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Howard Hughes Jr.

Born Howard Robard Hughes, Jr.

December 24, 1905

Humble, Texas, US

Died April 5, 1976 (aged 70)

Houston, Texas, U.S.

Restingplace

Glenwood Cemetery, Houston, Texas

Residence Houston, Texas

Nationality United States

Education Thacher School

 Alma

mater 

California Institute of Technology

Rice University (dropped out in

1924)[1]

Occupation entrepreneur, aerospace engineer, filmdirector 

Years

active

1926–1976

Home town Houston, Texas

Net worth USD $1.5 billion at the time of his

death (approximately 1/1190th of US

GNP)[2]

Howard HughesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Howard R obard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905[3] – 

April 5, 1976) was an American business magnate, investor,

aviator, aer ospace engineer, film mak er and philanthropist.

He was one of the wealthiest people in the world. As a

maverick film producer, Hughes gained prominence in

Hollywood from the late 1920s, making big-budget and often

controversial films like The Racket (1928), Hell's Angels

(1930), Scarface (1932) and The Outlaw (1943). Hughes

was one of the most influential aviators in history: he set

multiple world air speed records, built the Hughes H-1 Racer 

and H-4 "Hercules" (better known to history as the "Spruce

Goose" aircraft), and acquired and expanded Trans World

Airlines, which later merged with American Airlines. Hughes

is also remembered for his eccentric behavior and reclusive

lifestyle in later life, caused in part by a worsening obsessive– compulsive disorder and chronic pain. His legacy is

maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Contents

1 Early years

2 Movies directed

3 Personal life4 Aviation

4.1 Hughes D-2 and XF-11

4.2 Near-fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43

4.3 Near-fatal crash of the XF-11

4.4 H-4 Hercules

4.5 Hughes Aircraft

4.6 Airlines

5 RKO

6 Howard Hughes Medical Institute7 Nixon scandal

8 Glomar Explorer 

9 Anxiety Disorder and physical decline

10 Las Vegas baron and recluse

10.1 Memoir hoax

11 Death

12 Estate

13 Awards

14 Popular culture

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Board

member of 

Hughes Aircraft,

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Spouse(s) Ella Rice (m. 1925–1929)

Terry Moore (m. 1949–1976) (alleged

Jean Peters (m. 1957–1971)

Signature

Aviation career

Known for Hughes Aircraft; Films.

Famous

flights

Transcontinental airspeed record from

Los Angeles to New York City (1937)

round the world airspeed record

(1938)

Awards Harmon Trophy (1936 and 1938)

Collier Trophy (1938)

Octave Chanute Award (1940)Congressional Gold Medal (1939)

Hughes circa 1910-1915

14.1 Audio

14.2 Film

14.3 Games

14.4 Literature

15 See also

16 References

16.1 Notes

16.2 Citations16.3 Bibliography

17 Additional resources

18 External links

Early years

Hughes' birthplace is recorded as either Humble or Houston,

Texas. The date is also uncertain, though Hughes claimed his birthday was Christmas Eve. A 1941 affidavit birth certificate

of Hughes signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and

Estelle Boughton Sharp states he was born on December 24, 1905, in

Harris County, Texas.[N 1] However, his baptismal record of October 7,

1906, in the parish register of St. John's Episcopal Church, in Keokuk,

Iowa, has his birth listed as September 24, 1905, without reference to

the place of birth.[N 2]

His parents were Allene Stone Gano (a descendant of Owen Tudor,

second husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England)[4][5] and Howard R. Hughes, Sr. from Missouri of English

descent,[6] who patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary

drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Howard R.

Hughes Sr. made the shrewd and lucrative decision to commercialize the

invention by leasing the bits instead of selling them, and founded the

Hughes Tool Company in 1909.

Showing great aptitude in engineering at an early age, Hughes built

Houston's first radio transmitter when he was 11 years old.[7] At 12,

Hughes was photographed in the local newspaper, identified as being the first boy in Houston to have a "motorized bicycle, which he had built himself from parts taken from his father's steam engine.[8] He was an indifferent student

with a liking for mathematics, flying, and things mechanical, taking his first flying lesson at 14 and later auditing mat

and aeronautical engineering courses at Caltech.[7][8]

Allene Hughes died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. In January 1924, Howard Hughe

Sr. died of a heart attack. Their deaths apparently inspired Hughes to include the creation of a medical research

laboratory in his will that he signed in 1925, at age 19. Because Howard Sr.'s will had not been updated since

Allene's death, Hughes inherited 75 percent of the family fortune.[9] On his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an

emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his legacy.[10]

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Hughes was an excellent and enthusiastic golfer from a young age, often scoring near par figures, and held a

handicap of three during his twenties. He played frequently with top players, including Gene Sarazen.[11] Hughes

rarely played competitively, and gradually gave up his interest in the sport.

Hughes dropped out of Rice University shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Ric

daughter of David Rice and Martha Lawson Botts of Houston, Texas. They moved to Los Angeles, where he

hoped to make a name for himself making movies.

