f ghq kffm `haj od aomqnqyfma~ nm

qnbn`h{ qo{y od ovyaobfq- Boqy od ygf {fqfh{agfq ghtf qy{ome`~ fbsghqn|fi om ygf aòqf

{f`hynom hbome ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi `ftf` od fbsò~ffq aobbnybfmy yghy {fqv`yq nm

nbs{otnme ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff hq h ugo`f 'Kh{y`fyy ;338: Kh{y`fyy hmi Jhme ;339:

E{oqqkf{e ;333: Bf~f{ hmi Qbnyg, ;333: Kh{y`fyy hmi Jhme ;339: hmi Yhmmfmkhvb fy h`,

8>>8.- Ygnq av{{fmy qyvi~ nmtfqynehynom‟q dovmihynom qy{ome`~ `nfq om ygf okqf{thynom nm h

s{haynah` qfmqf ygf{fdo{f k~ mhyv{f ygnq nq hm fbsn{nah` {fqfh{ag ugnag hmh`~|f ygf nbshay od

ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq nmqyh``fi nm hm o{ehmn|hynom om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq nm h

s{haynah` qfmqf-



;-8-8 [o`f od Y{hnmnme nm nma{fhqnme o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy<

Haao{inme yo Mof ';337. fws`hnmfi y{hnmnme hq ”‟h if`nkf{hyf hmi s{fs`hmmfi hyyfbsy hkovy

{f`hyfi lok aobsfyfmanfq qo yghy fbsò~ff‟q `fh{mnme nq kfnme dhan`nyhyfi‟‟ 'ss 9.- Ny nq

qnemndnahmy yo nmtfqy nm s{oe{hbq od iftfòsbfmy hmi y{hnmnme nm o{if{ yo bhjf qv{f yghy ygf

o{ehmn|hynom‟q yh{efyq hmi eoh`q h{f hagnftfi '@funq, 8>>5.- Ygf efmf{h` tnfu hmi osfm nifhq

{fto`tnme h{ovmi nm ygf kvqnmfqq uo{ì nq yghy ygf ehnmq hmi hithmyhefq od fbsò~f{q hmi

qvko{inmhyfq h{f hqqoanhyfi unyg ygf s{oe{hbq od y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy hmi nmtfqynme nm

ygoqf s{oe{hbq 'Qhmyoq hmi Qyvh{y, ;331.- Ygf {o`f hmi aomy{nkvynom od Gvbhm [fqov{af

Iftfòsbfmy ghq ehnmfi bo{f haafsyhkn`ny~ hmi qnemndnahmaf nm ygf yfmv{f od {fdo{bq hmi

{fqy{vayv{nme- Omf od ygf jf~ dvmaynomq od Gvbhm [fqov{af Iftfòsbfmy nq hii{fqqnme hmi

nmifmynd~nme hy uo{j qfyynme ygf ifbomqy{hyfi kfghtno{ od nmintnivh`q hmi ygfn{ sf{afntfi

hyynyvif youh{iq uo{j 'nkni.- @funq '8>>5. ifbomqy{hyfi hmi dn{b`~ h{evfi yghy y{hnmnme hmi

iftfòsbfmy nq ygf tnyh` hmi bhnm {fhqom kfgnmi ygf gneg sf{do{bhmafq od uo{jf{q,

o{ehmn|hynomq hmi mhynomq-

Y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb nq fqqfmynh` aomqnif{hynom k~ dn{bq ugfm ygf~ uhmy yo

vyn`n|f ygfn{ fbsò~ffq yo bhwnbvb o{ osynbvb `ftf`- Nm oygf{ uo{iq, yo fwsò{f ygf dv``

soyfmynh` od fbsò~ffq, ygf inddf{fmaf bhjf{ nq y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb, aomqnif{fi

k~ o{ehmn|hynomq 'nkni.- Yg{oveg ygf s{otnqnom od hifxvhyf hmi hss{os{nhyf y{hnmnme yo

uo{jf{q, ygf o{ehmn|hynomq ahm hyyhnm ygf gneg s{oivayntny~ `ftf`, hq sf{ Gvbhm ahsnyh` ygfo{~

'Kfajf{, 8>56.- Ygf haynomq od fbsò~ffq khajfi k~ y{hnmnme gf`sq qvag fbsò~ffq yo e{oob

hkn`nynfq yo h mfwy `ftf` hmi qvkqyhmynh` e{ouyg hmi fbsò~ffq h{f nmd`vfmafi k~ ygf y{hnmnme

boifq '@omiom, 8>7>.- Iomothm fy h` ';338. s{otfi hmi qvsso{yfi yg{oveg gnq {fqfh{ag

dnminmeq yghy fbsò~ffq kfaobf bo{f hayntf hmi xvnaj nm {fqsominme hmi haafsynme aghmefq,

kvn`y ygfn{ nmmf{ aomdnifmaf qy{omef{ hmi iftfòs vmif{qyhminme yo kf qvsso{yntf yo ygfn{

sff{q, omaf ygf~ sh{ynanshyf nm th{novq y~sfq od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-

Ygf fbsò~ff‟q hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf nq aommfayfi unyg ygf aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ffq, ugfm

fbsò~ffq h{f uf`` y{hnmfi: ygf~ h{f bo{f s{oivayntf nm ygfn{ hss{ohag- Nm oygf{ uo{iq, ygf

lok qhynqdhaynom hmi fbsò~ff‟q s{oivayntny~ yfmiq yo nma{fhqf bo{ f hdyf{ nmto`tnme ygfb nm

y{hnmnme qfqqnomq hmi ygnq s{oivayntf hmi lok qhynqdhaynom nq `h{ef`~ nmd`vfmaf k~ ygf

aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ffq 'nkni.- Y{hnmnme qfqqnomq gf`s o{ehmn|hynomq nm {fyhnmnme ygfn{

fbsò~ffq hq y{hnmnme yfmiq yo nbs{otf ygf ò~h`y~ od fbsò~ffq youh{iq o{ehmn|hynomq-

Bo{fotf{, ygf y{hnmnme qfqqnomq h`qo nbs{otf ygf uo{j fddnanfma~ od uo{jf{q ugo hayntf`~

sh{ynanshyf nm y{hnmnme qfqqnomq- Ygf hss{os{nhyf hmi hifxvhyf y{hnmnme boynthyfq fbsò~ffq nm



{negy in{faynom ugnag `fhiq yo nbs{otf ygfn{ otf{h`` aobbnybfmy youh{iq o{ehmn|hynomq

'Kfajf{, 8>56.-

Ygf aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ff nq h aommfayfi unyg ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Y{hnmnme

s{oe{hbq ifqnemfi k~ ygf ygnmj yhmjq od hm o{ehmn|hynom fmqv{f yghy ygf qjn``q od fbsò~ffq

iftfòs nm bo{f s{odfqqnomh` bhmmf{ qo yghy ygf{f nq `fqq uhqyhef od {fqov{afq hmi otf{h``

nbs{otfbfmy nm ygf hayvh` uo{jnme s{oafiv{fq od fbsò~ffq 'Iomothm fy h`, ;338.- Y{hnmnme

h`qo fmqv{fq yghy fbsò~ff nq mffifi k~ o{ehmn|hynom hmi gf qgovì kf {fyhnmfi, ygnq nma{fhqfq

ygfn{ `ftf` od aobbnybfmy youh{iq gnq {fqsfayntf o{ehmn|hynom-

;-8-; Y{hnmnme„q `nmjhef unyg hddfayntf hmi mo{bhyntf aobbnybfmy<

Ifqsnyf ygf dhay yghy boqy od {fqfh{ag dnminmeq ghtf s{otfm ygf tnyh`ny~ hmi qnemndnahmaf od

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb, nm Nminh‟q goqsnyh`ny~ qfayo{, fqsfanh``~ nm ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ nq `nbnyfi ivf yo

ygf oygf{ g{ s{haynafq- Xv{fqgn '8>>7. qy{ome`~ v{efi yghy fbsò~ff‟q `ftf` od sf{do{bhmaf

hmi aobbnybfmy nma{fhqfq k~ ygf bfhmq od s{osf{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hb, gf dv{ygf{ fws`hnmfi unyg

ygf qvssoqnynom yghy uf`` ifqnemfi y{hnmnme bfygoiq nq hddfayntf nm fmghmanme ygf `ftf` od

sf{do{bhmaf hmi aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ff hq o{ehmn|hynomq aomqnif{ y{hnmnme hq hm

nmtfqybfmy {hygf{ yghm fwsfmqf 'anyfi nm Jgn`ln, ;33;.- Y{hnmnme nq khqnah``~ h s{haynaf yghy nq h

qy{hyfena {fqov{af hmi ygnq nq vqf yo bhjf ygf qy{hyfena gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy kfyyf{

kfahvqf od ygf `nkf{h`n|hynom od faomob~ 'Kghymheh{ hmi Qgh{bh ;336.- Ygnq nmtfqynehynom

hnb yo fth`vhyf ygf boifq od y{hnmnme s{otnifi yo ygf fbsò~ffq hy goyf` qfayo{ od Nminh qo

yghy ygfn{ hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf nbs{otf-

Haao{inme yo Bouih~ fy h` '8>7;. ygf aobbnybfmy youh{iq o{ehmn|hynom hbome qvko{inmhyfq

ghq ehnmfi sosv`h{ny~ bo{f `hyf`~- Ygf {fhqom kfgnmi qvag sosv`h{ny~ nq ygf nmy{oivaynom od

mfu bfygoiq hmi yfagmnxvfq od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb yo nbs{otf ygf o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy

`ftf` od uo{jf{q k~ so`nqgnme ygfn{ qjn``q bo{f- Ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf nq `nmjfi aòqf`~ unygygf `ftf` od aobbnybfmy youh{iq o{ehmn|hynom kfahvqf sf{do{bhmaf nq nminahyfi k~ bfhmq od

o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy- Nminahyo{ od sf{do{bhmaf nq efmf{h``~ o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy

{feh{ifi hq od omf qsfanh` y~sf od nminahyo{ 'Kfajf{, 8>56.- Bo{fotf{, ygf sf{do{bhmaf nq

ftfmyvh``~ hddfayfi k~ aobbnybfmy youh{iq o{ehmn|hynom yghy iftfòsq hdyf{ ygf y{hnmnme nq

s{otnifi nm hm fddfayntf bhmmf{ hmi ygf {negy s{otnqnom od y{hnmnme nminahyfq hmi fwsò{fq ygf

nmintnivh`‟q hyynyvif youh{iq h sh{ynav`h{ hqqnemfi yhqj- Kvy om ygf oygf{ ghmi, [hmih` '8>>3.

qy{ome`~ fbsghqn|fi om ygf sonmy yghy fbsò~ff‟q fddo{yq, sf{do{bhmaf, y{hnmnme, hmi

o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy h{f aommfayfi nm aòqf aomqnif{hynom unyg fhag oygf{-



Ygf y{hnmnme nq omf od ygf nbso{yhmy hqsfayq nm qghsnme ygf hyynyvifq, kfghtno{q hmi

aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ffq hq ny hddfay ygf hayvh` uo{jnme ahshany~ od uo{jf{q- Huhb`fg

'8>>4. ifqa{nkfi yghy ygf unif ehs kfyuffm ygf fbsò~ff hmi fbsò~f{ nq mh{{hufi k~ hm

fqqfmynh` {o`f s`h~fi k~ o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy yghy nma{fhqfq ivf yo nma{fhqf nm ygf

sh{ynanshynom od fbsò~ffq nm y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq- Qnbn`h{`~, Joqòuqj~ fy h` '8>77. h`qo

fwsò{fi nm gnq qyvi~ nmtfqynehynom yghy y{hnmnme nmd`vfmaf ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf hmi ygf

o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ffq- Haao{inme yo Ifh{ifm fy h` '8>>5. ygoqf

nmintnivh`q ugo h{f entfm h s{osf{ hmi hifxvhyf y{hnmnme k~ ygfn{ gfhiq entf ygfn{ fbsò~f{q

hm hithmyhef od moy òqnme ygfb hdyf{ y{hnmnme kfahvqf ygf aghmafq yo òqf qvag uo{jf{

hvyobhynah``~ {fivaf hq aobsh{f yo ygoqf fbsò~ffq ugo io moy hyyhnm s{osf{ y{hnmnme yfmiq

yo `fhtf o{ehmn|hynom nd moy kfnme s{osf{`~ ifh`y o{ aobsfmqhyfi- Kvy ny nq moy hùh~q ygf ahqf

yghy hdyf{ y{hnmnme ygf fbsò~ffq un`` hùh~q kf {fyhnmfi k~ hm o{ehmn|hynom-

Odyfm ny nq moynafi yghy do{ ygf qhjf od dvm, fbsò~ffq qunyag yo oygf{ lokq sh{ynav`h{`~ nm ygf

`fqq iftfòsfi aovmy{nfq 'Kh{mfyy, 8>>6, Q~{fyy, 8>>9, Jghy{n fy h` ;338.- Ny ghq kffm okqf{tfi

yghy do{ inddf{fmy y~sfq od boyntfq y{hnmnme nq entfm yo fbsò~ffq, do{ nmqyhmaf yo {fbhnm nmyhay

unyg i~mhbna kvqnmfqq fmtn{ombfmy, haaobs`nqg ygf aobsfynyntf hithmyhef otf{ {nth`q nm

bh{jfy, hmi fya, ygf fbsò~f{q h{f jffm`~ nmyf{fqyfi nm nbs{otnme ygf hayvh` uo{j fddnanfma~

od ygfn{ uo{jf{q- Haao{inme yo Qfjh{hm ';33;., unyg ygf qy{vayv{nme hmi ifqnemnme od {fdo{bq

od Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy Q~qyfb, ygf{f nq hm nbs{otfbfmy nm ygf sf{do{bhmaf od

o{ehmn|hynom hmi gneg sf{do{bhmaf nq kfnme okqf{tfi- Ugf{fhq, Bhygnfv hmi \hlha '8>>3.

ifqa{nkfi ygf dnminmeq od ygfn{ nmtfqynehynom yghy qvag fbsò~ffq ugo {fafntf h s{osf{

y{hnmnme, hmi nq s{otnifi fnygf{ s{oboynom o{ nma{fhqf nm khqna qh`h{~, ghtf `fqq aghmafq yo

`fhtf ygfn{ {fqsfayntf dn{b hq ygf{f nq bo{f o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy hmi otf{h``

sf{do{bhmaf nq gneg-

;-8-1 Mffi od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb<

Ygf sq~agoòenah` vmif{qyhminme hkovy ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff nq `nmjfi unyg ygf

o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy ugnag ahm kf nbs{otfi k~ bfhmq od y{hnmnme fbsò~ffq 'Kh{y`fyy

hmi Jhme, ;339.- Nm o{if{ yo sfhqv{f ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff nm hayvh` qfmqf ygf `ftf` od

o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy bvqy kf bfhqv{fi k~ ygf o{ehmn|hynom- Yo s{osf{`~ bfhqv{f ygf

`ftf` od aobbnybfmy youh{iq o{ehmn|hynom, qah`fq uf{f bhif hmi aomafntfi k~ Bf~f{ hmi

H``fm '8>>5.- Ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff un`` kf bo{f hddfayntf nd gf nq y{hnmfi nm h dnmf

bhmmf{ hmi ygnq hddfayntf aobbnybfmy yfmiq yo kf bo{f od fboynomh` y~sf hyyhagbfmy ugnag

nbs{otf ygf uo{j fddnanfma~ hmi gf`sq o{ehmn|hynom nm qvaaffinme aobsfynyntf fief nm ygf

bh{jfy, ivf yo y{hnmnme fbsò~ffq qynaj yo qhbf o{ehmn|hynom ugnag iftfòsq h aobbnybfmy



bo{f od mo{b y~sf yo gf`s o{ehmn|hynomq 'Bf~f{ hmi H``fm, 8>>3, S-8.- Bhygnfv hmi \hlha

'8>>3. dovmi nm ygfn{ qyvi~ yghy aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ff nq bo{f ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm ygf

iftfòsnme s{oe{hbq hmi ygnq aobbnybfmy nq aomynmvhmaf aobbnybfmy k~ mhyv{f- Ufnmf{

'8>7;. h{evfi hmi fbsghqn|fi yghy mo{bhyntf aobbnybfmy youh{iq o{ehmn|hynom bfhmq

