HOWDY AGS!libvolume7.xyz/physiotherapy/bsc/1styear/fundamentals... · 2015-01-06 · HOWDY AGS!...

HOWDY AGS!

Welcome to KINE 426!

Exercise Biomechanics�4 hour lecture/lab class

�3 contact hrs in lecture

�3 contact hrs in laboratory

KINE 426 TeamDr. John Lawler - lecture instructor

Jeff Hord, Jackie Perticone: laboratory assistants – you will conduct experiments!

�John Lawler - support

Exercise Biomechanics

old class name: Kinesiology

Kinesiology:

The Science of Movement

Kinein – to move

Logos – to discourse or study in a

scientific manner

� Used today – Division, Departments, broad field

KINE 426


Performance

- techniques

• Exercise for Rehabilitation,

Health, Fitness

Usain Bolt


Integrative, Applied Science

Exercise Biomechanics – application

of mechanics to musculoskeletal

system during exercise

KINE 426

Exercise Biomechanics�Integrative, applied, pragmatic science

�Merging

- anatomy, physiology, mechanics

3 prerequisites for class

- sports medicine

• branch of orthopedics – sports-related injuries

KINE 426Exercise Biomechanics�Exercise for Health

�Reduce risk of chronic diseases– Type II diabetes, obesity, heart disease,

hypertension, cancer, Alzheimer’s

• We have the genes of hunter gatherers

- engineered for activity to procure food

KINE 426Exercise Biomechanics�Exercise for Health

�Reduce risk of chronic diseases– Type II diabetes, obesity, heart disease,

hypertension, cancer, Alzheimer’s

• Exercise modifies specific proteins

Ex. NADPH oxidase, nitric oxide synthase,

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

KINE 426 – How to Score a great Grade!

Bee Prepared!

- Read presentations, text, and lab materials before class!

- Take Notes during class

- (re)Commit to memory formulae, standard units, muscle anatomy

- Study Nightly (Don’’’’t Cram!)

- Prepare for each laboratory!

- Ask Content questions!

- Practice, Practice, Practice!

KINE 426 – How to Score a great Grade!

Bee Prepared!

� Bee Positive, Professional, Persistent, and Passionate

(the 4 Ps!)

It’s all about You

Diligence!

Summer 201031% As, 62% Bs, 7% Cs

Exercise BiomechanicsRepresents the human body as a mechanical system or machine

Involves the application of physics and engineering principles during analysis of locomotion (walking, running, etc.), exercise,athletic activities, and rehabilitation (PT, OT, cardiac rehab.)

Young discipline --> Technology�Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular biology

Course Content and Design

Based on a description and set of standards proposed by the American Alliance of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) in 1991

Course Description: ““““An integrative, mechanistic study of the biomechanics human motion during physical activity and exercise: biology and mechanical properties of the human movement system including bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skeletal muscle, joints, and other whole body mechanisms are investigated.””””


Course StructureA. Whole Body Biomechanics� Muscular anatomy –

� Anatomical, linear, angular reference systems

� Applying mechanics – exercise

�Kinematics (velocity, acceleration)

�Kinetics (force, torque, power)

Exercise Applications� Performance techniques

� Injury prevention, Rehabilitation

� Use, design of exercise, sports equipment

Applications to daily living� Health

� Workplace design (Ergonomics)


Course Structure

B. Tissue Biomechanics -

components

�Bones

�Tendons

�Ligaments

�Cartilage

�Injury prevention, Rehabilitation

The Human Mechanical

System(Human Movement System)

Skeletal muscle - driving force & power

Connective tissue

�Bones

�Tendons

�Ligaments

�Cartilage

�Fascia - skeletal muscle

�Guidance system - receptors (ex. muscle

spindles)

�Processors (brain, spinal cord, motorneurons)