Movies directed

His first two films, Everybody's Acting (1927) and Two Arabian Knights (1928), were financial successes, the

latter winning the first Academy Award for Best Director of a comedy picture.

The Racket (1928) and The Front Page (1931) were also nominated for Academy Awards.

Hughes spent US$3.8 million to make the flying film Hell's Angels (1930). It earned nearly $8 million, about doub

the production and advertising costs. Hell's Angels received one Academy Award nomination, Best

Cinematography.

He produced another hit, Scarface (1932), a production delayed by censors' concern over its violence.

The Outlaw (1943), completed in 1941, which featured Jane Russell, also received considerable attention from

industry censors, this time owing to Russell's revealing costumes. Hughes designed a special bra for his leading lad

although Russell decided against wearing the bra.

Personal life

Hughes' wife returned to Houston in 1929 and filed for divorce. Hughes dated many famous women, including BillDove, Bette Davis, Ava Gardner, Olivia de Havilland, Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers and Gene Tierney. He

also proposed to Joan Fontaine several times, according to her autobiography No Bed of Roses. Bessie Love wa

a mistress during his first marriage. Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of  Hell's Angels, but Noah

Dietrich wrote many years later that the relationship was strictly professional, as Hughes apparently personally

disliked Harlow. In his 1971 book, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Dietrich said that Hughes genuinely like

and respected Jane Russell but never sought romantic involvement with her. According to Russell's autobiography

however, Hughes once tried to bed her after a party. Russell (who was married at the time) refused him and

Hughes promised it would never happen again. The two maintained a professional and private friendship for many

ears. Hughes remained good friends with Tierney who, after his failed attempts to seduce her, was quoted as

saying "I don't think Howard could love anything that did not have a motor in it." Later, when Tierney's daughter Daria was born deaf and blind and with a severe learning disability, because of Tierney's being exposed to rubella

during her pregnancy, Hughes saw to it that Daria received the best medical care and paid all expenses. [12]

On July 11, 1936, Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car, at the corner of 3r

Street and Lorraine in Los Angeles.[13] Although Hughes was certified as sober at the hospital to which he was

taken after the accident, an attending doctor made a note that Hughes had been drinking. A witness to the acciden

told police that Hughes was driving erratically and too fast, and that Meyer had been standing in the safety zone of

streetcar stop. Hughes was booked on suspicion of negligent homicide and held overnight in jail until his attorney,

 Neil McCarthy, obtained a writ of habeas corpus for his release pending a coroner's inquest.[14][15] By the time o

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1938 flight around the world

the coroner's inquiry, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly infront of Hughes's car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the accident,

corroborates this version. On July 16, 1936, Hughes was held blameless by a coroner's jury at the inquest into

Meyer's death.[16] Hughes told reporters outside the inquiry, "I was driving slowly and a man stepped out of thedarkness in front of me."

On January 12, 1957, Hughes married actress Jean Peters. The couple met in the 1940s, before Peters became a

film actress.[17] They had a highly publicized romance in 1947 and there was talk of marriage, but she said she

could not combine it with her career.[18] It was later claimed that Peters was "the only woman [Hughes] ever 

loved",[19] and he reportedly had his security officers follow her everywhere even when they were not in a

relationship. This was confirmed by actor Max Showalter, who became a close friend of Peters during shooting of

 Niagara (1953).[20] Showalter told in an interview that because he frequently met with Peters, Hughes' men

threatened to ruin his career if he did not leave her alone. [20]

Aviation

Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in

Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye

Stephens. He set many world records and commissioned the

construction of custom aircraft to be built for himself while heading

Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale. Operating from there, the most

technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1

Racer. On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the

landplane airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) over his test course

near Santa Ana, California (Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929

and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). A

ear and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer 

fitted with longer wings, Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His

average ground speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h).[21]

The H-1 Racer featured a number of design innovations: it had retractable landing gear (as Boeing Monomail had

five years before) and all rivets and joints set flush into the body of the aircraft to reduce drag. The H-1 Racer is

thought to have influenced the design of a number of World War II fighters such as the Mitsubishi Zero, the Focke

Wulf Fw 190 and the F8F Bearcat;[22] although that has never been reliably confirmed. The H-1 Racer was

donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.

On July 10, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a flight around the world in just 91 hours (3 days, 19hours), beating the previous record by more than four hours; Hughes returned home ahead of photographs of his

flight. Taking off from New York City, Hughes continued to Paris, Moscow, Omsk, Yakutsk, Fairbanks,

Minneapolis, and continued to New York City. For this flight he flew a Lockheed Super Electra (a twin-engine

transport with a four-man crew) fitted with the latest radio and navigational equipment. Hughes wanted the flight to

 be a triumph of American aviation technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air travel was possible. While he

had previously been relatively obscure despite his wealth, being better known for dating Katharine Hepburn, New

York City now gave Hughes a ticker-tape parade in the Canyon of Heroes.[23] In 1938, the William P. Hobby

Airport in Houston, Texas, known at the time as Houston Municipal Airport, was renamed Howard Hughes

Airport, but the name was changed back after people objected to naming the airport after a living person.