””{negy o{ bo{h` ygnme yo io‟‟ 's-9;8.- Ygfqf aobbnybfmyq fmghmafq ivf yo ygf un``nmemfqq od

fbsò~ff yo qyh~ unyg qhbf o{ehmn|hynom, ugnag bfhmq yghy y{hnmnme hqqnqy o{ehmn|hynomq nm

iftfòsnme ygf qfmqf od aobbnybfmy nm fbsò~ffq-

Kh{y`fyy ';338. nmtfqynehyfi yghy yghy ygf{f nq h aòqf aommfaynom kfyuffm ygf sf{afsynom od

fbsò~ffq youh{iq ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi ygf o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy hy ygf nmivqy{~ od

gfh`yg ah{f- [fqfh{ag {fqv`yq qgoufi yghy hddfayntf aobbnybfmy hmi mo{bhyntf aobbnybfmy

od fbsò~ff nq soqnyntf`~ `nmjfi unyg ygf sf{afntfi y{hnmnme hkn`ny~ od fbsò~ffq, un``nmemfqq

yo sh{ynanshyf, y{hnmnme qvsso{y d{ob qfmno{ qyhdd hmi bhmhefbfmy, hmi ygf sf{afntfi kfmfdnyq

od y{hnmnme- Mfo hmi Un`j '8>>1. qy{ome`~ tnfufi yghy y{hnmnme omaf kffm entfm, ygf

hss{os{nhyf bfhmq qgovì kf iftfòs yo bfhqv{f ygf hddfayq d{ob y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi yo

boynthyf fbsò~ffq do{ y{hnmnme ygf {negy qyfsq qgovì kf aomqnif{fi k~ o{ehmn|hynomq- Kh{y`fyy

';338. v{efi yghy nd ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq `hvmagfi nm o{ehmn|hynom hmi fbsò~ffq h{f

aobbnyyfi yo dn{b ugfm ygf~ tnfu ygf kfmfdnyq od sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme hmi

iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb- Kh{y`fyy ';338. h`qo s{osoqfi h moynom yghy yo nma{fhqf ygf

o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy yo h gnegf{ `ftf` ygf qoanh` qvsso{y qgovì kf a{fhyfi do{ s{oe{hbq

od y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy-

K{nfd '8>>7. dn{b`~ tnfufi yghy sf{afntfi y{hnmnme kfmfdnyq hmi ygf aobbnybfmy youh{iq

o{ehmn|hynom nq kfnme hddfayfi k~ ygf {f`hynomqgns od lok qhynqdhaynom unyg ny- Kh{y`fyy ';338.

aoma`vifi unyg ygf ovyaobf od gnq {fqfh{ag nm ygf gfh`yg ah{f nmivqy{~ hmi om ygf khqnq od

ovyaobfq qveefqyfi y{hnmnme nmafmyntfq do{ s{odfqqnomh`q od G[B-

Dv{ygf{bo{f, ygf {fqfh{ag dnminmeq `fi yo h qveefqynom yghy o{ehmn|hynomh` aobbnybfmy ahm kfhyyhnmfi yg{oveg ygf hss{os{nhyf y{hnmnme aomivayfi nm o{ehmn|hynom- Ygf {fqfh{ag qyvi~ od

Kh{y`fyy ';338. qveefqyfi yghy fmtn{ombfmy od y{hnmnme qgovì kf iftfòs k~ ygf G[B

s{haynynomf{q nmqnif ygf o{ehmn|hynom yghy fmhk`f ygf uo{jf{q yo kf nmqsn{fi k~ s{haynafq od

y{hnmnme yo sh{ynanshyf bo{f un``nme`~- BaMffqf"Qbnyg ';338. h xvh`nyhyntf y~sf od {fqfh{ag

uhq svk`nqgfi ugnag nminahyfi yghy fbsò~ffq {f`hyfi yo mv{qnme ghtf bo{f o{ehmn|hynomh`

aobbnybfmy, nd ygf~ h{f aobsfmqhyfi uf`` hòme unyg ygf hifxvhyf y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy

s{oe{hbq, ygf~ dv{ygf{ mffi aoosf{hynom d{ob ao uo{jf{q hmi lok qhynqdhaynom yo nbs{otf ygfn{

uo{j sf{do{bhmaf 'anyfi nm Kh{y`fyy hmi Jhme, ;339.-



Haao{inme yo Shy{naj ';334. yo fmqv{f ygf tnyh`ny~ od hm o{ehmnqhynom hmi ygf ao{f dvmaynom od

G[B h{f kfmfdnyq od y{hnmnme hmi y{hnmnme nyqf`d- Shy{naj ';334. fwsò{fi ygf `nmj kfyuffm

y{hnmnme hmi th{novq ovyaobfq od o{ehmnqhynom qvag hq lok qhynqdhaynom, o{ehmnqhynomh`

aobbnybfmy hmi yv{motf{ od fbsò~ffq hmi sonmyfi yghy hbome lok qhynqdhaynom, y{hnmnme, hmi

o{ehmnqhynomh` aobbnybfmy fwnqyq h qy{ome ao{{f`hynom- Om ygf oygf{ ghmi Shy{naj ';334. h`qo

mh{{hyfi yghy yo hyyhnm gneg sf{do{bhmaf yg{oveg y{hnmnme ygf {ovyf nq moy qy{hnegy omf hùh~q

hmi fbsò~ffq `fh{m yg{oveg fwsf{nfmaf hq ygf~ vqvh``~ io moy soqqfqq ygf {negy qjn``q yo

hss`~ hy yghy qnyvhynom-

;-8-9 Y{hnmnme hq hithmyhef yo kvqnmfqq<

Yo iftfòs h aobsfynyntf fief, ygf y{hnmnme gf`sq o{ehmn|hynomq nm hyyhnmnme ygf fief kfahvqf

ygf fbsò~ffq h{f uf`` iftfòsfi hmi y{hnmfi nm ygfn{ uo{j ugnag dv{ygf{ gf`sq o{ehmn|hynom

nm bhnmyhnmnme ygfn{ ao{f aobsfyfmanfq nm ygf i~mhbnaq- Ygf fbsò~ffq h{f vqfi yo ygf

osynbvb `ftf` od ygfn{ ahshany~ ivf yo ygf {negy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nmqyh``fi nm ygf o{ehmn|hynom-

Qnmaf fbsò~ffq h{f omf od ygf boqy a{nynah` qov{af do{ ygf o{ehmn|hynom hmi nyq uhqyhef ahm

`fi ygfb kfgnmi oygf{q ygf{fdo{f yo fmqv{f yghy dn{b ehnmq fief otf{ nyq {nth`q fbsò~ffq

qgovì kf vqfi yo ygf kfqy od ygfn{ s{oso{ynom- 'S{fddf{ 8>>9.- Y{hnmnme nq hm fqqfmynh` s{haynaf

hq ny hddfayq ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq hmi ygf{fdo{f ny nq hqqoanhyfi unyg fhag oygf{

hq sf{ aomafsyq od S{fddf{f nm ygf hahifbna aomyfwy- Ygf sf{do{bhmaf od o{ehmnqhynom hq

ugo`f ahm kf haaobs`nqgfi unyg ygf gf`s od y{hnmnme hq ny boindnfq ygf kfghtnov{ od

fbsò~ffq 'U{negy fy h`-, 8>>9.- Haao{inme yo 'Q~fi fy h`-, ;337., aobsfmqhynom hmi y{hnmnme

ghq h tnyh` sh{y yo s`h~ nm ygf s{oafqq od lok qhynqdhaynom-

;-; Ygf [fqv`yq od Th{novq fbsn{nah` {fqfh{agfq<

;-;-8 Y{hnmnme `fhiq yo hayvh` Sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq<

S`hafbfmy s{haynafq, {fa{vnybfmy hmi qf`faynom s{oafiv{fq, s{oboynom s{haynafq, y{hnmnme

s{haynafq, sfmqnom o{ qoanh` qfav{ny~, e{nfthmaf s{haynafq, aobsfmqhynom s{oafiv{fq hmi

fbsò~ff sf{do{bhmaf fth`vhynom s{haynafq h{f h`` yoefygf{ fnegy G[B s{haynafq yghy nq

aomqnif{fi nm ygf {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom 'nkni.- Dv{ygf{bo{f, ygf soqnyntf ao{{f`hynom fwnqyq

kfyuffm ygf yuo th{nhk`fq, qvag hq ygf fxvny~ khqfi aobsfmqhynom hmi ygf sf{do{bhmaf od hm

o{ehmnqhynom 'D{~f, ;339.-



;-;-; Nmivaynom od y{hnmnme yo nbs{otf jmou`fief<

Ygnq ahm kf vmif{qyooi d{ob ygf fh{`nf{ {fqfh{agfq yghy ygf sf{afsynom od hm fbsò~ff

aghmefq hdyf{ ygf nmivaynom od y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb- Do{ ygf nbs{otfbfmy od ygf

sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff ygf nmdo{bhynom ehygf{fi yg{oveg ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq tf{~ tnyh`

hmi qnemndnahmy k~ mhyv{f hq d{fxvfmy y{hnmnme h`qo nbs{otfq uo{jf{q jmou`fief hkovy ygf

nmdo{bhynom q~qyfb osf{hynme nm ygf o{ehmnqhynom, ifh`nme ovy bfygoiq, oddnanh``~ hvygo{n|fi

fqqfmynh`q hmi fwf{anqfq hmi qo om-

;-1 Ao{{f`hynom kfyuffm y{hnmnme hmi sf{do{bhmaf

Ygf fwnqyfmaf od h `nmj kfyuffm ygf y{hnmnme hmi sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh`q hy uo{j qfyynmeq

h{f nifmyndnfi k~ th{novq {fqfh{agf{q- Do{ nmqyhmaf, om lok hmi odd lok y{hnmnme nm h aomynmvovq

boif nq ygf Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq yghy nq {feh{ifi hq gneg nmto`tfbfmy hmi

ny hqqnqy ygf nmintnivh` nm kvnìnme ygf gvbhm ahsnyh`" jmou`fief do{ ygf sh{ynav`h{ dn{bq nm

ugnag qvko{inmhyfq h{f bo{f s{oivayntf hmi fddfayntf hq ygf~ h{f ehnmnme h s{haynah` fwsoqv{f

d{ob omeonme lok y{hnmnme hmi h{f bo{f jmou`fiefhk`f hkovy ygf {fxvn{fbfmy od if`ntf{nme

ygf qf{tnafq yghy dn{b ghq s`hmmfi 'Khyy ;33;.- Bo{fotf{, ygf avqyobf{ kv~nme kfghtnov{ nq

aghmefi k~ ygf ifbomqy{hynom od fbsò~ff‟q kfghtnov{ 'Bn``q fy h` 8>71.-

Ftfmyvh``~ y{hnmnme qgouq ygf uh~ yo ghtf uo{jdo{af yghy nq gneg`~ qjn`dv` hmi ghq h soqnyntf

nbshay om ygf kvqnmfqq‟q nbs{otfbfmy, fbsò~ff h`qo kfaobf bo{f s{oivayntf hmi

aobbnyyfi yo ygf o{ehmnqhynom- Th{novq qyvinfq nminahyfi ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb‟q nbshay hq

soqnyntf nm ygf {fnmdo{afbfmy od s`hmq hmi so`nanfq 'Gvqf`ni 8>>6, Aoojf ;333.- Dv{ygf{bo{f,

ygf h{evbfmy s{osoqfi k~ H{bqy{ome ';333. yghy tnh `fh{mnme, ygf kfghtno{ od fbsò~ffq nq

boindnfi k~ y{hnmnme yghy uo{jq hq h yoo` do{ ygf boindnahynom od kfghtno{- Ygf sf{do{bhmaf

od fbsò~ff nq in{fay`~ nmyf{`nmjfi unyg ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-

Ygf tnfu od Enmqkf{e '8>>5. nq yghy ygf xvh`ny~ y{hnmnme 'fddfayntf y{hnmnme. ahm kf aoqy`~ kvy

qhtfq bomf~ yghy nq bnqvqfi om `fqq fwsfmqntf kvy nmfddnanfmy y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq- Om yos omyghy, qobf sh{ynav`h{ dfhyv{fq od goyf` nmivqy{~ hmi ygf gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy q~qyfb

h{f nifmyndnfi k~ Aghmi hmi Jhyov ';335. yghy hddfayq ygf sf{do{bhmaf od o{ehmn|hynom om ygf

goyf` nmivqy{~ nm Nminh- Ygf nmtfqynehynom qyvi~ f`hko{hyfi yghy ygf sf{do{bhmaf od goyf`q h{f

soqnyntf`~ {f`hyfi unyg ygf bhmsouf{ s`hmmnme, y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy, {fa{vnybfmy hmi

qf`faynom, lok ifqnem, sh~ q~qyfb, hmi xvh`ny~ an{a`f, yghy h{f h`` nma`vifi nm ygf gvbhm

{fqov{af bhmhefbfmy q~qyfb 'nkni.- Ygf qveefqynom bhif k~ Boniffmjvyy~ fy h`-, ';388.

{feh{inme ygf fmghmafbfmy od o{ehmn|hynomh` sf{do{bhmaf nm ygf H{hknhm Ev`d nq yghy yg{oveg

s{osf{ aghmmf` ygf nbs`fbfmyhynom od gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq ahm `fhi yo ygf

fmghmaf nm ygfn{ sf{do{bhmaf-



Ygnq qgouq yghy ygf hifxvhyf hmi s{osf{ nbs`fbfmyhynom od gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy

s{haynafq h{f tnyh` kfahvqf mo bhyyf{ gou eooi ygf so`nanfq h{f kvy ygf~ uo{yg moygnme nd ygf~

h{f moy fwfavyfi nm h s{osf{ hmi uf`` ifdnmfi bhmmf{ yghy ko{fq nmyfmifi {fqv`yq-

;-9 Bfhqv{nme Sf{do{bhmaf

Ygf qnemndnahmaf od sonmynme ovy ygf bfhmq od bfhqv{nme sf{do{bhmaf nm hayvh` nq gneg`negyfi

k~ qobf oygf{ {fqfh{agfq h`qo yghy h{f `nmjfi yo gvbhm {fqov{af s{haynafq fqsfanh``~ y{hnmnme

hmi iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb hmi ygf `ftf`q od sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq, ygf{fdo{f ivf yo ygf

nbs`fbfmyhynom od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb h{f qyhmih{iq do{ bfhqv{nme ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od

fbsò~ffq- Dov{ qsfandna uh~q qveefqyfi k~ I~f{ $ [fftfq '8>>6. h{f hq do`òunme<

8- Ovyaobfq od Fbsò~ff ‑ ivf yo ygf av{{fmy`~ eonme om G[ s{haynafq bfhqv{f ygf

yv{motf{ od fbsò~ffq hmi ygfn{ hkqfmyffnqb

;- O{ehmnqhynomh` {fqv`yq hmi ovyaobfq ‑ Hq h {fqv`y od ygf osf{hynme G[ s{haynafq

bfhqv{f ygf xvh`ny~, {fivaynom hmi s{oivayntny~-

1- H bomfyh{~ Haaovmynme {fqv`y ‑dn{b‟q fwsfminyv{fq, s{odnyq hmi {fyv{mq ivf yo ygf

gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq av{{fmy`~ osf{hynme nm ygf uo{j qfyynmeq-

9- Ovyaobfq khqfi om ygf soqnynom od bh{jfy ‑ d`vayvhynom om ygf s{nafq od qyoajq hmi

qyoaj s{nafq nyqf`d-

Dv{ygf{bo{f, ygfqf {fqv`yq hmi ovyaobfq h{f `nmjfi unyg ygf y{hnmnme nm h soqnyntf bhmmf{ yghy

h{f tnyh` fmoveg yo aoma`vif yghy ygf sf{do{bhmaf od hm fbsò~ff ahm kf fddnanfmy`~ hmi

fddfayntf`~ bfhqv{fi k~ ygf gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq, hmi nm hiinynom yo yghy ygf

{f`hynomqgns eofq hòme nm ygf soqnyntf in{faynom-

;-6 @ftf` od sf{do{bhmaf

Ygf {fqfh{ag aomivayfi nm shqy h`qo s{osoqfi yghy gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq h{f

aommfayfi unyg ygf gneg `ftf` od sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff 'Go{ehm $ Bo‟g`hv ;334. hmi

nminahyfq soqnyntf nbshay om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh` nq moynafi ivf yo ygf hmi yghy

y{hnmnme hmi aobsfmqhynom shajhefq 'Qnmeg J ;339.- Ygnq ghq kffm nminahyfi k~ Evfqy

';33;., om ygf oygf{ ghmi, yghy ygf nmd`vfmaf od y{hnmnme s{haynafq ygoveg òojq `njf ghtf hm

fddfay om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh` nm h soqnyntf hmi aomqy{vayntf bhmmf{ kvy ygf `ftf` od

ovyaobf nq ifsfminme om ygf {fqsomqfq od hm nmintnivh` fbsò~ffq yo qsfandna s{haynafq- Ygf

ife{ff od hm~ qo{y od nmd`vfmafq un`` kf hvyobhynah``~ hddfayfi k~ ygf uo{jf{q‟ sf{afsynom od

ygf qsfandna s{haynaf hmi Xhih{ Khjqg fy h` ';383. nmtfqynehyfi nm {fafmy ynbfq yghy S{oboynom,