Course Structure

C. Skeletal Muscle & Joint Biomechanics

�Generation of force, velocity, power

�TORQUE @ joints

�Running

�Back injuries

�Weight training machine design

Exercise BiomechanicsYoung discipline --> Technology

�Classic mechanical, engineering concepts + cool tools

�Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular biology

�Digital Video

�Laboratory

- Research

Exercise BiomechanicsYoung discipline --> Technology: hands-on

Using Exercise Biomechanics

*Optimizing performance, health benefits of exercise

�Minimizing chronic disease risk, physical fitness, brain development/preservation

�Doing our best in athletic events

Playing safe

�Pre-hab: preparing connective tissues, muscle

�Re-hab: promoting recovery after injury

Applications (what’’’’s in it for

me?) – Teacher CertificationUnderstanding the capabilities and limitations of

students

Developing age-appropriate activities

Developing activities which are fun, safe, and of

benefit to student health

Applications –Wellness/Fitness

Understanding the health maintenance and

rehabilitative processes in:

�Adult fitness

� Qualified personnel

� (ACSM certification)

National Strength & Conditioning Association, KINE degree

Applications – Applied & Basic

Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning

Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:

�Athletic training

�Triage of sports injuries

�Rehab

�Conditioning



Understanding the health maintenance

and rehabilitative processes in:

�Cardiac Rehabilitation

�Disease Prevention




�Physical Therapy

�Rehab after surgery

–Orthopedic injury




�Occupational Therapy�Relearning tasks of daily living




�Medicine�Diagnosing sprain severity

�ACL graft surgery

�Prosthetics

�Arthritis




* Nursing�Recovery from

Orthopedic surgery

Applications – Outdoor

Education/RecreationKnowing the physical limitations of human

performance in outdoor recreation

Understanding the technical aspects of

equipment use and design



*Graduate SchoolResearch

Aging

Osteoporosis

Parkinson’’’’s

Exercise

Sedentary lifestyle

Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease

Obesity

Muscular dystrophy

Spaceflight

http://hlknweb.tamu.edu

http://redox.tamu.edu

•KINE 485, 491

•Internships

•Work Study

Integrative, problem solving approach

to Exercise Biomechanics

““““Your mind should be a place

where you work things out,

not store a bunch of stuff.””””

- Albert Einstein

Get on Board!

Get on Board!

Things move fast in the Summer!

Let’s Jump into Biomechanics!

Integration of Disciplines -->


Anatomy – the study of body structure and function

�Gross (whole body) anatomy

�Cellular anatomy

Physiology – study of the integrated function of cells, tissues, and organ systems

Mechanics – branch of physics which studies forces and their effects on mechanical structures

Integration of Disciplines -->

--> Exercise Biomechanics

Statics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems in a constant state of motion

Dynamics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration

Biomechanics: “Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms and their function”

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY MECHANICS

BIOMECHANICS

EXERCISE

BIOMECHANICS

SPORTS

MEDICINE

Problem solving - Complexity

of Human MovementIn order to understand the basics, we will

use the underlying principle of the

human body as a mechanical machine.

Human-made

Machine

�Wears out with use

�Must replace damaged

parts with new ones

�Designed for a limited

number of purposes

� IBM Deep Blue vs

Garry Kasparov (1997)

2-1-3

Human Machine

�May improve with use

�Can repair itself (within

limits – ex. torn ligament)

�Joint sprain

�Muscle soreness

�tendonitis

�Capable of learning (diversity of purposes)

Andrea Zambrano

Problem Solving - Critical Thinking in

Biomechanics: Asking howL?

How do forces produced by muscles create

movement at the joints?

How are running shoes designed to reduce injury

and improve running performance?

How does joint cartilage act as a shock absorber?

How does genetics play a role in muscle power?

How do we design prosthetics (ex. artificial knee) to

optimize function?

Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:

Asking HowL?

How?


Asking why, how L?How do muscle forces create torque at joints

�The ability to produce rotation

�Kinetics: causal analysis of movement

Fm

joint

torque


Asking how, why L?

Why are rotator cuff injuries common in

swimming and in baseball/softball?

Why does a curve ball curve?

Why do joint sprains often take so long to heal?

Why are bone fractures common in the elderly?