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He also had a role in the design and financing of both the Boeing 307 Stratoliner and Lockheed L-049

Constellation.[24]

Hughes received many awards as an aviator, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and 1938, the Collier Trophy

1938, the Octave Chanute Award in 1940, and a special Congressional Gold Medal in 1939 "in recognition of the

achievements of Howard Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country

throughout the world." According to his obituary in The New York Times, Hughes never bothered to come to

Washington to pick up the Congressional Gold Medal. It was eventually mailed to him by President Harry S.

Truman.

Hughes D-2 and XF-11

 Main article: Hughes D-2

The Hughes D-2 was conceived as a private venture in 1939 as a bomber with five crew members, powered by

42-cylinder Wright R-2160 Tornado engines. In the end it appeared as two-seat fighter-reconnaissance aircraft

designated the D-2A, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-49 engines. The aircraft was constructed using

the Duramold process. The prototype was brought to Harper's Dry Lake California in great secrecy in 1943 and

first flew on June 20 of that year.[25] Acting on a recommendation of the president's son, Colonel Elliott Roosevelt

who had become friends with Hughes, in September 1943 the USAAF ordered 100 of a reconnaissance

development of the D-2, known as the F-11. Hughes then attempted to get the military to pay for the developmen

of the D-2. In November 1944, the hangar containing the D-2A was reportedly hit by lightning and the aircraft wa

destroyed. The D-2 design was abandoned, but led to the extremely controversial Hughes XF-11. The XF-11 wa

a large all-metal, two-seat reconnaissance aircraft, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-4360-31 engines, each

driving a set of contra-rotating propellers. Only the two prototypes were completed.

Near-fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43

In the spring of 1943 Hughes spent nearly a month in Las Vegas, test flying his Sikorsky S-43 amphibian aircraft,

 practicing touch-and-go landings on Lake Mead in preparation for flying the H-4 Hercules. The weather condition

at the lake during the day were ideal and he enjoyed Las Vegas at night. On May 17, 1943, Hughes flew the

Sikorsky from California carrying two CAA aviation inspectors, two of his employees and actress Ava Gardner.

Hughes dropped Gardner off in Las Vegas and proceeded to Lake Mead to conduct qualifying tests in the S-43.

The test flight did not go well. The Sikorsky crashed, killing CAA inspector Ceco Cline and Hughes employee

Richard Felt. Hughes suffered a severe gash on the top of his head when he hit the upper control panel and had to

 be rescued by one of the others on board.[26] Hughes paid divers $100,000 to raise the aircraft and later spent

more than $500,000 restoring the aircraft.[27]

Near-fatal crash of the XF-11

 Main article: Hughes XF-11

Hughes was involved in a near-fatal aircraft accident on July 7, 1946, while performing the first flight of the

 prototype U.S. Army Air Force reconnaissance aircraft, the XF-11, near Hughes airfield at Culver City, Californi

An oil leak caused one of the contra-rotating propellers to reverse pitch, causing the aircraft to yaw sharply and

lose altitude rapidly. Hughes tried to save the craft by landing it at the Los Angeles Country Club golf course, but

ust seconds before reaching the course, the XF-11 started to drop dramatically and crashed in the Beverly Hills

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1946 newsreel

The Hughes H-4 Hercules with

Howard Hughes at the controls

neighborhood surrounding the country club.[28]

When the XF-11 finally came to a halt after destroying three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the

aircraft and a nearby home at 808 North Whittier Drive, owned by Lt Col. Charles E. Meyer. [29] Hughes manage

to pull himself out of the flaming wreckage but lay beside the aircraft until he was rescued by Oil City, Pennsylvania

native and Marine Master Sgt. William L. Durkin, who happened to be in

the area visiting friends.[30] Hughes sustained significant injuries in the

crash, including a crushed collar bone, multiple cracked ribs,[31]

crushedchest with collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the

chest cavity, and numerous third-degree burns. An oft-told story said that

Hughes sent a check to the Marine weekly for the remainder of his life as

a sign of gratitude. However, Durkin's daughter denied that he took any

money for the rescue.[32]

Despite his physical injuries, Hughes was proud that his mind was still

working. As he lay in his hospital bed, he decided that he did not like the

 bed's design. He called in plant engineers to design a "tailor-made" bed,

equipped with hot and cold running water, built in six sections, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push- button adjustments.[33] The hospital bed was designed by Hughes specifically to alleviate the pain caused by

moving with severe burn injuries. Despite the fact that he never had the chance to use the bed that he designed,

Hughes's bed served as a prototype for the modern hospital bed in common usage today. [34] Hughes's recovery

was considered by his doctors to be almost miraculous. Hughes, however, believed that neither miracle nor moder

medicine contributed to his recovery. Instead he vigorously believed that the natural life-giving properties of fresh

squeezed orange juice (Hughes would drink only orange juice that had been squeezed before his eyes) were

responsible for his rapid recovery.[34]

Many attribute his long-term addiction to opiates to his use of codeine [35] as a painkiller during his convalescence.