Fth`vhynom od sf{do{bhmaf, hmi Aobsfmqhynom s{haynafq h{f ygf yg{ff y~sfq od Gvbhm

[fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq yghy ghtf hm nbso{yhmy nmd`vfmaf om ygf ‐sf{afntfi fbsò~ff



sf{do{bhmaf‒ nm h khmjnme qfayo{ hy Jg~kf{ Shjgyoom Jguh Shjnqyhm- Dv{ygf{ {fqfh{ag

qyvinfq od qnbn`h{ mhyv{f ghtf {fqfh{agfi ygf ahshkn`ny~ do{ `nmjnme ygf sf{do{bhmaf od

fbsò~ff hmi gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq k~ fwhbnmnme ygf s{fanqf hmi qsfandna

s{haynafq hmi ygfn{ {hyfq hmi aghmafq od `fhtnme ygf o{ehmnqhynom 'Khyy ;33;. ghtf h`qo

nmtfqynehyfi yghy y{hnmnme s{haynafq ugnag nmto`tfq ygf fbsò~ff nm bo{f ifsyg {fivafq ygf

s{okhkn`ny~ od yv{motf{ nm yghy sh{ynav`h{ qfayo{q-

;-4 Qyhynqynah` fth`vhynom

Ygf {fqfh{ag qyvi~ aobbfmafi k~ 'Bh{uhy fy h`-, ;334. f`hko{hyfi ygf `nmj kfyuffm ygf

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi ygf sf{do{bhmaf od hm fbsò~ff sf{afntfi nm ygf o{ehmnqhynomh` qfyynmeq-

Ygnq {fqfh{ag fws`hnmfi yghy ygf s{haynafq od gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy nmto`tfq ygf gn{nme

hmi {fa{vnybfmy, ah{ff{ s`hmmnme, y{hnmnme, sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh`, aobsfmqhynom, fbsò~ff

sh{ynanshynom hmi ygf s{osf{ ifdnmnynom od h lok h{f aòqf`~ `nmjfi unyg ygf sf{do{bhmafq od

fbsò~ff 'Bh{uhy fy h`, ;334.- Dv{ygf{bo{f, ygf sf{qomh` iftfòsbfmy od hm fbsò~ff nq

hyyhnmfi k~ ygf ah{ff{ s`hmmnme yghy sf{qvhifq fbsò~ffq yo fwaf` bo{f youh{iq sf{qomh`

iftfòsbfmy 'nkni.- Ygnq ah{ff{ s`hmmnme nq ivf yo ygf {negy y~sf od y{hnmnme entfm yo

fbsò~ffq qo yghy ygfn{ sf{do{bhmaf hmi soyfmynh` nma{fhqfq yo gneg `ftf`- Ygf av`yv{f od hm

o{ehmnqhynom hmi ygf kfghtnov{ od hm fbsò~ff h{f `nmfi vs yo efmf{hyf bo{f soqnyntf {fqv`yq

k~ ygf y{hnmnme hmi ygf s{oafiv{f od qf`faynom ygf{fdo{f 'Gvqf`ni, 8>>6. v{efi om ygf

qnemndnahmaf od y{hnmnme hmi aobs`fbfmyq ny hq qfy od qf`faynom s{haynafq- Y{hnmnme hmi ygf

aobsfmqhynom s{haynafq h{f ygf s{nbf aomqnif{hynom od ygnq {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom-

;-5 Aoma`vqnom

Ygfqf fbsn{nah` {fqfh{agfq io fth`vhyf ygf nbso{yhmaf od ygf Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy

s{haynafq yghy h{f fwfavyfi k~ ygf dn{b nm ygf o{ehmn|hynom hmi ny un`` moy kf u{ome yo qh~ yghy

ygfqf s{haynafq h{f `nmjfi unyg ygf o{ehmn|hynomh` sf{do{bhmaf hmi ygf nmintnivh` sf{do{bhmaf

od fbsò~ffq- D{ob ygf hkotf bfmynomfi ygfo{nfq, ny nq aoma`vifi yghy ygf{f fwnqy h

ao{{f`hynom kfyuffm ygf sf{do{bhmaf od hm fbsò~ff hmi ygf av{{fmy`~ osf{hynme y{hnmnmes{haynafq nm h soqnyntf bhmmf{ kvy ygf qyhynqynah` fws`hmhynom yo qgou ygf aòqf `nmj kfyuffm

ygfqf th{nhk`fq h{f ~fy moy kffm ftnifmy- Ygnq mffiq bo{f `negy yo s{olfay om ygf nbshay od ygf

y{hnmnme s{haynaf om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff hq h ugo`f yghy `fhiq yo ygf qvaafqq od

o{ehmn|hynomq nm h òme {vm- Gouftf{, ygnq sonmy nq fqyhk`nqgfi yghy ygf{f nq fwnqyfmaf od h

{f`hynomqgns kfyuffm ygfqf yuo th{nhk`fq kvy ygf ahvqh` fddfay qyvinfq mffi yo kf f`hko{hyfi

dv{ygf{bo{f yo hyyhnm ygf ifqn{fi {fqv`yq-



Aghsyf{ Yg{ff< [fqfh{ag Bfygoioòe~

Ygf bhnm oklfayntf od ygnq aghsyf{ nq yo s{fqfmy h efmf{h` nifh od ygf ifqnem od {fqfh{ag

vmif{yhjfm do{ ygf s{fqfmy qyvi~ yo fwhbnmf ygf s{haynah` nbshay od y{hnmnme s{haynafq om ygf

sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq hy ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ od Nminh-

1-8 Nmy{oivaynom<

Ygnq qfebfmy aomyhnmq ifyhn`q hkovy ygf {fqfh{ag s{oafqq vmif{yhjfm do{ ygf av{{fmy

nmtfqynehynom hmi ah{{~ om unyg a`h{ndnahynom od ygf ihyh ao``faynom hmi hmh`~qnq bfygoiq

hiosyfi k~ ygf {fqfh{agf{ hòme unyg ygf qhbs`nme yfagmnxvfq- Hy ygf fmi od ygnq aghsyf{

fygnah` hss{ohag nq s{fqfmyfi yo nma`vif ygf nqqvfq {feh{inme okqf{thynom yghy ghq nmav{{fi hmi

nmd`vfmafi ygf {fqfh{agf{-

1-; [fqfh{ag Sgnòqosg~<

Nmyf{s{fyntf {fqfh{ag sgnòqosg~ nq agoqfm do{ ygf s{fqfmy {fqfh{ag qyvi~ kfahvqf ny nq

kfmfdnanh` nm dnfìq {f`hyfi yo qoanoòe~, av`yv{f hmi qoanh` uo{jq 'N{tnme hmi Ehddnjnm, ;334.-

Bo{fotf{, nm ygf kvqnmfqq bhmhefbfmy {fqfh{ag, ny nq okqf{tfi yghy xvhmynyhyntf {fqfh{ag iofq

moy k{nme qvddnanfmy qhynqdhaynom {feh{inme nmdo{bhynom, 'Afsfih hmi Bh{jynm, ;334., ygnq

sh{ynav`h{ hss{ohag dhan`nyhyf {fqfh{agf{q yo efy bo{f aòqf nm aomyhay unyg ygf sh{ynanshmyq k~

nmyf{s{fynme ygf vmif{qyhminme od {fh`ny~ om qvklfayntf khqnq 'Qghu, 8>>>.- Dv{ygf{bo{f, ygnq

nmyf{s{fyntf hss{ohag ghq nyq dovmihynom om ygf qvklfayntf uh~ {fqsomqfq k~ ygf {fqfh{ag

sh{ynanshmyq, Qhvmif{q fy h` ';331. yg{oveg ygnq hss{ohag ygf kfyyf{ vmif{qyhminme nq efmf{hyfi

hkovy ygf haynomq hmi nmyfmynomq od {fqsomifmyq-

1-1 [fqfh{ag Hss{ohag<

Ygf ifivayntf hmi nmivayntf hss{ohagfq h{f yuo bhnm y~sfq od {fqfh{ag hss{ohagfq- Qnmaf ygf

qhbs`f qn|f nq qbh`` bo{f hss{os{nhyf omf hmi ygf khqnq od {fqfh{ag nq om yfmyhyntf g~soygfqfq

ygf{fdo{f, nmivayntf hss{ohag nq osyfi do{ ygnq av{{fmy {fqfh{ag-

Ygf nmivayntf o{ xvh`nyhyntf hss{ohag nq agoqfm kfahvqf ygf dhayo{q `njf sf{afsynom od

fbsò~ffq, fwsf{nfmafq fya hii yo ygf ifanqnom yghy do{ ygnq qhbs`f qn|f, ygf xvh`nyhyntf

hss{ohag ghq bo{f soyfmynh` yo hii{fqq ygf nbshay od y{hnmnme s{haynafq om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq hmi ygfn{ qoanh` botfbfmyq nm ygf o{ehmnqhynom 'Dnmf hmi Ufnq, 8>>4.- Bo{fotf{,

{fqsomifmyq {fqsomi d{ob ygfn{ uo{jnme fwsf{nfmaf hy o{ehmnqhynom hkovy ygfn{ qsfandna lokq

hmi mh{{hyf ygfn{ dff`nmeq hkovy ygf~ qh~ hmi ughy ygf~ eo yg{oveg, Ghmmhkvqq '8>>1.-

Ygf {fqfh{agf{ nq fmhk`f yo aomivay qyvi~ nm ifsyg ivf yo xvh`nyhyntf hss{ohag 'N{tnmf hmi

Ehddnjnm, ;334. hmi ygf ao``faynom od ihyh nq hmh`~qfi nm ifyhn` k~ ygf yfqynme ny unyg ygf

dnminmeq ehnmfi d{ob `nyf{hyv{f od bhmhefbfmy nma`vifi nm ygnq inqqf{yhynom-

1-9 [fqfh{ag Qy{hyfenfq<



Do{ ygnq s{fqfmy {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom, inddf{fmy yoo`q h{f nmto`tfi yo ah{{~ ovy {fqfh{ag- Ahqf

qyvi~ hss{ohag, nmyf{tnfuq hmi xvfqynommhn{f nq vqfi yo efmf{hyf ygf ihyh- Do{ ygnq qsfandna

{fqfh{ag, ygf agoqfm qy{hyfenfq h{f bo{f hifxvhyf hq ygf fwsf{nfmafq od {fqsomifmyq h{f

nma`vifi ugnag qf{tfq hq h dovmihynom do{ ygf {fqfh{ag s{ok`fb yo kf hmquf{fi omaf

nifmyndnfi 'Afsfih hmi Bh{ynm, ;334.-

1-6 [fqfh{ag S{oafqq<

[fqfh{ag nq fwfavyfi yg{oveg ygf qfbn qy{vayv{fi nmyf{tnfuq d{ob ygf bhmhef{q d{ob fbhn`q-

Ygfqf nmyf{tnfuq h{f xvh`nyhyntf bfygoi‟q omf od bhlo{ fwhbs`fq, ugf{fhq ygf okqf{thynom

hmi xvfqynommhn{fq h{f h`qo ygf xvh`nyhyntf nm mhyv{f- Nm ygnq qyvi~ okqf{thynom nq moy nma`vifi

kvy xvfqynommhn{f nq vmif{yhjfm nm o{if{ yo hyyhnm ygf aòqf {fqv`yq d{ob ygf bhmhef{q hmi

fbsò~ffq hmi dv{ygf{bo{f, nmtfqynehyo{ dnmi ny fhq~ yo nmyf{s{fy ygf tnfuq od {fqsomifmyq

d{ob th{novq inbfmqnomq 'Qaguh{y|bhm, 8>>1.-

Ygf nmyf{tnfuq od {fqfh{ag uf{f s`hmmfi yo kf bo{f osfm qo yghy {fqfh{agf{ ghq bo{f

osso{yvmnynfq yo fwsò{f xvfqynom nm ifsyg- Omaf ygoqf xvfqynomq uf{f s{olfayfi hmi {fqsomqfq

uf{f ehygf{fi, mfu xvfqynomq uf{f hiifi yo `nqy- Qnmaf ygf {fqfh{ag nq nmivayntf ygf{fdo{f, ny

gfhtn`~ {f`nfq om ygf vmif{qyhminme yghm lvqy qyhynqynah` ihyh-

1-6-8 S{nbh{~ {fqfh{ag nmyf{tnfuq<

Yg{ff bhmhef{q uf{f aomyhayfi hy ygf kfenmmnme yg{oveg fbhn` yghy fws`hnmfi ygf {fqfh{ag

qyvi~ hmi òojnme do{ ygfn{ aomqfmy nm ygf sh{ynanshynom od ygnq {fqfh{ag-

H`` yg{ff aomyhayfi {fqsomifmyq {fs`nfi yg{oveg fbhn`, B8 hmi B1 he{ffi ugf{fhq B;

{fs`nfi yghy bo{f nmdo{bhynom nq {fxvn{fi hkovy ygf hnbq hmi oklfayntfq- Ygf {fxvfqy uhq

hmquf{fi tnh fbhn` hmi B; ygfm he{ffi yo kf ygf sh{y od ygnq {fqfh{ag-

H`` od ygf yg{ff sh{ynanshmyq uf{f yf`fsgomfi k~ ygf {fqfh{agf{ qfsh{hyf`~ yo f`hko{hyf ygf

ynbfqah`f, s{oafiv{f do{ ao``faynom od ihyh, {fqfh{ag‟q sv{soqf hmi ygf fygnah` {fd`faynomq qo

yghy nd hm~ sh{ynanshmy ghq hm~ xvf{~, ny nq hmquf{fi k~ {fqfh{agf{-

Unyg ftf{~ qnme`f sh{ynanshmy do{ ygf qfbn qy{vayv{fi nmyf{tnfuq, ihyfq uf{f ifanifi-

Ygf ihyfq od ygf nmyf{tnfuq unyg ygf bhmhef{q h{f bfmynomfi kfòu<

Bhmhef{ 8< 85yg

Oayokf{ ;388

Bhmhef{ ;< 8>yg

Oayokf{ ;388

Bhmhef{ 1< 86yg

Oayokf{ ;388

Koyg osfm hmi aòqf fmifi xvfqynomq uf{f nma`vifi nm ygf inqavqqnomq yo aotf{ jf~ h{fhq od

{fqfh{ag<

Nbshay od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb od ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq

Ygf sf{afsynom od fbsò~ff hkovy ygf sh{ynav`h{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hb



Ygf y{hnmnme hq hm nminahyo{ yo nbs{otf ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq

Ygf jf~ h{fhq yo nbs{otf ygf uo{jnme fddnanfma~ od fbsò~ffq

Ygf fbsghqnq om ygf mffi od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hy o{ehmnqhynom

1-4 Ihyh Ao``faynom<

Th{novq y~sfq od xvfqynomnme yfagmnxvfq uf{f vqfi, qvag hq osfm fmifi xvfqynomq yo fmhk`f

{fqsomifmyq yo f`hko{hyf ygfn{ fwsf{nfmafq ugf{fhq nm aòqf xvfqynomq bhnm oklfayntf yo

haaobs`nqg ygf nmdo{bhynom od qsfandna y~sf hmi qfh{agnme xvfqynomq yo ifqa{nkf ygf {fqsomqfq

'Qhvmif{q fy h`, ;331.-

Ygf nmyf{tnfuq unyg ygf bhmhef{q uf{f yg{oveg fbhn`q hmi ygf yf`fsgomna nmyf{tnfu kfdo{f

inqshyagnme fbhn` yo fws`hnm ygnmeq nm hithmaf uf{f {fao{ifi unyg h s{osf{ y{haj {fao{i-

Haao{inme yo Qhvmif{q fy h` ';331. yghy yo aomy{o` ygf knhqmfqq hmi bhjf ihyh do{ {f`nhk`f do{

ygf sv{soqf od hmh`~qnq ygf dv`` y{hajnme od {fao{iq nq fqqfmynh` hdyf{ nmyf{tnfuq h{f

aobbfmafi-

1-5 Qhbs`nme<

Ygf qhbs`nme yfagmnxvf vqfi do{ ygf s{fqfmy {fqfh{ag nq aomtfmnfmaf qhbs`nme hq ygf qhbs`f

qn|f nq tf{~ qbh`` kfahvqf om`~ ;3 {fqsomifmyq h{f qf`fayfi do{ ygnq ahqf qyvi~- Om`~ yg{ff

bhmhef{q h{f nmyf{tnfufi do{ gh`d gov{ qfbn qy{vayv{fi nmyf{tnfu hmi ;3 fbsò~ffq uo{jnme

hy inddf{fmy soqnynom nm ygf goyf` uf{f agoqfm om ygf khqnq od aomtfmnfmy qhbs`nme- D{obfbsò~ffq h aòqf fmifi xvfqynommhn{f uhq ifqnemfi yghy aomyhnmfi 8; xvfqynomq yo dnmi ovy

ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq nm `hqy 8; bomygq nm {f`hynom yo fddnanfma~ hmi fddfayntfmfqq- Om

ygf qah`f od 8 yo 6 ygf {fqsomifmy‟q hmquf{q uf{f bfhqv{fi- Ygf mvbkf{ od fbsò~ffq

uo{jnme nm goyf` qfayo{ uhq hqjfi yo sh{ynanshyf nm ygf {fqfh{ag hòme unyg ygf bhmhef{q:

nmyf{fqyfi nmintnivh`q uf{f f`fayfi yo aobsn`f h `nqy od {fqsomifmyq-

Ygf bhmhef{q hmi fbsò~ffq uf{f qgo{y `nqyfi om ygf khqnq od ygfn{ fwsf{nfmafq hmi

vmif{qyhminme od G[ s{haynafq fqsfanh``~ y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb- Ygf{f uf{f koyg

fwsf{nfmafi hmi `fqq fwsf{nfmafi fbsò~ffq nm ygf fh{`~ qyhef kvy ygoqf ugo bfy ygf a{nyf{nh

bo{f uf{f f`fayfi k~ {fqfh{agf{ do{ s{fqfmy nmtfqynehynom-

1-7 Ygf Snòy Qyvi~<

Yo agfaj ygf a{finkn`ny~ od {fqsomifmyq hmi fmqv{f yghy ygf sv{soqf od {fqfh{ag nq vmif{qyooi

s{osf{`~, ygf bhmhef{q hmi qvsf{tnqo{q od goyf` uf{f entfm inddf{fmy shsf{q {f`hyfi yo ygf

boif`q od y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb hmi nyq yfagmnxvfq yo nbs`fbfmy ny nm fddfayntf

bhmmf{-

Nma`vinme,



Ygf ifqnem od soqnyntf {fnmdo{afbfmy od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq h yoo` yo nbshay ygf s`hmq

hmi s{oafiv{fq od o{ehmnqhynom 'Gvqf`ni 8>>6, Aoojf ;333.-

S{otnqnom od gneg qvsso{y do{ iftfòsbfmy hmi y{hnmnme s{oe{hb yo uo{jf{q ghq bo{f

hkn`ny~ yo fmghmaf sf{do{bhmaf 'Bhv{f{ hmi @nssqy{fv, ;337.-

Fwhbs`f qy{hyfe~ boif`q do{ y{hnmnme hmi iftfòsbfmy s{oe{hb-

Sf{do{bhmaf bhmhefbfmy‟q fnegy fqqfmynh`q-

Ygf eoh` od snòy qyvi~ uhq yo bhjf qv{f ygf bhmhef{q hmi fbsò~ffq yo vmif{qyhmi ygf

boif`q od y{hnmnme hmi nyq nbs`fbfmyhynomq nm goyf` qf{tnafq- Ygf qyvi~‟q otf{tnfu nq

s{fqfmyfi nm hssfminw A-

1-> Ynbf Go{n|omq hmi s{olfay S`hm<

Ygf ynbf go{n|om‟q ifyhn`q h{f hthn`hk`f nm hssfminw I, k~ bfhmq od h ehmmy agh{y- Ygf s`hm od

s{olfay nq bfmynomfi kfòu yghy nq {ftnqfi ynbf`nmfq agoqfm k~ ygf {fqfh{agf{-

Hayntny~ Ugo Ugfm

Ifqnem qfbn"qy{vayv{fi nmyf{tnfu do{bhy Qhlni Bfgbooi Hvevqy ;388

Qvsso{ynme Ioavbfmyhynom Qhlni Bfgbooi Qfsyfbkf{ ;388

Nmyf{tnfu qagfiv`fq hmi xvfqynommhn{f k{nfdnmeq Qhlni Bfgbooi Qfsyfbkf{ ;388

Nmyf{tnfuq hmi xvfqynommhn{f aobbfmafi Qhlni Bfgbooi Oayokf{ ;388

Ihyh qo{ynme d{ob nmyf{tnfuq hmi xvfqynommhn{f Qhlni Bfgbooi Oayokf{ ;388

Efmf{hyf qfebfmy do{ nmqf{ynom nm dnmh` inqqf{yhynom Qhlni Bfgbooi Oayokf{ ;388

1-83 Fygnah` aomqnif{hynomq<

Ygf nmtfqynehynom uhq aobbfmafi nm h uh~ yghy ygf aomdnifmynh`ny~ od sh{ynanshmyq ghq kffm

s{oyfayfi- Ygf {negyq od ygf sh{ynanshmyq nifmyndnfi k~ Qhvmif{q fy h` ';331. h{f hq do`òunme<

Moy kfnme gh{hqqfi

Yo kf hss{ohagfi hy qvnyhk`f ynbfq

Yo tf{nd~ unyg {fhqomq yghy nm ygf s{oafqq od ihyh ao``faynom ugfm ygf~ un`` sh{ynanshyf

Moy kfnme do{afi yo hmquf{ hm~ygnme ygf~ io moy uhmy yo hmquf{

Moy kfnme xvfqynomfi nm h uh~ yghy `fhiq yo qy{fqq om ygfb

H`` ygf sh{ynanshmyq uf{f nmdo{bfi s{no{ yghy ughy nq ygf sv{soqf od ygnq qyvi~ hmi ygf ihyh

ao``faynom un`` kf vqfi do{ ygf hahifbna sv{soqf- Ygf aomdnifmynh`ny~ od nmintnivh`q uovì kf

bhnmyhnmfi k~ jffsnme ygfb hmom~bovq-



1-88 Qvbbh{~ od Aghsyf{<

Nm ygnq aghsyf{, {fqfh{ag sgn`oqosg~, hss{ohag, hmi qy{hyfe~ agoqfm nq ovy`nmfi hmi {fhqomq do{

osynme yo ny-

Lvqyndnahynom do{ ygf ehygf{nme od ihyh, hmh`~qnq hmi ifyhn`q od s{nbh{~ {fqfh{ag aobbfmafi

yg{oveg qfbn qy{vayv{fi nmyf{tnfuq hmi xvfqynommhn{f nq inqavqqfi h`ome unyg ygf {fqfh{ag

ifqnem-

Ygf fygnah` hss{ohag od {fqfh{ag nq k{nfdfi hy ygf fmi od ygnq aghsyf{ yo fws`hnm yghy ygf

nmdo{bhynom ehygf{fi d{ob th{novq qov{afq uhq vqfi om`~ do{ ygf {fqfh{ag sv{soqf-



Aghsyf{ 9<

9-8 Nmy{oivaynom<

Ygnq sh{y od ygf inqqf{yhynom aomyhnmq nmyf{s{fyhynom od ihyh efmf{hyfi d{ob th{novq qov{afq,

nma`vinme qv{tf~ xvfqynommhn{f hmi f"bhn` nmyf{tnfuq d{ob ygf fwsf{yq- Ygf dnminmeq h{f

aobsh{fi unyg ygf `nyf{hyv{f {ftnfu nm ygf a{nynah` hss{hnqh`- Ygf bhlo{ yuo so{ynom od ygnq

aghsyf{ h{f nmyf{tnfuq hmi xvfqynommhn{f {fqv`yq-

Ygf inqavqqnom hkovy ygf nmyf{tnfu {fqv`yq aomyhnm a{nynah` hss{hnqh` od `nyf{hyv{f {ftnfu- Ygf

nmyf{tnfuq unyg ygf sh{ynanshmyq h{f inqavqqfi nm ygf qfaynom od ygf aghsyf{ hmi ygf o{nenmh`

nmyf{tnfuq h{f hyyhagfi nm ygf hssfminw hthn`hk`f hy ygf fmi od ygf inqqf{yhynom-

Qhbs`f qn|f od ;3 {fqsomifmyq qf`fayfi do{ ygnq {fqfh{ag om ygf khqnq od {hmiob qhbs`nme uhq

entfm ygf xvfqynommhn{f yo ehygf{ ygfn{ dffikhaj hmi xvfqynommhn{f {fqv`yq h{f s{fqfmyfi tnh snf

agh{y- Ygf dnmh` {fqv`yq h{f qgoum nm ygf sf{afmyhef yo ghtf h s{fanqf nifh hkovy ygf bhlo{ny~

{fqsomqfq-

Ygnq aghsyf{ h`qo qf{tfq h tnyh` khqf do{ ygf `hqy aghsyf{ hq ygf aoma`vqnom un`` kf khqfi om ygf

dnminme hmh`~qnq hmi nmyf{s{fyhynom od ihyh-

9-; Nmyf{tnfu {fqv`yq<

9-;-8 Ughy nq ygf nbshay od G[ y{hnmnme om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq?

Dn{qy Bhmhef{<

Ny ghq h soqnyntf fddfay om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq hq y{hnmnme gf`s ygfb bo{f yo kf

fddfayntf nm ygfn{ {fqsfayntf lokq-

Qfaomi Bhmhef{<

Sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff nbs{otf bo{f ivf yo y{hnmnme, ygf~ kfaobf bo{f s{oivayntf,

fddfayntf hmi fddnanfmy nm ygfn{ hqqnemfi yhqjq-

Ygn{i Bhmhef{<

Ygf sf{do{bhmaf om fbsò~ffq nma{fhqfq bo{f ivf yo y{hnmnme- Ygf~ kfaobf fwsf{y nm ygfn{

uo{j ugnag gf`sq ygfb nm òme {vm hmi h`qo gf`s o{ehmnqhynom nm qhtnme {fqov{afq-

Inqavqqnom<

D{ob hkotf bfmynom yg{ff inddf{fmy {fqsomqfq ny ahm kf aoma`vifi yghy y{hnmnme ghq h soqnyntfnbshay om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq hq ny yfmiq yo nbs{otf ygf uo{j fddnanfma~ hy

uo{js`haf- Ygf a{nynah` fth`vhynom od ygf s{ftnovq fbsn{nah` {fqfh{agfq h`qo {ftfh` yghy ygf{f

nq h soqnyntf ao{{f`hynom kfyuffm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi ygf sf{do{bhmaf om ygf fbsò~ff,

hq ny ghq kffm nifmyndnfi nm ygf qyvi~ uo{j od Hssf`khvb fy h`-, ';333.: Khyy, ';33;. hmi

Qagv`f{ hmi Lhajqom, '8>75., ugnag nminahyf yghy nd fbsò~ffq ehnm hifxvhyf y{hnmnme, ygf~

un`` kf bo{f s{oivayntf omf-



9-;-; Ughy h{f ygf nmintnivh` ehnmq d{ob ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb do{ ygf fbsò~ffq?

Dn{qy Bhmhef{<

Nd fbsò~ff sh{ynanshyfq nm y{hnmnme s{oe{hb gf un`` ghtf bo{f aghmafq yo e{oob gnq nmmf{

hkn`nynfq-

Qfaomi Bhmhef{<

Ygf{f h{f qo bhm~ ehnmq d{ob ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb ugnag boynthyfq fbsò~ffq yo kf h

sh{ynanshmy od ygf y{hnmnme, qvag hq s{oboynom, qjn`` iftfòsbfmy, nma{fhqf nm qh`h{~, ah{ff{

e{ouyg-

Ygn{i Bhmhef{<

Fbsò~ffq‟ `fh{mnme hkn`nynfq qgnmfq, ygf~ kfaobf bo{f aobsfyfmy hq ygfn{ qjn``q h{f bo{f

so`nqgfi- Ygf osso{yvmnynfq nma{fhqf do{ ygfb yo kf om kfyyf{ soqnynom ivf yo y{hnmnme-

Inqavqqnom<

Ygf {fqsomqfq d{ob ygf fwsf{yq qgou yghy sf{qomh` boynthynom od fbsò~ffq h{f `nmjfi unyg

ygf sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hq ygf{f h{f nmintnivh` ehnmq do{ ygfb- Fbsò~ffq

ugo h{f uf`` y{hnmfi ghtf bo{f k{negy osso{yvmnynfq youh{iq qfyynme ygfn{ ah{ff{ om gneg

moifq- Ygf~ ahm iftfòs bo{f qjn``q yo uo{j nm fddnanfmy hmi fddfayntf bhmmf{ ugnag

nma{fhqfq ygfn{ bh{jfy uo{yg- Ygf s{odfqqnomh`nqb youh{iq uo{j nma{fhqf ugnag gf`s ygfb yo

kf h tnyh` hqqfy do{ ygf o{ehmnqhynom- Ygf aghmafq yo {fyhnm ygfn{ s`haf nm ygf o{ehmnqhynom

nma{fhqf bo{f-

Yo qvsso{y ov{ inqavqqnom uf ahm aomqnif{ ygf {fqfh{ag dnminmeq od Ef{gh{i fy h` ';333. yghy

qveefqy yghy ny nq moy om`~ o{ehmnqhynom yghy ghq ehnm d{ob ygf y{hnmfi fbsò~ffq kvy

fbsò~ffq nma{fhqf ygfn{ bh{jfy {fsvyhkn`ny~ k~ sh{ynanshynme nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-

9-;-1 Nq y{hnmnme s{oe{hb gf`sdv` do{ ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ yo bfhqv{f ygf hayvh`

sf{do{bhmaf od uo{jf{q?

Dn{qy Bhmhef{<

^fq, y{hnmnme s{oe{hb qgou ygf inddf{fmaf nm ygf uo{j sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh`q- Nm goyf`

nmivqy{~ uo{jf{q ugo {fafntf y{hnmnme h{f kfnme bomnyo{fi `hyf{ hmi ygf sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh` nq agfajfi kfdo{f hmi hdyf{ y{hnmnme qo ny nq gf`sdv` nm bfhqv{nme ygf hayvh`

sf{do{bhmaf-

Qfaomi Bhmhef{<

Qnmaf y{hnmnme nq entfm yo nma{fhqf ygf fddnanfma~ o{ yo nbs{otf ygf sf{do{bhmaf od uo{jf{ qo

ifdnmnyf`~, omaf y{hnmnme nq otf{, ny nminahyfq yghy ughy uhq s{ftnovq`~ fbsò~ff‟q

sf{do{bhmaf hmi gou ny nq mou qo ~fq y{hnmnme nq kfmfdnanh` nm bfhqv{nme ygf hayvh`

sf{do{bhmaf od uo{jf{q-



Ygn{i Bhmhef{<

^fq y{hnmnme {fivafq ygf aghmafq od yv{motf{ od fbsò~ffq qo ygf{f nq hvyobhyna nma{fhqf nm

ygf sf{do{bhmaf- Uf ahm qh~ y{hnmnme bfhqv{f ygf uo{j sf{do{bhmaf hmi ygf{fdo{f ny nq bo{f

unif`~ vqfi k~ goyf`q yo agfaj ygf {fh` sf{do{bhmaf od nyq fbsò~ffq-

Inqavqqnom<

Ygf dffikhaj d{ob ygf s{odfqqnomh`q qveefqyq yghy goyf` nmivqy{~ vqf y{hnmnme hq h yoo` yo

bfhqv{f ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Ygf y{hnmnme hqqnqy dn{bq nm {fyhnmnme ygf kfqy gvbhm

{fqov{af unygnm ygf o{ehmnqhynom hmi hy ygf qhbf ynbf ny uo{jq hq ygf bfhqv{nme yoo` do{

sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Ygf `nyf{hyv{f {ftnfu h`qo qveefqy yghy ygf hkqfmyffnqb hmi

fbsò~ff yv{motf{ {fivafq ivf yo y{hnmnme s{oe{hb ugnag bfhmq yghy yg{oveg y{hnmnme

s{oe{hb, dn{bq h{f bfhqv{nme ygf sf{do{bhmaf od nyq uo{jdo{af 'I~f{ $ [fftfq 8>>6.- Ygf

qyvi~ od I~f{ hmi [fftfq '8>>6. h`qo qveefqyfi yghy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb fmqv{f yghy qyhmih{iq

od ygf uo{j h{f bhnmyhnmfi- Ygnq bfhmq yghy y{hnmnme fbsò~ffq evnif uo{jf{q yo uo{j ovy nm

ao{{fay bhmmf{ ughy uhq s{ftnovq`~ kfnme iomf nm boqy hss{os{nhyf bhmmf{- Nm oygf{ uo{iq,

ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq bfhqv{nme ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh`q k~ agfajnme ugfygf{

ygf qfy qyhmih{iq h{f kfnme do`òufi o{ moy hdyf{ ygf sh{ynanshynom nm ygf s{oe{hb-

9-;-9 Iofq y{hnmnme hùh~q bhjf fbsò~ffq qgou ygf soqnyntf hyynyvif youh{iq uo{j?