Critical thinking is an important part of

biomechanical analysis

Historical Timeline – Combining

Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s Tech

Aristotle (382 – 322 BC)

�Student of Plato

�Founded own school (lyceum)

�Wrote extensively on philosophy, politics, logic, natural sciences, and physics

�Much of his complete works were lost

�Pictured the human body as a machine: muscles cause an action which moves the bones at the joints



Leonardo DaVinci (1452 – 1519)

� Artist

� Mona Lisa, Last Supper

�Scientist

�Anatomist (one of the first scientists to

make a detailed record of human

dissections)

�Detailed descriptions of design of skeleton

�Illustrated muscle origins and insertions



Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)

�Developed basic Laws of Motion

� Invented calculus

�Developed the theory of gravity which was held until updated by Einstein’’’’s theories

�Founder of the Royal Academy of Sciences

�Despite his contributions to science, Newton’’’’s primary investigations were into Biblical text



Thomas Alva Edison

� (from Menlo Park, NJ)

1093 inventions including:

� the electric light bulb, voice transmitter

(amplifier), answering machine, and phonograph

� Invented motion pictures in 1888

�He used a roll of film called a kinetoscope

�Quote from Edison: ““““Genius is 1% inspiration

and 99% perspiration.””””


Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s TechComputers

� transistor (1940s - common by ‘‘‘‘60s)

� microcomputers

�1960s: NASA

�1970s: research

�1980s: public - Apple, IBM, Compaq, Dell, etc.



Digital Video� 1990s

� Equipment

�DV cameras

�DVRs

�Easy to interface with computer, video



Exercise Biomechanics is only reaching

maturity as a science

� Principles - many are quite old and applied by

Engineers for machines - Engineering

approach to mechanics of the human body

� Technology

�Film analysis; Digital video analysis

� Interfacing with computers

�Tools of cellular and molecular biology

Technology & BiomechanicsExercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a

science

http://www.datlof.com/8Axamal/docs/Marketing/jhu/JE/index.htmGait analysis

Biomaterials - hydrogels

Technology & BiomechanicsExercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a

science

Orthoscopic surgery Rehabilitation

Current Applications of

Biomechanics – Problem Solving

Orthopedic Surgeons and Engineers :

http://www.nisss.org/publications.html

�Design of artificial hips and knees (prosthetics)

�Design of support devices (knee braces, etc.)

�Synthetic and natural replacements for

structural tissues (cartilage replacement)



Physiologists and Engineers

EXAMPLES:

• Response of bone and connective

tissue (ligaments, tendons) to exercise

training, rehab



Space Scientists (NASA)

EXAMPLES:

�Adaptation to low gravity environments

�Bone loss

�Atrophy of skeletal muscle

�Loss of blood volume, CV function

– Orthostatic intolerance (fainting)


Biomechanics – Problem SolvingExercise Biomechanists and EngineersEXAMPLES:

�Design of running shoes

�Design of exercise equipment (Nautilus and Cybex equipment, etc.)

�Design of competitive sportswear, protective gear�Football pads and helmets

�Low friction swimming, cycling, and running wear


Biomechanics – Problem Solvers

Giants of Whole Body Biomechanics�Peter Cavanagh -

�Penn State University (1970s -• Today – U. of Washington

• NSBRI, NASA

• Biomechanics of athletic and orthopedic shoewear

• > worked with Nike in the 70s, 80s

• > Runner’’’’s World articles

• > concepts of cushioning (shock absorption)

• > elastic recoil (bounce) in shoes



Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics

� Charlie Tipton - Exercise Physiologist (1960s -

90s)

University of Iowa

�Effect of Exercise on bone and connective

tissue biomechanics and chemistryArthur Vailas - student



Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics

�Savio Woo -

�Biomedical Engineer (1970s - 80s)

�UCSD, UPitt

� Effect of exercise (increased

forces/mechanical stress) and

immobilization (decreased mechanical. stress) on connective tissue

� Revolutionized Sports Injury Therapeutics!

�Lifetime Achievement - ACSM

HOWDY AGS!libvolume7.xyz/physiotherapy/bsc/1styear/fundamentals... · 2015-01-06 · HOWDY AGS!...

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