However, Hughes did not suffer from addiction but untreated IP (Intractable Pain) and pseudoaddiction (a drug-seeking behavior that simulates true addiction in patients whose pain is not being properly treated).[35] The

trademark mustache he wore afterward was used to hide a scar on his upper lip resulting from the accident. [36]

H-4 Hercules

 Main article: Hughes H-4 Hercules

The War Production Board (not the military) originally contracted with

Henry Kaiser and Hughes to produce the gigantic HK-1 Hercules flying

 boat for use during World War II to transport troops and equipmentacross the Atlantic as an alternative to seagoing troop transport ships that

were vulnerable to German U-boats. The project was opposed by the

military services, thinking it would siphon resources from higher priority

 programs, but was advocated by Hughes's powerful allies in Washington,

D.C. After disputes, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes

elected to continue it as the H-4 Hercules. However, the aircraft was not

completed until after the end of World War II.

 

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The S-43 Sikorsky in Brazoria County

Airport in Texas

Brazoria County Airport Texas: The

S-43 Sikorsky prototype

Hughes Aircraft Company logo until

1985.

The Hercules was the world's largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made

from wood,[37] and, at 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), had the longest

wingspan of any aircraft (the next largest wingspan is about 30 ft (9 m)

shorter). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever 

 built; both of those titles are currently held by the Antonov An-225.)

The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet (21m)

above the water, with Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947.

The Hercules was nicknamed the "Spruce Goose" by critics, but was

actually made largely from birch (not from spruce), rather than of 

aluminum, because the contract required the aircraft to be built of "non-

strategic materials." It was built in Hughes's Westchester, California

facility. In 1947, Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the

Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the H-4

development had been so troubled, and why the aforementioned F-11

had resulted in only two prototypes after $22 million spent. General

Elliott Roosevelt and numerous other USAAF officers were also called

to testify in hearings that transfixed the nation during August and again in November 1947. In hotly disputed testimony over TWA's route awards

and malfeasance in the defence acquisition process, Hughes turned the

tables on his main interlocutor, Maine Senator Owen Brewster, and the

hearings were widely interpreted as a Hughes victory. After display at the

Long Beach, California harbor, the Hercules was moved to McMinnville,

Oregon, where it is now part of the Evergreen Aviation Museum.[38]

Hughes Aircraft

 Main article: Hughes Aircraft 

Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of Hughes Tool Company, was

originally founded by Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of a Lockheed

Aircraft Corporation hangar in Burbank, California, to build the H-1

racer. During and after World War II, Hughes fashioned his company into a major defense contractor. The Hughe

Helicopters division started in 1947 when helicopter manufacturer Kellett sold their latest design to Hughes for 

 production.

In 1948, Hughes created a new division of the company, the Hughes Aerospace Group. The Hughes Space and

Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their owndivisions and ultimately became the Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard

Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute,

thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charitable organization. The Howard

Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for US$5.2 billion. In 1997, General

Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to Boeing. A

combination of Boeing, GM and Raytheon acquired the Hughes Research Laboratories.

Airlines

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In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye (http://jack-frye.blogspot.com), president of TWA, Hughes quietly purchased

majority share of TWA stock for nearly US$7 million and took control of the airline. Upon assuming ownership,

Hughes was prohibited by federal law from building his own aircraft. Seeking an aircraft that would perform better

than TWA's fleet of Boeing 307 Stratoliners, Hughes and Frye approached Boeing's competitor, Lockheed.

Hughes had a good relationship with Lockheed since they had built the aircraft he used in his record flight around

the world in 1938. Lockheed agreed to Hughes and Frye's request that the new aircraft be built in secrecy. The

result was the revolutionary Constellation and TWA purchased the first 40 of the new airliners off the production

line.

In 1956, Hughes placed an order for 63 Convair 880s for TWA at a cost of US$400 million. Although Hughes

was extremely wealthy at this time, outside creditors demanded that Hughes relinquish control of TWA in return fo

 providing the money. In 1960, Hughes was ultimately forced out of TWA, although he owned 78% of the compan

and battled to regain control.

Before Hughes' removal, the TWA jet financing issue precipitated the end of Hughes' relationship with Noah

Dietrich. Dietrich claimed Hughes developed a plan by which Hughes Tool Company profits were to be inflated in

order to sell the company for a windfall that would pay the bills for the 880s. Dietrich agreed to go to Texas to

implement the plan on the condition that Hughes agreed to a capital gains arrangement he had long promised

Dietrich. When Hughes balked, Dietrich resigned immediately. "Noah," Dietrich quoted Hughes as replying, "Icannot exist without you!" Dietrich stood firm and eventually had to sue to retrieve personal possessions from his

office after Hughes ordered it locked.