Dn{qy Bhmhef{<

Ny th{nfq d{ob sf{qom yo sf{qom: qobf sfos`f bh~ moy kf tf{~ fddfayntf ftfm hdyf{

sh{ynanshynme nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb kvy ~fq boqy od ygf sfos`f qgou bo{f soqnyntf hyynyvif

youh{iq uo{j hdyf{ kfnme y{hnmfi nm ygf y{hnmnme qfqqnomq-

Qfaomi Bhmhef{<

Mokoi~ ahm kf qv{f hkovy hùh~q kvy nm boqy od ygf ahqfq fbsò~ffq ifbomqy{hyf h tf{~

soqnyntf kfghtnov{ hy uo{js`haf hmi bo{f soqnyntf hyynyvif nq moynafi youh{iq uo{j kfahvqf

ygf aobbnybfmy `ftf` od fbsò~ffq nma{fhqf-

Ygn{i Bhmhef{<

Ny af{yhnm ahqfq ~fq, ygf sv{soqf od y{hnmnme nq yo nma{fhqf ygf soqnyntny~ od fbsò~ff youh{iquo{j kvy ygf{f h{f hùh~q qobf fwafsynomh` ahqfq- Nd uf yhjf 833 ahqfq, N kf`nftf >7 sf{afmy

un`` ghtf h soqnyntf hyynyvif youh{iq uo{j hdyf{ y{hnmnme qo aomqnif{nme yghy ~fq, soqnyntf

hyynyvif youh{iq uo{j nq iftfòsfi nm boqy ahqfq hdyf{ y{hnmnme- Ygf{f h{f om`~ qobf {h{f

ahqfq yghy bnegy moy ftfm qgou soqnyntf hyynyvif hy h`` do{ ygfn{ hqqnemfi yhqj-

Inqavqqnom<

Ygf xvfqynom aomyhnmfi h uo{i ”hùh~q‟ nm {fqsomqfq od ugnag ygf fwsf{yq ghtf h tnfuq yghy

ygf{f h{f qobf ahqfq nm ugnag y{hnmnme bh~ moy kf fddfayntf hy h`` kvy nm boqy od ygf ahqfq,

y{hnmnme nq qnemndnahmy dhayo{ nm i{ntnme ygf soqnyntf hyynyvif youh{iq uo{j- Nm ygf `negy od

`nyf{hyv{f {ftnfu, uf ghtf {fhi yghy haao{inme yo ygf qyvi~ od Xhih{ Khjqg fy h` ';383. ygf



sf{afsynom od fbsò~ff aghmefq ivf yo G[ s{haynafq `njf, y{hnmnme, aobsfmqhynom,

sf{do{bhmaf fth`vhynom- Ygnq bfhmq yghy ygf fbsò~ff‟q sf{afsynom youh{iq uo{j aghmefq hq

ygf~ eo yg{oveg y{hnmnme- Ygf~ kfaobf bo{f soqnyntf nm ygfn{ hss{ohag hy uo{j kfahvqf ygfn{

aobbnybfmy `ftf` nma{fhqfq-

9-;-6 Iofq ygf fbsò~ff„q soqnyntf sf{afsynom nma{fhqf hdyf{ sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme

s{oe{hb?

Dn{qy Bhmhef{<

^fq, y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq vqf yo h`yf{ ygf sf{afsynomq od fbsò~ffq hkovy uo{j- Boqy od ygf

uo{jf{q ghtf h bnqaomafsynom hkovy ygfn{ uo{j kvy y{hnmnme s{otfq tnyh` yo h`yf{ ygfn{

sf{afsynom- Ygf~ kfaobf soqnyntf nm ygfn{ hss{ohag youh{iq uo{j-

Qfaomi Bhmhef{<

Od aov{qf, ugfm fbsò~ffq vmif{eo y{hnmnme, ygf~ ghtf a`fh{ nifhq hkovy gou yo ah{{~ ygfn{

lok qo ygf~ h{f bo{f soqnyntf nm ygfn{ hss{ohag- Ftfm nd s{ftnovq`~ ygf~ uf{f vmun``nme yo io h

yhqj, ygf~ kfaobf bo{f soqnyntf hkovy lok-

Ygn{i Bhmhef{<

Ygf soqnyntf sf{afsynom gf`s fbsò~ffq yo uo{j nm gfh`yg~ fmtn{ombfmy hmi y{hnmnme fmqv{f

yghy fbsò~ffq ghtf bo{f soqnyntf dff`nmeq hkovy ygf o{ehmnqhynom- Ygfn{ sf{afsynom jffsq om

nbs{otnme hkovy ygf uo{j, o{ehmnqhynom hmi ygfn{ hkn`nynfq hdyf{ sh{ynanshynom nm fhag qfqqnom

od y{hnmnme-

Inqavqqnom<

H`` od ygf nmyf{tnfuffq tnfu y{hnmnme hq h qnemndnahmy aomy{nkvyo{ nm h`yf{nme ygf sf{afsynom od

fbsò~ffq hkovy o{ehmnqhynom, uo{j hmi ygfn{ sf{qomh` hkn`nynfq- Ny ahm kf qhni om ygf khqnq od

hkotf entfm dffikhaj yghy ygf{f nq h qy{ome {f`hynomqgns kfyuffm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi

iftfòsbfmy od soqnyntf sf{afsynom kfahvqf ygf hyynyvif od fbsò~ff aghmefq youh{iq uo{j

hq ygfn{ aobbnybfmy `ftf` nma{fhqfq bo{f- Ygf qyvinfq hmi shqy {fqfh{agfq h`qo qgou yghy

fbsò~ffq `njf ygfn{ uo{j bo{f hdyf{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq qo ygnq h`qo sonmy youh{iq ygf soqnyntfsf{afsynom kfnme a{fhyfi k~ ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb- Ygf qveefqynom bhif k~ Ivknm, '8>>3. hmi

Ygh{fmov, ';338. nm ygfn{ {fqsfayntf qyvinfq uf{f yghy nd fbsò~ffq h{f nmto`tf nm y{hnmnme

s{oe{hbq nm bo{f hss{os{nhyf uh~, ygf soqnyntf ovyaobfq un`` aobf bo{f hq ygfn{ sf{afsynom

aghmefq hkovy uo{j- Ygf hifxvhyf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb boynthyfq fbsò~ffq yo kf bo{f

aobbnyyfi youh{iq ygfn{ eoh`q hq ygf~ ghtf bo{f soqnyntf sf{afsynom hkovy uo{j-



9-;-4 Io ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq nbs{otf ivf yo ygf iftfòsbfmy od qjn``q

{fxvn{fi do{ lok k~ bfhmq od y{hnmnme?

Dn{qy Bhmhef{<

Nmiffi, yg{oveg y{hnmnme ygf qjn``q nmintnivh`q h{f `hajnme nm ygfn{ uo{jq h{f efmf{hyfi ugnag

gf`sq fbsò~ffq nm {fh` yf{bq hq ygfn{ sf{do{bhmaf jffs om nbs{otnme-

Qfaomi Bhmhef{<

Bhnm sv{soqf yo entf y{hnmnme nq yo dn`` ygf ehs- Nmintnivh`q h{f y{hnmfi yo iftfòs lok {f`hyfi

qjn``q qo yghy ygfn{ hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf bffyq unyg ygf sf{afntfi sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq-

Ygn{i Bhmhef{<

Ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf nq ughy {fh``~ aovmyq hmi do{ ygnq y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq h{f ifqnemfi-

Ftf{~ o{ehmnqhynom qffjq yghy fbsò~ffq ghtf ygoqf qjn``q yghy h{f {fxvn{fi do{ ygf lok hmi

y{hnmnme nifmynd~ ny, uo{j om ny hmi nbs{otf ny qo yghy ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od uo{jf{q efy

nbs{otfi-

Inqavqqnom<

Ygf {fqsomqfq od ygf bhmhef{q qgou yghy ygf bhnm nifh kfgnmi ygf h{{hmenme od y{hnmnme

qfqqnomq do{ fbsò~ffq h{f yo nifmynd~ ygf `hajnme od qjn``q mffifi yo sf{do{b do{ sh{ynav`h{

yhqj hmi yo fmqv{f yghy ygfqf {fxvn{fi qjn``q h{f iftfòsfi hmi fbsò~ffq h{f bo{f aobsfyfmy

nm ygfn{ hss{ohag ugnag ftfmyvh``~ nbs{otf ygfn{ hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf hy uo{js`haf- Nm ygf

s{ftnovq aghsyf{ od `nyf{hyv{f {ftnfu, uf ghtf {fhi yghy o{ehmnqhynom ugfm yfmiq yo nma{fhqf

ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq o{ yo iftfòs ygf qjn``q nm ygfb, ygf~ do{b y{hnmnme

qfqqnomq do{ fbsò~ffq- Haao{inme yo Khyy ';33;. yg{oveg bfhmq od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb, ygf

nmintnivh`q uo{j om ygfn{ ifdnanfmy qjn``q qo yghy ygf~ h{f bo{f aobsfyfmy nm ygfn{ uo{j- Gfmaf

y{hnmnme nq fqqfmynh` yo nbs{otf ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq-

Om ygf khqnq od dnminmeq od nmyf{tnfuq hmi ygf inqavqqnom khqfi om ygf a{nynah` hss{hnqh` od ygf

`nyf{hyv{f {ftnfu ny ghq kffm vmif{qyooi yghy y{hnmnme nq omf od ygf bhmhefbfmy‟q dnmfqy od h``

yoo`q yo nma{fhqf ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Ny nq tf{~ a`fh{ yghy bo{f osso{yvmnynfq

h{f a{fhyfi k~ bfhmq od y{hnmnme hq fbsò~ffq kfaobf bo{f s{oivayntf hmi fddfayntf hdyf{sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq-

Ygf qjn``q h{f so`nqgfi hmi iftfòsfi nm bo{f fddfayntf bhmmf{ unyg ygf gf`s od y{hnmnme

s{oe{hb- Nm hiinynom yo ygnq, ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq osfm mfu inbfmqnomq do{ fbsò~ffq yo

ehnm bobfmyvb hmi kfaobf bo{f aobsfyfmy-



9-1Xvfqynommhn{f hmh`~qnq<

9-1-8 Ov{ o{ehmn|hynom aomivayq fwyfmqntf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq do{ nyq fbsò~ffq nm h``

hqsfayq od xvh`ny~-

Qy{ome`~ he{ff Inqhe{ff Nminddf{fmy He{ff Qy{ome`~ inqhe{ff

7 1 ; 6 ;

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Ygf {fqsomifmyq hmquf{fi ygf xvfqynomq om ygf qah`f od 8 yo 6- Ygf 93& od fbsò~ffq osy yo 8

om qah`f ugnag bfhmq ygf~ qy{ome`~ he{ff nm ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ tnfu yghy y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq

nmqnif ygf o{ehmnqhynom aotf{ h`` hqsfay od xvh`ny~- 6 sh{ynanshmyq bh{jfi 9 om qah`f ugnag nq;6& fbsò~ffq he{ff yo xvh`ny~ od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb od aobshm~- 86& {fqsomifmyq inqhe{ffi

unyg ygf xvh`ny~ od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-

93&

86&

83&

;6&

83&

Fwyfmqntf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq do{ nyq

fbsò~ffq nm h`` hqsfayq od xvh`ny~




9-1-;- Fbs`o~ffq nm fhag lok un`` mo{bh``~ eo yg{oveg y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq ftf{~ ~fh{-


4 9 1 4 8

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Ygf qhbs`f qn|f {fqsomifi yo ftf{~ ~fh{ y{hnmnme nmivaynom om qah`f 8 yo 6 hq 13& od ygf

qf`fayfi qhbs`f qn|f qy{ome`~ he{ffi ugn`f 13& lvqy he{ffi yo ny- 86& {fqsomifmyq {fbhnm

nminddf{fmy, ;3& inqhe{ff yghy nm fhag ifsh{ybfmy ftf{~ ~fh{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq eonme om-

13&

;3&86&

13&

6&

Fbs`o~ffq nm fhag lok eo yg{oveg y{hnmnme

s{oe{hbq ftf{~ ~fh{




9-1-1- Y{hnmnme mffiq h{f nifmyndnfi yg{oveg h do{bh` sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh`

bfaghmnqb-


6 ; ; 4 ;

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

49& {fqsomifmyq ovy od ygf ;3 fbsò~ffq he{ff yo qobf fwyfmy yghy y{hnmnme mffiq od ygfqf h{f

kfnme nifmyndnfi yg{oveg ygf bfaghmnqb od sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh`- Ygnq bfhmq ife{ff 8 hmi 9

nq kfnme qf`fayfi hq h {fqsomqf k~ ygf fbsò~ffq d{ob ygf qah`f od 8 yo 6- Nm oygf{ uo{iq, ;>&

qy{ome`~ he{ffq hmi 16& he{ff yghy sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh` yfagmnxvf nifmynd~ {fxvn{fbfmyq do{y{hnmnme- ;9& fbsò~ffq io moy aomqnif{ sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh` hq y{hnmnme mffi nifmyndnf{

ugf{fhq 8;& {fbhnm nminddf{fmy yo ny-

;>&

8;&

8;&

16&

8;&

Y{hnmnme mffiq h{f nifmyndnfi yg{oveg h

do{bh` sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh` bfaghmnqb




9-1-9- Ygf{f h{f do{bh` y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq yo yfhag mfu fbsò~ffq ygf qjn``q ygf~ mffi yo

sf{do{b ygfn{ lokq-


7 ; ; 5 8

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Boqy od ygf {fqsomifmyq dn{b`~ aomqnif{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hq ygf khqna {fxvn{fbfmy yo sf{do{b

ygfn{ {ovynmf lokq- 16& he{ff hmi 93& qy{ome`~ he{ff, ugnag bfhmq 56& od ygf {fqsomifmyq

yghy do{bh` y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hq ygf yoo` yo evnif ygf fbsò~ffq `fh{m ygfn{ yhqjq nm aomqnqyfmy

bhmmf{, ny hqqnqy ygfb nm yfhagnme ygf khqnaq hkovy ygf lokq yghy gou yo sf{do{b ny- 86&

qobfughy inqhe{ff yo ny ugn`f 83& {fbhnm mfvy{h` hkovy ny-

93&

83&83&

16&

6&

Do{bh` y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq yfhag mfu

fbsò~ffq qjn``q yo sf{do{b lokq-




9-1-6- N kf`nftf qoanh` an{a`f nm ygf dn{b nq fwshminme ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme

s{oe{hb-


6 ; 1 7 ;

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

81 Ovy od ;3 fbsò~ffq he{ff yghy qoanh` an{a`f od hm fbsò~ff jffs om fwshminme ugfm gf

sh{ynanshyfq nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq, ygnq haaovmy yo 46& fbsò~ffq, ovy od ugnag 93& he{ff,

hmi ;6& qy{ome`~ he{ff kvy 86& {fbhnm vmifanifi hkovy ny- ;3& fbsò~ffq h`yoefygf{

inqhe{ff yghy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb gf`sq nm ygf fwshmqnom od qoanh` an{a`f-

;6&

83&

86&

93&

83&

Qoanh` an{a`f fwshmiq ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm

ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb




9-1-4- N kf`nftf b~ s{oboynom nq h {fqv`y od nmivaynom od ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-


4 8 1 7 ;

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Ygf qhbs`f qn|f od ;3 {fqsomifi yo ygnq xvfqynom om inddf{fmy qah`fq hq 7 he{ff, 4 qy{ome`~

he{ff, 8 inqhe{ff, ; qy{ome`~ inqhe{ff hmi 1 bh{jfi nminddf{fmy- Ygnq bfhmq yghy 53&

fbs`o~ffq dff` yghy s{oboynom nq soqqnk`f nd ygf~ sh{ynanshyf nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-

13&

6&

86&

93&

83&

S{oboynom nq h {fqv`y od nmivaynom od ygf

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb




9-1-5- N kf`nftf yghy b~ qfy yh{efyq hmi oklfayntf h{f hyyhnmfi hmi nifmyndnfi k~ ygf dn{b

yg{oveg y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-


9 1 ; 7 1

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Ygf qfyynme od yh{efyq hmi hyyhnmnme oklfayntfq h{f iomf yg{oveg nmto`tnme fbs`o~ffq nm ygf

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb k~ dn{bq h{f he{ffi k~ 7 fbs`o~ffq ugnag bfhmq 93& he{ff yo ny, 9

{fqsomifmyq qy{ome`~ he{ff yghy dn{b vqf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hq h yoo` yo hyyhnm yh{efyq ugnag

bfhmq ;3&, h`yoefygf{ ny nq 43& od qhbs`f qn|f yghy he{ff ugf{f hq 13& io moy he{ff yo ny-