In 1966, Hughes was forced by a U.S. federal court to sell his shares in TWA because of concerns over conflict o

interest between his ownership of both TWA and Hughes Aircraft. The sale of his TWA shares netted him a profit

of US$547 million. During the 1970s, Hughes went back into the airline business, buying the airline Air West and

renaming it Hughes Airwest.

RKO

 Main article: RKO Pictures

In 1948, Hughes gained control of RKO, a struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring 25 percent of the

outstanding stock from Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. Within weeks of taking control, he dismissed three-

quarters of the work force and production was shut down for six months in 1949 while he undertook the

investigation of the politics of all remaining studio employees. Completed pictures would be sent back for re-

shooting if he felt his star (especially female) was not properly presented, or if a film's anti-communist politics were

not sufficiently clear. In 1952, an abortive sale to a Chicago-based group with no experience in the industry

disrupted studio operations even further.

Hughes sold the RKO theaters in 1953 as settlement of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust

case. With the sale of the profitable theaters, the shaky status of the film studio became increasingly apparent. A

steady stream of lawsuits from RKO's minority shareholders, charging him with financial misconduct a corporate

mismanagement, became an increasing nuisance, especially because Hughes wanted to focus on his aircraft-

manufacturing and TWA holdings during the Korean War years. Eager to be rid of the distraction, Hughes offered

to buy out all other stockholders.

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By the end of 1954, at a cost of nearly US$24 million, he had gained near total control of RKO, becoming the

closest thing to a sole owner of a Hollywood studio seen in three decades. Six months later, Hughes sold the studi

to the General Tire and Rubber Company for US$25 million. Hughes retained the rights to pictures he had

 personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retained Jane Russell's contract. For Howard Hughe

this was the virtual end of his 25-year involvement in motion pictures; though he had all but destroyed a major 

Hollywood studio, his reputation as a financial wizard emerged unscathed. He reportedly walked away from RKO

having made US$6.5 million in personal profit.[39]

General Tire was interested mainly in exploiting the value of the RKO library for television programming, though itmade some attempts to continue producing films. After a year and a half of mixed success, General Tire shut dow

film production at RKO for good at the end of January 1957. The studio lots in Hollywood and Culver City were

sold to Desilu Productions later that year for US$6.15 million.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

 Main article: Howard Hughes Medical Institute

In 1953, Hughes launched the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Miami, Florida, and currently located in ChevyChase, Maryland, formed with the express goal of basic biomedical research, including trying to understand, in

Hughes' words, the "genesis of life itself." Hughes' first will, which he signed in 1925 at the age of 19, stipulated tha

a portion of his estate should be used to create a medical institute bearing his name.[40] When a major battle with

the IRS loomed ahead, Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby turning

the aerospace and defense contractor into a for-profit entity of a fully tax-exempt charity. Hughes' internist, Dr.

Verne Mason, who treated Hughes after his 1946 aircraft crash, was chairman of the institute's medical advisory

committee.[41] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's new board of trustees sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to

General Motors for US$5.2 billion, allowing the institute to grow dramatically.

The deal was the topic of a protracted legal battle between Hughes and the Internal Revenue Service, whichHughes ultimately won. After his death in 1976, many thought that the balance of Hughes' estate would go to the

institute, although it was ultimately divided among his cousins and other heirs, given the lack of a will to the contrar

The HHMI was the 4th largest private organization as of 2007[42] and the largest devoted to biological and medic

research, with an endowment of US$16.3 billion as of June 2007.

Nixon scandal

Shortly before the 1960 Presidential election, Richard Nixon was harmed by revelations of a US$205,000 loan

from Hughes to Nixon's brother Donald. It has long been speculated that Nixon's drive to learn what the

Democrats were planning in 1972 was based in part on his belief that the Democrats knew about a later bribe thathis friend Bebe Rebozo had received from Hughes after Nixon took office.

In late 1971, Donald Nixon was collecting intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential

election. One of Donald's sources was John H. Meier,[43] a former business adviser of Hughes who had also

worked with Democratic National Chairman Larry O'Brien.

Meier, in collaboration with former Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey and others, wanted to

feed misinformation to the Nixon campaign. Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the

election because Larry O’Brien had a great deal of information on Richard Nixon’s illicit dealings with Howard

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Hughes that had never been released;[44][45] O’Brien didn’t actually have any such information, but Meier wanted Nixon to think he did. Donald told his brother that O’Brien was in possession of damaging Hughes information tha

could destroy his campaign.[46] Terry Lenzner, who was the chief investigator for the Senate Watergate Committespeculates that it was Nixon's desire to know what O'Brien knew about Nixon's dealings with Hughes that may

have partially motivated the Watergate break-in.[47]

Glomar Explorer 

 Main article: USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193)

In 1972, Hughes was approached by the CIA to help secretly recover Soviet submarine K-129 which had sunk 

near Hawaii four years earlier. Thus, the special-purpose salvage vessel Glomar Explorer was born. Hughes'

involvement provided the CIA with a plausible cover story, having to do with civilian marine research at extreme

depths and the mining of undersea manganese nodules. In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer attempted to

raise the Soviet vessel.[48]

However, during the recovery a mechanical failure in the ship's grapple caused half of the submarine to break off 

and fall to the ocean floor. This section is believed to have held many of the most sought-after items, including itscode book and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and some cryptographic machines were recovered

along with the bodies of six Soviet submariners who were subsequently given formal burial at sea in a filmed

ceremony. The operation, known as Project Azorian (but incorrectly referred to by the press as Project Jennifer),

 became public in February 1975 because burglars had obtained secret documents from Hughes' headquarters in

June 1974.[49] Though he lent his name to the operation, Hughes and his companies had no actual involvement in

the project.

Anxiety Disorder and physical decline

As early as the 1930s, Hughes displayed signs of mental illness, primarily obsessive-compulsive disorder. Close

friends reported that he was obsessed with the size of peas, one of his favorite foods, and used a special fork to

sort them by size.

While directing The Outlaw, Hughes became fixated on a minor flaw in one of Jane Russell's blouses, claiming tha

the fabric bunched up along a seam and gave the appearance of two nipples on each breast. He was reportedly so

upset by the matter that he wrote a detailed memorandum to the crew on how to fix the problem. Richard

Fleischer, who directed His Kind of Woman with Hughes as executive producer, wrote at length in his

autobiography about the difficulty of dealing with the tycoon. In his book, Just Tell Me When to Cry, Fleischer 

explained that Hughes was fixated on trivial details and was alternately indecisive and obstinate. He also revealedthat Hughes's unpredictable mood swings made him wonder if the film would ever be completed.

In 1947, after his near-fatal aircraft crash in 1946, Hughes told his aides that he wanted to screen some movies at

film studio near his home. Hughes stayed in the studio's darkened screening room for more than four months, neve

leaving. He subsisted exclusively on chocolate bars, chicken, and milk, and relieved himself in the empty bottles an

containers. He was surrounded by dozens of Kleenex boxes, which he continuously stacked and re-arranged. He

wrote detailed memos to his aides on yellow legal pads giving them explicit instructions not to look at him, to

respond when spoken to, but otherwise not speak to him. Throughout this period, Hughes sat fixated in his chair,

often naked, continuously watching movies. When he finally emerged in the spring of 1948, his hygiene was terribl

as he had not bathed or cut his hair and nails for weeks (although this may have been due to allodynia—pain upon

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Hughes equipped this 1954 Chrysler 

 New Yorker with an aircraft-grade ai

filtration system which took up the

entire trunk 

 being touched[35]). The Screening Room was located at Sunset Boulevard and Doheny Drive in Los Angeles; itwas owned by Martin Nosseck and was called the "Martin Nosseck Projection Theatre"—Martin Nosseck was

the full-time projectionist for Hughes during that time.

After the screening room incident, Hughes moved into a bungalow at the Beverly Hills Hotel. He also rented out

several other rooms for his aides, his wife, and his numerous girlfriends. His erratic behavior continued, however, a

he would sit naked in his bedroom with a pink hotel napkin placed over his genitals, watching movies. Like the

tissue boxes instead of shoes, he likely sat around naked because the touch of clothing (and shoes) would trigger a

extremely painful condition called allodynia. He likely watched movies constantly to distract him from his pain. To

this day distraction, including watching TV and movies, is a common survival tactic among intractable pain patients

especially those who do not receive adequate treatment.[35] In one year, he spent an estimated $11 million at the

hotel.

In a bout of obsession with his home state, Hughes began purchasing all restaurant chains and four star hotels that

had been founded within the borders of Texas. This included, if for only a short period, many unknown franchises

currently out of business. Ownership of the restaurants was placed in the hands of the Howard Hughes Medical

Institute and all licenses were resold shortly after.

Another time, he became obsessed with the 1968 film Ice Station Zebra and had it running on a continuous loop his home. According to his aides, he watched it 150 times.[50]

Hughes insisted on using tissues to pick up objects, so that he could insulate himself from germs. He would also

notice dust, stains or other imperfections on people's clothes and demand that they take care of them.

Once one of the most visible men in America, Hughes ultimately vanished from public view, although the tabloids

continued to follow rumors of his behavior and whereabouts. He was reported to be terminally ill, mentally unstabl

or even dead.

As a result of numerous aircraft crashes, Hughes spent much of his later life in pain, eventually becoming physicallydependent (not the same as addiction) on codeine, which he injected intramuscularly.[35] Hughes had his hair cut

and nails trimmed only once a year, likely due to the pain caused by the RSD/CRPS, which was caused by the

 plane crashes[35]. He may have been in such severe chronic pain from his extensive injuries, so much so that even

the act of tooth brushing was painful, so he avoided it.[35]

Las Vegas baron and recluse

The wealthy and aging Howard Hughes, accompanied by his entourage

of personal aides, began moving from one hotel to another, always taking

up residence in the top floor penthouse. During the last ten years of his

life, from 1966 to 1976, Hughes lived in hotels in Beverly Hills, Boston,

Las Vegas, Nassau, Freeport, Vancouver,[51] London, Managua,

Acapulco, and others.