83& od qhbs`f qn|f nq vmifanifi hkovy ny-

;3&

86&

83&

93&

86&

Qfy yh{efyq hmi oklfayntf h{f hyyhnmfi hmi

nifmyndnfi k~ ygf dn{b yg{oveg y{hnmnme

s{oe{hb




9-1-7- N kf`nftf yghy b~ sh~ qah`f ghq nma{fhqfi hq h {fqv`y od sh{ynanshynom nm hss{os{nhyf

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-


6 ; 1 7 ;

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

7 ovy od ;3 fbs`o~ffq yh{efyfi nm qv{tf~ xvfqynommhn{f he{ff yghy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb gf`s nm

nma{fhqnme ygfn{ qh`h{~, ygnq bfhmq 93& {fqsomifmyq ghtf fwsf{nfmafi yghy hdyf{ sh{ynanshynom

nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb, ygfn{ qh`h{~ ghq nma{fhqfi- 6 tnfu y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hq ygf qy{ome

boif yo ghtf nma{fhqf nm ygf sh~ qah`f ugnag bfhmq ;6& qy{ome`~ he{ffq- Yoyh` 46& kf`nftf

yghy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb gf`s ygfb nm ygf nma{fbfmy nm ygf qh`h{~ shajhef- Om ygf oygf{ ghmi ;

fhag inqhe{ff hmi qy{ome`~ inqhe{ff, yghy bhjfq ;3& inqhe{ff o{ qy{ome`~ inqhe{ff yghy qh`h{~

nma{fhqfq hdyf{ sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-

;6&

83&

86&

93&

83&

Sh~ qah`f nma{fhqfq ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-




9-1->- N kf`nftf yghy bo{f ah{ff{ shygq un`` fbf{ef hmi bo{f osso{yvmnynfq un`` aobf b~

uh~ hdyf{ sh{ynanshynme nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-


5 1 ; 5 8

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Ygf {fqsomifmyq uf{f hqjfi yghy io ygf~ ygnmj yghy bo{f osso{yvmnynfq un`` aobf ygfn{ uh~

hdyf{ sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi 53& he{ff yghy ah{ff{ shyg nq a`fh{f{ ugfm

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq vmif{yhjfm- 16& qy{ome`~ he{ff hmi 16& lvqy he{ff kvy 86& inqhe{ff yghy

hdyf{ sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb ygf{f h{f bo{f aghmafq od fbf{enme osso{yvmnynfq-

Dv{ygf{bo{f, 6& qy{ome`~ inqhe{ff unyg ny kvy ygf bhlo{ny~ he{ffq yo ny-

16&

86&83&

16&

6&

ah{ff{ shygq hmi osso{yvmnynfq nma{fhqf

hdyf{ sh{ynanshynme nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb




9-1-83- Y{hnmnme ghq gf`sfi bf nm nbs{otnme b~ otf{h`` {fxvn{fi qjn``q do{ uo{j-


> 8 ; 5 8

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Boqy od ygf {fqsomifmyq he{ff yghy ~fq, y{hnmnme gf`sq ygfb nm nbs{otnme ygfn{ qjn``q do{

hqqnemfi yhqj- 96& qy{ome`~ he{ff hmi 16& qnbs`~ he{ff ugnag bfhmq 73& nm yoyh` he{ff yghy

otf{h`` qjn``q yghy ygf~ h{f `hajnme h{f nbs{otfi k~ ygf gf`s od y{hnmnme s{oe{hb- 83& {fbhnm

nminddf{fmy hkovy ny hmi om`~ 83& io moy he{ff yghy y{hnmnmeq gf`sq ygfb nm nbs{otnme ygfn{

otf{h`` qjn``q-

96&

6&83&

16&

6&

Y{hnmnme gf`sfq nbs{otfbfmy od otf{h``

{fxvn{fi qjn``q do{ uo{j




9-1-88- Nm ov{ o{ehmn|hynom, Y{hnmnme boynthyfq fbsò~ffq yo kf bo{f aobbnyyfi

youh{iq o{ehmnqhynomh` eoh`q-


6 9 ; 5 ;

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

Yo fqyhk`nqg h `nmj kfyuffm y{hnmnme hmi ygf o{ehmnqhynomh` aobbnybfmy, ygnq xvfqynom uhq

hqjfi hmi ygf {fqsomqfq qgou yghy 43& uo{jf{q kf`nftf yghy y{hnmnme nq h boynthyo{ do{

fbsò~ffq yo kf bo{f aobbnyyfi youh{iq ygf o{ehmnqhynomh` eoh`q hmi yh{efyq- Hq ygf dnev{f

qveefqyq yghy 16& he{ff hmi ;6& qy{ome`~ he{ff qo ygf bhlo{ny~ od {fqsomifmyq he{ff yo ny-

;6&

;3&

83&

16&

83&

Y{hnmnme boynthyfq fbsò~ffq yo kf bo{f

aobbnyyfi youh{iq o{ehmnqhynomh` eoh`q-




9-1-8;- B~ ah{ff{ shyg nq bo{f nm qghsf ivf yo b~ sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-


> 8 8 7 8

Nmyf{s{fyhynom<

> fbs`o~ffq bh{jfi qy{ome`~ he{ff hmi 7 bh{jfi he{ff qo ygnq nminahyfq yghy 76& fbs`o~ffq

tnfu y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hq h uh~ yo qghsf ygfn{ ah{ff{ shyg- Nm oygf{ uo{iq yo ghtf bo{f

s{fanqf nifh hkovy ~ov{ ah{ff{ shyg, y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq fqqfmynh` {fxvn{fbfmy kvy 83& io moy

tnfu ny hq ygf uh~ yo qghsf ~ov{ ah{ff{ shyg-

96&

6&6&

93&

6&

Ah{ff{ shyg nmqghsf ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm

ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb




9-9 Qvbbh{~<

Nm ygnq aghsyf{ yuo bfygoiq h{f vqfi yo qgou ygf dnminmeq od ygf {fqfh{ag, ygf dnminmeq od

nmyf{tnfuq h{f qgoum yg{oveg ygf inqavqqnomq hmi ygf xvfqynommhn{f dffikhaj nq s{fqfmyfi yo

snf agh{y- Ygf bhnm hqsfay od dnminmeq uhq yo dnmi ygf nbshay od G[ y{hnmnme om ygf hayvh`

sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq uo{jnme ygf goyf` qfayo{ od G~if{hkhi Nminh- Ygf{f nq h aòqf

{f`hynomqgns kfyuffm ygf y{hnmnme hmi ygf sf{do{bhmaf od uo{jf{q hq ygf {fh` sf{do{bhmaf od

fbsò~ffq nq nbs{otfi yg{oveg y{hnmnme qfqqnomq- Ygf aghmafq od s{oboynomq h{f bo{f `njf`~

yo aobf nm ygf ah{ff{ od fbsò~ffq ugo sh{ynanshyf nm ygf y{hnmnme qfqqnomq- Ygf dnminmeq

qveefqy yghy fbsò~ffq kf`nftf yghy ygfn{ sh~ qah`f ahm kfy bo{f kfyyf{ ivf yo sh{ynanshynom- Ny

h`qo gf`s nmintnivh` nm qghsnme ygfn{ ah{ff{ hmi h`nemnme ygfn{ ah{ff{ oklfayntfq unyg ygfn{

uo{j sf{do{bhmaf-

Ygf dffikhaj h`qo nminahyfq yghy ygf uhmyq od fbsò~ffq h{f qhynqdnfi yo af{yhnm fwyfmy k~

bfhmq od y{hnmnme- Fbsò~ffq nbs{otf ygfn{ lok {f`hyfi qjn``q hmi bo{f aobsfyfmy ygf~

kfaobf ugfm ygf~ h{f y{hnmfi-



Aghsyf{ Dntf< Aoma`vqnom

6-8 Nmy{oivaynom<

Ygf dnmh` aghsyf{ od inqqf{yhynom nq yo aoma`vif ygf {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom- Nm ygnq qfebfmy ygf

oklfayntfq od ygf qyvi~ h{f inqavqqfi nm ifyhn`q- Ygf hnb od ygf yh{efy nq inqavqqfi nm ygnq

qfaynom hmi ygf ovyaobfq od ygf qfy oklfayntfq h{f fws`hnmfi nm ifyhn` nm ygf dn{qy qfebfmy od

ygnq aghsyf{-

Ygf qfaomi sh{y od ygnq aghsyf{ inqavqqfq ygf ifyhn`q hkovy ygf okqyha`fq yghy oaav{{fi iv{nme

ygf {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom- Ygnq fth`vhynom nq ygf {fd`fay qyhyfbfmy od ygf fmyn{f s{oafiv{fq od

ygf {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom k~ {fd`faynme ygf nqqvfq nmav{{fi iv{nme s{nbh{~ hmi qfaomih{~

bfygoi fwfavynom- Ygf dnfì od {fqfh{ag hmi ygf dnminmeq h{f fws`hnmfi nm ygnq sh{y-

Ygn{i sh{y od ygnq aghsyf{ fws`hnmq th{novq qgo{yaobnmeq od ygf {fqfh{ag- Ny yh`jq hkovy ygf

inddf{fmy {fqov{afq ugnag uf{f moy qvddnanfmy fmoveg yo ah{{~ ovy {fqfh{ag nm bo{f ifyhn`fi

bhmmf{-

Ygf `hqy sh{y od ygf dnmh` aghsyf{ inqavqqfq ygf dvyv{f {faobbfmihynomq do{ ygf {fqfh{agf{q, nd

ygfqf {faobbfmihynomq h{f aomqnif{fi k~ ygf dvyv{f {fqfh{agf{q, bo{f efmf{h`n|fi dnminmeq

un`` kf hyyhnmfi hkovy ygnq sh{ynav`h{ yosna-

6-; Oklfayntf 8<

‐Yo {fqfh{ag ygf nmd`vfmaf od y{hnmnme om hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq‒

Y{hnmnme ghq nyq nmd`vfmafq om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq hq ny yfmiq yo nma{fhqf ygf otf{h``

hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Ny nbs{otfq ygf uo{jnme fddnanfma~ od fbsò~ffq hq ygf

`ftf` od sf{do{bhmaf hithmaf yo h gneg `ftf`, ivf yo ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq- Ygf qyvi~ od

Go{ehm hmi Bo‟gh`v ';334. h{evfi yghy o{ehmnqhynom vqf y{hnmnme yo nbs{otf ygf sf{do{bhmaf

`ftf` od sh{ynanshmyq qo ygf{f nq h qy{ome ao{{f`hynom kfyuffm y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi ygf hayvh`

sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff- Dv{ygf{bo{f, ygf bhmhefbfmy `nyf{hyv{f h{evfi yghy soqnyntf

sf{afsynom od fbsò~ffq iftfòsq ugfm ygf~ hmynanshyf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb- Ygf aomqy{vayntf

hmi soqnyntf nbshay fqyhk`nqgfq om ygf s{haynah` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq kfahvqf od ygfn{

sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb 'Qnmeg, ;339.- Kvy ygf ossoqnme h{evbfmy od Evfqy

';33;. nq yghy ygoveg ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq nma{fhqf yo h kfyyf{ `ftf` hq ygf soqnyntfsf{do{bhmaf fbf{efq kvy ygf `ftf` od sf{do{bhmaf nq hqqoanhyfi unyg ygf sh{ynav`h{ y~sf od

s{haynafq vmif{yhjfm k~ ygf nmintnivh`q- Ygf dnminmeq od {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom nminahyfq yghy

ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od nmintnivh`q h{f kfnme hddfayfi k~ ygf y{hnmnme qfqqnomq ygf{fdo{f ny

ahm kf qhni yghy ygf ao{{f`hynom kfyuffm ygf qf`fayfi th{nhk`f ghtf h soqnyntf omf-

Ygf fbsn{nah` {fqfh{ag od Kh{y`fyy hmi Jhme ';339. ifqa{nkfi yghy s{oboynom od nmintnivh`,

nma{fhqf nm qh`h{~ hmi ygf ah{ff{ oklfayntf h{f ygf bhnm nifmyndnahynomq do{ ygf sh{ynanshmyq od

ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb, hmi ygnq bfhmq yghy ygf o{ehmnqhynomh` aobbnybfmy od fbsò~ffq un`` kf

bo{f soqnyntf hq ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf un`` kf ifbomqy{hyfi- Ygf uhmyq od fbsò~ffq h{f



bo{f tnqnk`f yo o{ehmnqhynom yg{oveg ygf bfaghmnqb od sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh` ugnag nq kfnme

dv`dn``fi yg{oveg y{hnmnme s{oe{hb-

Ygf sf{afsynom od fbsò~ff youh{iq o{ehmnqhynom, uo{j, hmi sf{do{bhmaf nq hddfayfi yo

af{yhnm `ftf` k~ G[ y{hnmnme s{haynafq nm ugnag y{hnmnme nq omf od ygf boqy qnemndnahmy dhayo{q

yo hddfay ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf k~ h`yf{nme ygf sf{afsynom od fbsò~ff nm h soqnyntf uh~- Ygf

{fqfh{ag od Xhih{ Khjqg fy h` ';383. h{evfi yghy ygf fbsò~ff‟q sf{afntfi sf{do{bhmaf nq

hddfayfi k~ ygf G[ s{haynafq- Ygf{fdo{f, ny nq fqqfmynh` yo ghtf G{ s{haynafq nm ygf o{ehmnqhynom

yo aghmef ygf sf{afntfi sf{do{bhmafq nm yo hayvh` sf{do{bhmafq ifbomqy{hyfi hy uo{js`haf

hmi do{ ygnq ygf G[ y{hnmnme s{haynaf nq omf od ygf khqna nminahyo{q- Ygf s{ftnovq {fqfh{agfq

h`qo {ftfh`fi yghy ygf{f nq h tf{~ soqnyntf nbshay od G[ y{hnmnme om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od

fbsò~ffq hq ygf {hyf od fbsò~ff yv{motf{ {fivafq hmi ygf qjn``q yo sf{do{b ygf {fxvn{fi yhqj

jffs om nbs{otnme bo{f hmi bo{f- Ygf h{evbfmy od Khyy ';333. nq yghy ygf fbsò~ff

yv{motf{ e{hivh``~ ifa{fhqfq ivf yo y{hnmnme hmi oygf{ G[ s{haynafq hq uf`` hq ygf h`yf{hynom od

ygf sf{afsynom od fbsò~ffq-

Ygf {fqfh{ag od Mof ';337. qveefqyq yghy sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq nma{fhqf hq y{hnmnme

hqqnqyq ygfb nm ygf qjn``q iftfòsbfmy hmi ahsnyh`nqnme om ygfn{ aobsfyfmafq- Qnbn`h{`~, @funq

'8>>5. aomqnif{q y{hnmnme hq nbso{yhmy yoo` do{ ygf sf{do{bhmaf nbs{otfbfmy-

Ygf dn{qy oklfayntf nq a`fh{`~ vmif{qyooi yg{oveg ygnq {fqfh{ag yghy G[ y{hnmnme hmi ygf

sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ff ghq h aòqf soqnyntf {f`hynom unyg fhag oygf{ hq ygf mffiq h{f

nifmyndnfi k~ ygf sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh` bfaghmnqb ugnag hqqnqy o{ehmnqhynomq nm ygf hyyfbsyq

yo nbs{otf ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Mou uf ahm qh~ yghy ygf{f h{f th{novq

nbshayq od G[ y{hnmnme om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq qvag hq ny h`yf{ ygfn{ sf{afsynom

youh{iq uo{j hmi o{ehmnqhynom- Ny gf`sq ygfb e{oob ygfn{ qjn``q hmi aobsfyfmanfq- Ygf ah{ff{

oklfayntfq h{f a`fh{f{ ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm y{hnmnme qfqqnomq-