On November 24, 1966 (Thanksgiving Day),[52] Hughes arrived in Las

Vegas by railroad car and moved into the Desert Inn. Because he

refused to leave the hotel, and to avoid further conflicts with the owners,

Hughes bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel's eighth floor 

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Howard Hughes' gravestone

Hughes Family Gravesite at

Glenwood Cemetery

Memoir hoax

In 1972, author Clifford Irving created a media sensation when he claimed to have co-written an authorized

autobiography of Hughes. Hughes was such a reclusive figure that he did not immediately publicly refute Irving's

statement, leading many people to believe Irving's book was a genuine autobiography. Before the book's

 publication, however, Hughes finally denounced Irving in a teleconference and the entire project was eventually

exposed as a hoax. Irving was later convicted of fraud and spent 17 months in prison. In 1974, the Orson Welles

film F for Fake included a section dealing with the entire Hughes biography hoax. In 1977, The Hoax by CliffordIrving was published in Great Britain; it is the story of these events. The 2007 film The Hoax, starring Richard

Gere, is based on these events.[59]

eath

Hughes was reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 pm on

 board an aircraft owned by Robert Graf and piloted by Jeff Abrams, en

route from his penthouse at the Acapulco Fairmont Princess Hotel in

Mexico to the Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas. Alternatively, other 

accounts indicate that he died in the flight from Freeport, Grand Bahamato Houston.[60] His reclusive activities (and possibly his drug use) made

him practically unrecognizable; his hair, beard, fingernails and toenails

were long (possibly caused by allodynia making him averse to touch[35]),

his tall 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) frame now weighed barely 90 lb (41 kg), and

the FBI had to resort to fingerprints to identify the body. [61] Howard

Hughes' alias, John T. Conover, was used upon the arrival of his body at

a morgue in Houston on the day of his death. There, his body was

received by Dr. Jack Titus.[62]

A subsequent autopsy noted kidney failure as the cause of death. Hughes

was in extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death. He

suffered from malnutrition. While his kidneys were damaged, his other 

internal organs, including his brain, were deemed perfectly healthy.[35] X-

rays revealed five broken-off hypodermic needles in the flesh of his

arms.[35] To inject codeine into his muscles, Hughes used glass syringes

with metal needles that easily became detached.[35] Phenacetin, a

nonopioid acetaminophen prodrug that was used for chronic pain, may

have been the cause of his kidney failure.[35]

Hughes is buried in the Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, Texas, next to his parents.[63]

Estate

Approximately three weeks after Hughes' death, a handwritten will was found on the desk of an official of the

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City. The so-called "Mormon Will" gave US$1.56 billion

to various charitable organizations (including US$625 million to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute); nearly

US$470 million to the upper management in Hughes' companies and to his aides; US$156 million to first cousin

William Lummis; and US$156 million split equally between his two ex-wives Ella Rice and Jean Peters.

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A further US$156 million was endowed to a gas-station owner named Melvin Dummar. Dummar told reporters

that late one evening in December 1967, he found a disheveled and dirty man lying along U.S. Highway 95, 150

miles (240 km) north of Las Vegas. The man asked for a ride to Las Vegas. Dropping him off at the Sands Hotel,

Dummar said the man told him he was Hughes. Dummar then claimed that days after Hughes' death, a "mysterious

man" appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope containing the will on his desk. Unsure if the will was genuine

and unsure of what to do, Dummar left the will at the LDS Church office. In a trial lasting seven months, the

Mormon Will was eventually rejected by the Nevada court in June 1978 as a forgery. The court declared that

Hughes had died intestate.

Hughes' US$2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis who serve

as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Dummar was largely discounted by the public as a phony an

an opportunist. Jonathan Demme's film Melvin and Howard (starring Jason Robards and Paul Le Mat), was base

on Dummar's tale.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which

sold it to General Motors in 1985 for US$5.2 billion. Suits brought by the states of California and Texas claiming

they were owed inheritance tax were both rejected by the court. In 1984, Hughes' estate paid an undisclosed

amount to Terry Moore, who claimed to have been secretly married to Hughes on a yacht in international waters o

Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Although Moore never produced proof of a marriage, her book, The Beautyand the Billionaire, became a bestseller.

Awards

Congressional Gold Medal (presented August 7, 1939).

Popular culture

Howard Hughes has now emerged as one of the 20th century's most iconic business and aviation figures spawninga wide range of cultural references.

Audio

"Russian Heart" by The Church, from their 1990 album Gold Afternoon Fix.

"Howard Hughes" by Rasputina, from their 1996 album Thanks for the Ether .

"Howard" by Bayside, from their 2008 album Shudder .

"Howard Hughes" by Ride, from their 1992 album Going Blank Again

"Castle on The Hill" by Ride, from their 1996 album Tarantula.[64]

"Howard Hughes" by [Lead Belly].