6-1 Oklfayntf ;<

‐Yo aobbfmaf ygf s{nbh{~ {fqfh{ag om goyf` fbsò~ffq nm G~if{hkhi qo yghy fddfayq od

y{hnmnme om qf`fayfi o{ehmnqhynom h{f nmtfqynehyfi ‒ Ygf s{nbf doavq uhq yo nmtfqynehyf yghy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb‟q nbshay om ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf

od ygf qf`fayfi o{ehmnqhynom hmi ygf dnminmeq od ygf s{nbh{~ {fqfh{ag {ftfh`fi yghy 46&

fbsò~ffq kf`nftf yghy ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nm s{haynaf hy ygf agoqfm o{ehmnqhynom ghq qy{ome

nbshay om ygf fbsò~ff‟q hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf-

Ygf ovyaobf od ygf s{nbh{~ {fqfh{ag uhq yghy 43& fbsò~ffq dff` yghy ftf{~ ~fh{ ygf~

vmif{eo ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb ugnag gf`sq ygfb iftfòs bo{f aobsfyfma~ nm ygfn{

sf{qomh`nynfq hq ygfn{ uo{jnme fddnanfma~ nma{fhqf hmi bo{f soqnyntf hyynyvif youh{iq uo{j

iftfòs hbome ygf uo{jdo{af-



Nm ygf goyf` o{ehmnqhynom qf`fayfi do{ ygnq qyvi~, 49& {fqsomifmyq aomqnif{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hb

yo nbs{otf ygf sf{do{bhmaf hmi ygf mffiq do{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq {faoemnqfi k~ ygf

bfaghmnqb od sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh` yghy nminahyfq ugnag fbsò~ff nq sf{do{bnme ugnag uh~

hmi ughy qgovì kf iomf yo nbs{otf ygfn{ `hajnme-

Y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nq gf`snme fbsò~ffq `fh{m ygf {fxvn{fi qjn``q do{ ygf lok nm ygf fh{`~ qyhefq

hq nm ygf qv{tf~ 56& fbsò~ffq he{ff yo ny, ygf{fdo{f goyf`q ghtf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb nmqyh``fi

qo yghy ygf {fxvn{fi qjn``q h{f dn``fi k~ bfhmq od do{bh` y{hnmnme- Dv{ygf{bo{f ny nq ftnifmy yghy

46& tnfu ny hq h uh~ yo nbs{otf ygfn{ qoanh` o{nfmyhynomq hq ny s{otnifq osso{yvmnynfq yo

iftfòs qy{ome qoanh` mfyuo{j hbome nmintnivh`q-

Gneg mvbkf{ od fbsò~ffq kf`nftfq yghy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hqqnqy ygfb nm hyyhnmnme s{oboynom-

53& od {fqsomifmyq qff y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hq h qyfs youh{iq mfwy s{oboynom- Ny nq kfnme

okqf{tfi yghy fbsò~ffq sh{ynanshyf nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb qo ygf~ ahm ghtf s{oboynomq nm

ygf dvyv{f-

43& sh{ynanshmyq od ygf qv{tf~ xvfqynommhn{f qveefqy yghy ygfn{ ah{ff{ oklfayntfq kfaobf bo{f

tnqnk`f ivf yo ygfn{ y{hnmnme qfqqnomq- Ygfn{ ah{ff{ shyg nq a`fh{f{ kfahvqf ygf oklfayntfq h{f

bo{f osfm ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm y{hnmnme qfqqnom-

56& od ygf qhbs`f qn|f {ftfh`fi yghy nd ygf~ eo yg{oveg y{hnmnme s{oe{hb, ygf{f h{f bo{f

aghmafq yo ghtf nma{fhqf nm ygfn{ sh~ qah`f- Qo ny bfhmq ftfm nd fbsò~ffq io moy efy bvag od

s{oboynom hy `fhqy y{hnmnme s{oe{hb fmqv{f yghy ygf~ un`` ghtf nma{fhqf nm ygfn{ qh`h{~-

73& ygnmj yghy ygf otf{h`` qjn``q yghy h{f mffifi hy ygf uo{js`haf nq kfnme nifmyndnfi hmi dn``fi

yg{oveg y{hnmnme s{oe{hb hmi 53& qveefqy ny hq ygf nifmyndnf{ od ygfn{ ah{ff{ oklfayntfq-

Fbsò~ffq h{f bo{f boynthyfi youh{iq o{ehmnqhynom hq 43& he{ffq yo ygnq yghy sf{do{bhmaf

od nmintnivh` nbs{otf unyg ygf nbs{otfbfmy nm ygf aobbnybfmy `ftf` od fbsò~ffq-

6-9 Oklfayntf 1<

‐Yo aoma`vif ygf nmd`vfmafq od gvbhm {fqov{af y{hnmnme om ygf fbsò~ffq„ hayvh`

sf{do{bhmafq nm ygf goyf` qfayo{‒

Yg{oveg ygf bfhmq od dnminme hmh`~qnq ny ahm kf aoma`vifi hkovy ygf nbshay od G[ y{hnmnme om

ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq yghy nm goyf` qfayo{ G[ y{hnmnme ghq hm nbbfmqf {o`f omygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq kfahvqf ny iftfòs ygf soqnyntf sf{afsynom hbome ygf

uo{jdo{af- Ygf nmyf{tnfuq d{ob ygf fwsf{yq ghq bhif ny a`fh{ yghy goyf` fmqv{f yghy do{bh`

y{hnmnme nq entfm yo fbsò~ffq nm ygf fh{`~ qyhef qo yghy ygf~ ghtf bo{f s{fanqf nifh hkovy

ygfn{ ah{ff{ shygq- Nm ygf goyf` qfayo{ od G~if{hkhi, ygf{f nq h qy{ome aommfaynom kfyuffm ygf

y{hnmnme s{oe{hb av{{fmy`~ osf{hynme nm ygf o{ehmnqhynom hmi ygf sf{do{bhmafq od fbsò~ffq

ygf~ h{f ifbomqy{hynme- Ygoqf fbsò~ffq ghtf bo{f aghmafq od s{oboynom nm ah{ff{ yghy

vmif{eofq y{hnmnme qfqqnomq d{ob ynbf yo ynbf- Boqy od ygf fbsò~ffq dnmi ny h uh~ yo ghtf

nma{fbfmy nm ygfn{ qh`h{nfq kfahvqf ftfm ygoveg nd y{hnmfi fbsò~ff nq moy kfnme s{oboyfi, gf

nq entfm hifxvhyf {hnqf nm ygf qh`h{~ k~ o{ehmnqhynom nm o{if{ yo {fyhnm gnq qjn``q- Omf od ygf



boqy moynafhk`f nbshayq om fbsò~ffq nq iftfòsnme ygf vmif{qyhminme hkovy ygfn{ oum ah{ff{

hq ny hqqnqyq ygfb nm ygf nifmyndnahynom hmi haaobs`nqgnme ygoqf oklfayntfq-

Fbsò~ffq kfaobf bo{f s{oivayntf hmi bo{f fddnanfmy nm ygfn{ {ovynmf yhqjq ivf yo

sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq- Ygfn{ qjn``q iftfòs bo{f hq ygfn{ `ftf` od aobsfyfma~

nma{fhqfq bo{f hmi ygf~ kfaobf ygf hqqfy do{ ygf o{ehmnqhynom-

6-6 Fth`vhynom<

G[ y{hnmnme nq {feh{ifi hq ygf nmtfqybfmy bhif k~ o{ehmnqhynomq yo nbs{otf ygfn{ qf{tnaf

xvh`ny~ hmi hagnftf ygf aobsfynyntf hithmyhef nm ygf i~mhbna bh{jfy- Ny nq moy hm fwsfmqf k~

hm~ bfhmq kvy h òme yf{b nmtfqybfmy ugnag nma{fhqf ygf fddnanfma~ od kvqnmfqq k~ ghtnme ygf

aobsfyfmy hmi fddfayntf uo{jdo{af- Y{hnmnme nq h yfagmnxvf yo {fyhnm kfqy fbsò~ffq hmi hy ygf

qhbf ynbf dn`` ygf ehs od bnqqnme qjn``q hbome ygoqf fbsò~ffq ugo h{f moy hq fddfayntf hq ygf

o{ehmnqhynom uhmyq ygfb yo kf- Fbsò~f{q vqf ny yo ygfn{ hithmyhef ugn`f fbsò~ffq yhjf ny hq

hm osso{yvmny~ yo nbs{otf ygfn{ ah{ff{ shygq-

Ugn`f aobbfmanme ygnq {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom dfu od ygf nqqvfq uf{f tnyh` yo kf ifh`y nm ygf

hss{os{nhyf uh~- Qnmaf ygf {fqfh{agf{ ghq qf`fayfi ygf inqyhmafi {fqfh{ag dnfì qo ygf haafqq yo

ihyh uhq hm nbbfmqf inddnav`y hmi ygf boqy nbso{yhmy yhqj- Ygf {fhqom do{ qf`faynom od

G~if{hkhi Nminh uhq yghy {fqfh{agf{ uhq sh{y od ygf qhbf o{ehmnqhynom yghy ghq kffm yhjfm hq

h ahqf qyvi~ nm ygnq {fqfh{ag- Ygf ihyh haafqq uhq ehnmfi yg{oveg sf{qomh` {fdf{fmafq nm ygf

qhbf o{ehmnqhynom- Ygf sf{qomh` aomyhayq uf{f vqfi do{ ygf an{av`hynom od qv{tf~

xvfqynommhn{f- Ygf qfaomi nqqvf uhq ygf ynbf inddf{fmaf ugnag uhq qo{yfi ovy k~ ygf bvyvh`

vmif{qyhminme hmi ao{{fqsomifmaf yg{oveg f`fay{omna bhn`q-

Ygf G[ nq qnemndnahmy`~ nbso{yhmy dnfì nm ygf kvqnmfqq uo{ì yoih~ qo ygf {fqfh{ag

nmtfqynehynom ghq h tnyh` {o`f yo oddf{ hq ny un`` kf kfmfdnanh` do{ ygf o{ehmnqhynomq yo nbs{otf

ygfn{ y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq hmi a{fhyf h kfyyf{ vmif{qyhminme hkovy ygf uo{jdo{af- Ygoqf

o{ehmnqhynomq yghy dff` yghy ygf{f nq h gvef yv{motf{ od fbsò~ffq un`` dnmi ygf uh~q yo {fivaf

ygf fbsò~ff yv{motf{-

Ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq ghq h qy{ome `nmj unyg ygf G{ y{hnmnme hmi ygf{fdo{f ny nq

nbso{yhmy qyvi~ do{ ygf {fqfh{agf{q hmi ygf kvqnmfqq uo{ì yo `fh{m hkovy ygf {f`hynomqgnskfyuffm ygf y{hnmnme hmi ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq- Ny ghq nbso{yhmy sh{y yo oddf{

yo ygf goyf` qfayo{ od G~if{hkhi hq ny un`` nma{fhqf ygf `nmjhef kfyuffm fbsò~ffq hmi ygfn{

aobbnybfmy youh{iq o{ehmnqhynom k~ so`nqgnme ygfn{ qjn``q yo kf bo{f fddfayntf hmi fddnanfmy

do{ ygf o{ehmnqhynomq-

6-4 @nbnyhynom od qyvi~<

Ygf dnminmeq od ygnq {fqfh{ag nq om`~ `nbnyfi yo ygf qf`fayfi ahqf qyvi~ kfahvqf od ygf qhbs`f

qn|f hmi ygf qhbs`nme yfagmnxvf- Nd qy{hyndnfi yfagmnxvf uhq aomqnif{fi do{ ygf {fqfh{ag, ygf{f

uovì ghtf kffm bo{f efmf{h`n|fi {fqv`yq kvy ygf yfagmnxvf uhq khqfi om ygf dhay od sf{qomh`

agonaf hmi `nbnyfi {fqov{afq ygf{fdo{f ygf ovyaobf od ygf {fqfh{ag nq aomdnmfi yo ygnq qyvi~



om`~- Dv{ygf{bo{f ygf qhbs`f qn|f aomqnif{fi do{ ygf {fqfh{ag aomyhnm om`~ ;3 fbsò~ffq

uo{jnme dv``ynbf qo ygf {fqv`yq h{f khqfi om ygf tnfuq od ygf dv`` ynbf{q {hygf{ yghm efmf{h`

uo{jdo{af- Ygf{f aovì ghtf kffm inddf{fmy {fqv`yq nd ygf qhbs`f qn|f uhq fm`h{efi hmi ygf

sh{y ynbf fbsò~ffq uf{f h`qo nma`vifi nm ygf qv{tf~- Ny nq aobbfmafi om`~ nm omf {fenom od

ygf kne aovmy{~ qo ny ahmmoy kf efmf{h`n|fi do{ ygf fmyn{f goyf` nmivqy{~ fbsò~ffq uo{jnme nm

ygf inddf{fmy sh{yq od aovmy{~-

Ynbf aomqy{hnm {fbhnm omf od ygf kneefqy `nbnyhynom do{ ygf {fqfh{agf{ hq ygf{f uhq moy bvag

ynbf yo qsfmi om ygnq {fqfh{ag- Nd bo{f ynbf uhq hthn`hk`f, bo{f uh~q yo nma{fhqf ygf

efmf{h`n|hkn`ny~ uovì ghtf kffm aomqnif{fi- Ygf aomdnifmaf `ftf` od ygf dnminme uovì ghtf

kffm bo{f s{fanqf ivf yo hthn`hkn`ny~ od ynbf dhayo{-

Ygf {fqov{afq uf{f `nbnyfi do{ ygf {fqfh{ag sv{soqf qo nmyf{tnfuq uf{f moy {fao{ifi nm ygf

boqy s{odfqqnomh` bhmmf{- Ygf dnmhmanh` {fqov{afq uf{f moy hthn`hk`f yo dvmi ygnq

nmtfqynehynom nm bo{f ifsyg-

Ygf ihyh uhq fwafqqntf hq ygf hss{ohag uhq nmivayntf qo ygf bhyf{nh` uhq bo{f yo nma`vif kvy

ynbf uhq h tnyh` dhayo{ do{ ugnag boqy od ygf nbso{yhmy ihyh nq lvqy s{otnifi nm ygf qbh``

gneg`negyq-

6-5 [faobbfmihynomq<

Do{ ygf dvyv{f {fqfh{agf{q ygf do`òunme {faobbfmihynomq h{f qyhyfi kfòu<

Vqhef od BOMJF^ QV[TF^ hq qfaomih{~ hss{ohag< yo nma{fhqf ygf efmf{h`n|hkn`ny~ od

ygf dnminmeq, ygf dvyv{f {fqfh{agf{ qgovì nma`vif bomf~ qv{tf~ tnh nmyf{mfy yo agfaj hmi

aobsh{f ygf dnminmeq od ygf {fqfh{ag nmtfqynehynom-

Fm`h{ef ygf Qhbs`f qn|f< hq uf jmou do{ ygnq sh{ynav`h{ {fqfh{ag ygf qhbs`f qn|f uhq moy h

kne omf qo ygf {fqv`yq {fbhnm aomdnifi yo om`~ qf`fayfi o{ehmn|hynom- Ygf dvyv{f {fqfh{agf{q

qgovì aomqnif{ nma{fhqnme ygf qhbs`f qn|f k~ nma`vinme bo{f {fqsomifmyq-

Osfm fmifi xvfqynommhn{f< nm ygf s{fqfmy nmtfqynehynom, om`~ aòqf fmifi xvfqynom uhq vqfi

qo ygf {fqfh{agf{ aovì moy fwsò{f ygf dff`nmeq hmi nifhq od ygf {fqsomifmyq nm ifsyg- Dvyv{f

{fqfh{agf{q qgovì nma`vif osfm fmifi xvfqynommhn{f h`qo qo yghy ygf dff`nmeq od fbsò~ffq

h{f qgh{fi- Ny un`` gf`s ygf {fqfh{ag yo `fhi yo bo{f haav{hyf aoma`vqnom-Nma`vqnom od sh{y ynbf fbsò~ffq< Nm ygnq {fqfh{ag om`~ ygf dv``ynbf fbsò~ffq uf{f yh{efyfi

kvy ygf tnfuq od sh{y ynbf fbsò~ffq h{f h`qo fqqfmynh` yo kf vmif{qyooi ygf{fdo{f dvyv{f

{fqfh{agf{q qgovì aomqnif{ ygf sh{y ynbf fbsò~ffq h`qo hmi aobsh{f ygf dnminmeq od sh{y

ynbf hmi dv``ynbf fbsò~ffq yo ehnm h kfyyf{ vmif{qyhminme hkovy ygf nbshay od G[ y{hnmnme

om ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq-



Knk`noe{hsg~<

Hmhqyhqqoth, @- hmi Sv{af``, J- '8>>6., ‐Gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy nm ygf Kvèh{nhm goyf`

nmivqy{~< d{ob aobbhmi yo fbsouf{bfmy?‒, Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Goqsnyh`ny~

Bhmhefbfmy, To`- 89 Mo- ;, ss- 858"76-

Khyy [ ';33;. ‐Bhmhenme Avqyobf{ Qf{tnafq< Gvbhm [fqov{af S{haynafq, Xvny [hyfq, hmi

Qh`fq E{ouyg‒- Ygf Hahifb~ od Bhmhefbfmy Lov{mh`, 96 '1.< 675"6>5

Kfajf{, E- Q- '8>56., ”” Gvbhm Ahsnyh`„„, Mfu ô{j< Ao`vbknh Vmntf{qny~ S{fqq-

Kfmqom, E-Q- ';334., ””Fbsò~ff iftfòsbfmy, aobbnybfmy hmi nmyfmynom yo yv{motf{< h yfqy

od %fbsò~hkn`ny~% so`nanfq nm haynom‟‟, Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy Lov{mh ,̀ To`- 84, Mo- ;,

ss- 851"8>;

Koqf`nf, S-, Shhvuf, L-, $ Lhmqfm, S- E- ';338.- Gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy hmi

sf{do{bhmaf< `fqqomq d{ob ygf Mfygf{`hmiq- Ygf Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Gvbhm [fqov{af

Bhmhefbfmy ,To`- 8;, Mo- 5, ss- 8835– 88;6-

Kn`h` B, [hbh~ B N- ‐Fbsò~ffq‟ Sf{do{bhmaf hmi Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy S{haynafq<

H Qyvi~ od ygf Khmjnme Qfayo{ nm Shjnqyhm‒

Aghmi, B- Hmi Jhyov, H-H- ';335. ”Ygf nbshay od G[B s{haynafq om o{ehmnqhynomh`

sf{do{bhmaf nm ygf Nminhm goyf` nmivqy{~‟ Fbsò~ff [f`hynomq, To`- ;> Mo- 4, ss- 654"6>9

Ahbskf``, L- '8>>3.- ”Boif`nme ygf sf{do{bhmaf s{finaynom s{ok`fb nm nmivqy{nh` hmi

o{ehmn|hynomh` sq~agoòe~‟ nm Ghmikooj od Nmivqy{nh` hmi O{ehmn|hynomh` Sq~agoòe~ ';mi

fi.- B- Ivmmfyyf hmi @ Goveg 'fiq.- Shò H`yo, AH< Aomqv`ynme Sq~agoòenqyq S{fqq

If`f{~, L-F- '8>>7.- ”Nqqvfq od dny nm qy{hyfena gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy< nbs`nahynomq do{

{fqfh{ag‟- Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy [ftnfu, 7, ;7>"183-

Iffshj JI, Lhbfq SE, Shy{naj BU ';331. ”G[B hmi dn{b s{oivayntny~< Iofq nmivqy{~

bhyyf{?‟ Mhynomh` Hahifb~ od Bhmhefbfmy Bffynmeq, Qfhyy`f, UH-

Df~, A-, Klo{jbhm, N-, hmi Shtòtqjh~h, H- ';333., ”Ygf Fddfay od Gvbhm [fqov{af

Bhmhefbfmy S{haynafq om Dn{b Sf{do{bhmaf nm [vqqnh,‟ Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Gvbhm

[fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, 88, 8, 8 ‑ 87-



D{~f B- K- ';339.- Fxvny~"khqfi aobsfmqhynom do{ fbsò~ffq< dn{b sf{do{bhmaf hmi

ifyf{bnmhmyq, Ygf Lov{mh` od Dnmhmanh` [fqfh{ag, ;5'8., 18"69

Ehk{nf`, ^- '8>77., Uo{jnme @ntfq nm Goyf` hmi Ahyf{nme, [ovy`fief, @omiom

Eh{anh"O`htf{{n, A-, Gvf{yh"H{{nkhq, F-, hmi @h{{h|h"Jnmyhmh, B- ';334., ”Gvbhm hmi

O{ehmn|hynomh` Ahsnyh`< Y~soòenfq hbome Qshmnqg Dn{bq,‟ Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Gvbhm

[fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, 85, ;, 184 ‑ 113-

Gvqf`ni, B-H- '8>>6.- ”Ygf nbshay od gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq om yv{motf{,

s{oivayntny~ hmi ao{so{hyf dnmhmanh` sf{do{bhmaf‟- Hahifb~ od Bhmhefbfmy Lov{mh`, 17< 1,

416"45;

Go{ehm L, Bvg`hv S ';334. ‐Gvbhm {fqov{af q~qyfbq hmi fbsò~ff sf{do{bhmaf nm N{f`hmi

hmi ygf Mfygf{`hmiq< h yfqy od ygf aobs`fbfmyh{n`~ g~soygfqnq‒ Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh`

od Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, 85 '1.< 989"91>-

Nagmnouqjn, A-, Qghu, J- hmi S{fmmvqgn, E- '8>>5.- Ygf fddfayq od gvbhm {fqov{af

bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq om s{oivayntny~< h qyvi~ od qyff` dnmnqgnme `nmfq, Ygf Hbf{nahm

Faomobna [ftnfu, To`- 75, Mo-1, ss- ;>8"181-

Jhyov, H- H- hmi Kviguh{, S- Q- ;334- Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy Q~qyfbq hmi

O{ehmn|hynomh` Sf{do{bhmaf< H Yfqy od H Bfinhynme Boif` nm ygf E{ffj Bhmvdhayv{nme

Aomyfwy- Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy , To`-85, Mo-5, ss- 8;;1"

8;61-

Jgv{{hb Qghg|hi, J-, Khqgn{, Q- hmi [hbh~, B-N-';337. Nbshay od G[ S{haynafq om

Sf{afntfi Sf{do{bhmaf od Vmntf{qny~ Yfhagf{q nm Shjnqyhm‟, Nmyf{mhynomh` [ftnfu od Kvqnmfqq

[fqfh{ag Shsf{q To`- 9 Mo-; ss-13;"186

Boniffmjvyy~,V-, H`"@hbjn, H- hmi Bv{yg~, ^-Q{ff-[- ';388. ”G[B s{haynafq hmi

o{ehmn|hynomh` sf{d o{bhmaf nm Obhm‟ Sf{qommf` [ftnfu To`- 93, Mo- ;, ss- ;1>";68

Bh{uhy, |-h- xv{fqgn, y-b- {hbh~, b-n- '?. ”Nbshay od gvbhm {fqov{af bhmhefbfmy 'G[B.

s{haynafq om fbsò~ffq sf{do{bhmaf‟ H ahqf od shjnqyhmn yf`faob qfayo{



Sh{j, G- L-, Bnyqvghqgn, G-, Df~, A- D- hmi Klo{jbhm, N- ';331.- Ygf fddfay od gvbhm {fqov{af

bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq om Lhshmfqf BMA qvkqninh{~ sf{do{bhmaf< h s{haynah` bfinhynme

boif`, Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, To`- 89, Mo-7, ss- 81>8"8934-

Shv` hmi Hmhmygh{hbhm, ';331.- Nbshay od Sfos`f Bhmhefbfmy S{haynafq om O{ehmn|hynomh`

Sf{do{bhmaf< Hmh`~qnq od Ahvqh` Boif`, Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Gvbhm [fqov{af

Bhmhefbfmy, To`-89, Mo-5, ss- 8;94"8;44

Sdfddf{, L- '8>>9.- Aobsfynyntf Hithmyhef Yg{oveg Sfos`f< Vm`fhqgnme ygf Souf{ od ygf

Uo{jdo{af, Koqyom< Gh{th{i Kvqnmfqq Qagoo` S{fqq-

Xv{fqg,Y-B-, Hjkh{, H-,Jghm, B-H-, Qgfnjg, [-H- hmi Gnlh|n, Q-Y- ';383. ”Io gvbhm

{fqov{af bhmhefbfmy s{haynafq ghtf hm nbshay om dnmhmanh` sf{do{bhmaf od khmjq?‟, Hd{nahm

Lov{mh` od Kvqnmfqq Bhmhefbfmy To`- 9, Mo-5, ss- 8;78"8;77

Xv{fqgn B, Yhgn{ Gnlh|n Y, Q~fi [hbf~ N, Boghbbhi ';335.- Nbshay od Gvbhm [fqov{af

Bhmhefbfmy S{haynafq om Shjnqyhmn o{ehmn|hynomq- L- Kvq- So`na~- [fq- 1';.< 8;7"817

[ho S J , Ehmfqg J Q hmi Q{n{hb T S ';383. ‐Ygf Nbshay od G[B S{haynafq om Sf{do{bhmaf

od Fbsò~ffq ‑ H Ahqf Qyvi~ od Qhbqvme F`fay{omnaq‒- Lov{mh` do{ Kòobf{q od [fqfh{ag, 1

'8.

Qnmeg, J- ';339. ”Nbshay od G[ s{haynafq om sf{afntfi dn{b sf{do{bhmaf nm Nminh‟ Hqnh

Shandna Lov{mh` od Gvbhm [fqov{afq, To`- 9;, Mo- 1, ss- 138"185

Qhvmif{q, B- @funq, S- Hmi Ygo{mgn``, H- ';335., ””[fqfh{ag Bfygoiq do{ Kvqnmfqq Qyvinfq‟‟,

9yg

finynom, Fqqfw< S{fmynaf Gh``Qghg|hi, J-, Qhlni Khqgn{-Q- hmi Bvghbbhi N [hbh~,B-N- ';337. ” Nbshay od G[ S{haynafq

om Sf{afntfi Sf{do{bhmaf od Vmntf{qny~ yfhagf{q nm Shjnqyhm‟, Nmyf{mhynomh` [ftnfu od

Kvqnmfqq [fqfh{ag Shsf{q, To`- 9 Mo-;, ss-13;"186

Q~fi, H-[- Inme, I-\- Eò{nh, @-EF ';337. ”Qy{hyfena G[B s{haynaf hmi ygfn{ nbshay om

aobshm~ sf{do{bhmaf nm Agnmfqf fmyf{s{nqfq‟, Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, To`- 95, Mo- 8,

Ss- 86 ‑ 1;

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Yfqqfbh, B- hmi Qofyf{q, L- ';334.- Agh``fmefq hmi s{oqsfayq od G[B nm iftf`osnme

aovmy{nfq< yfqynme ygf G[B"sf{do{bhmaf `nmj nm F{ny{fhm antn` qf{tnaf, Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od

Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, 85'8., 74"836-

U{negy, S- B-, BaBhghm, E- A-, $ BaUn``nhbq, H- '8>>9. ”Gvbhm {fqov{afq hmi qvqyhnmfi

aobsfynyntf hithmyhef< H {fqov{af" khqfi sf{qsfayntf‟ Nmyf{mhynomh` Lov{mh` od Gvbhm

[fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy, to`- 6, ss- 138 ‑ 1;4-

U{negy, S-B- hmi Eh{imf{, Y-B- ';33;.- ”Ygfo{fynah` hmi fbsn{nah` agh``fmefq nm qyvi~nme ygf

G[ s{haynaf ‑ dn{b sf{do{bhmaf {f`hynomqgns‟ nm Ygf Mfu Uo{js`haf< H Evnif yo ygf Gvbhm

Nbshay od Boif{m Uo{jnme S{haynafq- I- Go`bhm, Y- Uh``, A- A`fee, S- Qsh{{ou hmi H-

Gouh{i 'fiq.- Agnagfqyf{< Logm Un`f~ hmi Qomq-

Un``nhb K, Uf{ygf{ L{, Ihtnq J '8>>4.- ”Gvbhm [fqov{af hmi Sf{qommf` Bhmhefbfmy‟-

Shef184"185, 6yg fi BaE{hu"gn`` Nma

U{negy S B, Eh{imf{ Y B, Bo~mnghm @ B ';331. ‐Ygf Nbshay od G[ S{haynafq om ygf

sf{do{bhmaf od Kvqnmfqq Vmnyq‒- Gvbhm [fqov{af Bhmhefbfmy Lov{mh` 81< 1, ;8"14



Hssfminw 8

Nmyf{tnfu Xvfqynomq<

X8- Ughy nq ygf nbshay od G[ y{hnmnme om ygf sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq?

X;- Ughy h{f ygf nmintnivh` ehnmq d{ob ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb do{ ygf fbsò~ffq?

X1- Nq y{hnmnme s{oe{hb gf`sdv` do{ ygf goyf` nmivqy{~ yo bfhqv{f ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od

uo{jf{q?

X9- Iofq y{hnmnme hùh~q bhjf fbsò~ffq qgou ygf soqnyntf hyynyvif youh{iq uo{j?

X6- Iofq ygf fbsò~ff‟q soqnyntf sf{afsynom nma{fhqf hdyf{ sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme

s{oe{hb?

X4- Io ygf hayvh` sf{do{bhmaf od fbsò~ffq nbs{otf ivf yo ygf iftfòsbfmy od qjn``q

{fxvn{fi do{ lok k~ bfhmq od y{hnmnme?



Hssfminw ;

Xvfqynommhn{f

Ygf {fqfh{ag qyvi~ nq kfnme aomivayfi om ygf nbshay od Gvbhm [fqov{afq Bhmhefbfmy

s{haynafq- Ygf {fqfh{ag nq aomivayfi nm yuo goyf`q od Nminh- G~if{hkhi nq qf`fayfi do{ ygf dnfì

uo{j- Xvfqynommhn{fq hmi nmyf{tnfuq un`` kf aomivayfi k~ ygf {fqfh{agf{ gnbqf`d- Ygf

ifqnemfi xvfqynommhn{fq un`` kf inqy{nkvyfi hbome dv``"ynbf fbsò~ffq nm ygf bnii`f hmi

gnegf{ `ftf` bhmhefbfmy od fhag goyf` hmi nmyf{tnfu un`` kf yhjfm d{ob ygf fbsò~ffq od ygf

goyf`-

Ygf {fqfh{ag nq aomivayfi nm yuo goyf`q od Nminh- G~if{hkhi nq qf`fayfi do{ ygf dnfì uo{j-

Xvfqynommhn{fq hmi nmyf{tnfuq un`` kf aomivayfi k~ ygf {fqfh{agf{ gnbqf`d- Ygf ifqnemfi

xvfqynommhn{fq un`` kf inqy{nkvyfi hbome dv``"ynbf fbsò~ffq nm ygf bnii`f hmi gnegf{ `ftf`

bhmhefbfmy od fhag goyf` hmi nmyf{tnfu un`` kf yhjfm d{ob ygf fbsò~ffq od ygf goyf`-

Ifboe{hsgna Nmdo{bhynom

Hef 'S`fhqf Ynaj ~ov{ hef E{ovs.

;3";6

;4"13

18"16

14"93

98"96

94"63

68"66

Hkotf 64

S`fhqf Ynaj hss`nahk`f efmif{

Bh`f

Dfbh`f

Fivahynom 'S`fhqf Ynaj ~ov{ Fivahynom E{ovs.



Bhy{nav`hynom '83.

Nmyf{bfinhyf '83*;.

E{hivhynom

Bhqyf{q Insòbh

Yoyh` ~fh{q od Fwsf{nfmaf 'S`fhqf Ynaj ~ov{ Fwsf{nfmaf E{ovs.

8"1 81"86

9"4 84"8>

5"> ;3 o{ hkotf

83"8;

Yoyh` ~fh{q od Fwsf{nfmaf unyg ygnq O{ehmn|hynom 'S`fhqf Ynaj ~ov{

Fwsf{nfmaf E{ovs.

8"1 81"86

9"4 84"8>

5"> ;3 o{ hkotf

83"8;

X8 Ov{ o{ehmn|hynom aomivayq fwyfmqntf y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq do{ nyq fbsò~ffq nm h``

hqsfayq od xvh`ny~?


X;- Fbsò~ffq nm fhag lok un`` mo{bh``~ eo yg{oveg y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq ftf{~ ~fh{?


X1- Y{hnmnme mffiq h{f nifmyndnfi yg{oveg h do{bh` sf{do{bhmaf hss{hnqh` bfaghmnqb?




X9- Ygf{f h{f do{bh` y{hnmnme s{oe{hbq yo yfhag mfu fbs`o~ffq ygf qjn``q ygf~ mffi yo

sf{do{b ygfn{ lokq?


X6- N kf`nftf qoanh` an{a`f nm ygf dn{b nq fwshminme ivf yo sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme

s{oe{hb?


X4- N kf`nftf b~ s{oboynom nq h {fqv`y od nmivaynom od ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb?


X5- N kf`nftf yghy b~ qfy yh{efyq hmi oklfayntf h{f hyyhnmfi hmi nifmyndnfi k~ ygf dn{b

yg{oveg y{hnmnme s{oe{hb?


X7- N kf`nftf yghy b~ sh~ qah`f ghq nma{fhqfi hq h {fqv`y od sh{ynanshynom nm hss{os{nhyfy{hnmnme s{oe{hb?


X>- N kf`nftf yghy bo{f ah{ff{ shygq un`` fbf{ef hmi bo{f osso{yvmnynfq un`` aobf b~

uh~ hdyf{ sh{ynanshynme nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb?


X83- Y{hnmnme ghq gf`sfi bf nm nbs{otnme b~ otf{h`` {fxvn{fi qjn``q do{ uo{j?


X88- Nm ov{ o{ehmn|hynom, Y{hnmnme boynthyfq fbs`o~ffq yo kf bo{f aobbnyyfi youh{iq

o{ehmnqhynomh` eoh`q?




X8;- B~ ah{ff{ shyg nq bo{f nm qghsf ivf yo b~ sh{ynanshynom nm ygf y{hnmnme s{oe{hb?


HR training and Actual performance in Hotel industry

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