"Nancy From Now On" by [Father John Misty]from his album Fear Fun.

"Me and Howard Hughes" by The Boomtown Rats, from their 1978 album, "A Tonic for the Troops".

Film

(Chronological)

Willard Whyte, a billionaire from the 1971 James Bond film, Diamonds Are Forever , is based on Howard

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Hughes. Hughes, a friend of producer Albert Broccoli, allowed his hotel and casino to be used in the filming

The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977), directed by William A. Graham. Tommy Lee Jones stars as

Howard Hughes.

 Melvin and Howard (1980), directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jason Robards (a distant cousin) a

Howard Hughes and Paul Le Mat as Melvin Dummar. The film won Academy Awards for Best Original

Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress (Mary Steenburgen). The film focuses on Melvin Dummar's claim

of meeting Hughes in the Nevada desert and subsequent estate battles over his inclusion in Hughes's will.

Critic Pauline Kael called the film "an almost flawless act of sympathetic imagination."[65]

Portrayed by Dean Stockwell in Tucker (1988).

Hughes was portrayed by Terry O'Quinn in Disney's The Rocketeer (1991), substituting for the "mystery

inventor" (Doc Savage) in the original comic book version.

"Howard Hughes Documentary", broadcast in 1992 as an episode of the Time Machine documentary

series, was introduced by Peter Graves, later released by A&E Home Video.[66]

Before The Aviator (2004), there were several attempts to create a biopic based on the life of Hughes. Fo

years, director-actor Warren Beatty wanted to play Hughes and direct a big-screen film of the mogul. It wa

to be released alongside Beatty's film Reds, but owing to the lack of the right script, the project was

abandoned. In the 1990s, producers with Touchstone Pictures wanted to do it with John Malkovich,

Edward Norton, or Johnny Depp as Hughes, but because of climbing costs that venture was abandoned.

Castle Rock Entertainment also tried to develop a biopic called Mr. Hughes with Jim Carrey starring and

with Christopher Nolan directing and re-writing a script originated by David Koepp and Brian De Palma.

When The Aviator began production, the idea was scrapped, and Nolan went on to direct Batman Begin

Some of the details of Hughes as an adult were confirmed in A. Scott Berg's memoir of Katharine Hepburn

 Kate Remembered .

The Aviator (2004), directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hughes. Nominated

for 11 Academy Awards, and winning five, the acclaimed film focuses primarily on Hughes' achievements in

aviation and in the movies and on the increasing handicaps imposed on him by his obsessive–compulsive

 behavior, and ends shortly after the successful flight of the Hercules in 1947. Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator documentary was broadcast in 2004, and went on to win the Grand

Festival Award for Best Documentary at the 2004 Berkeley Video & Film Festival.[67]

The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story was broadcast in 2006 on the Biography Channel. It

was later released to home media as a DVD with a copy of the full length film The Outlaw starring Jane

Russell.[68]

Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as a plot-related prequel to Iron Man 2 (2010), in which

Howard Stark (played by Dominic Cooper), father of Tony Stark (Iron Man), showed his inventions of 

future technology, clearly picturing Hughes' persona and enthusiasm.

Games

Andrew Ryan, partially based on Hughes, is a fictional character in the 2007 video game, BioShock . He w

a industrialist business magnate in the Post-WW2 1940s, and seeking to avoid governments, religions and

other 'parasitic' influences, ordered the secret construction of an underwater city, Rapture. 15+ Years later,

when Ryan's vision for an Objectivist utopia in Rapture falls into dystopia, he hides himself away and uses

armies of mutated humans, "Splicers", to defend himself and fight against those trying to take over his City,

including the player-character Jack within the first game.[69]

In L.A. Noire, Hughes makes an appearance presenting his Hercules H-4 aircraft in the opening introductio

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of the game.[70]

The 2010 RPG Fallout: New Vegas features a character by the name of Robert House, who is heavily

 based on Hughes. House is a brilliant but reclusive billionaire, and several in game references can be found

their similarities.

Literature

Howard Hughes appears as a character in Death and Honor (Putnam, 2008), W.E.B. Griffin's fictional

account of the clandestine espionage activities of agents of the United States Office of Strategic Services (th

"OSS") during World War II. In the novel, Hughes is portrayed as an unofficial intelligence community

insider.

Howard Hughes also appears as a character in James Ellroy's L.A. Quartet and Underworld USA Trilogy

In the latter saga, Hughes is described as reclusive, eccentric and mentally disturbed. He plans to take over 

the mafia's casinos in Las Vegas to establish a "germ-free environment" for his residence.

Stan Lee has repeatedly stated he created the Marvel Comics character Iron Man's civilian persona, TonyStark, drawing inspiration from Howard Hughes' colorful lifestyle and personality. Additionally, the first nam

of Stark's father is Howard.[71]

See also

References

Notes

1. ^ No time of birth is listed. Record nr. 234358, of December 29, 1941, filed January 5, 1942, Bureau of Vital

Statistics of Texas Department of Health.

2. ^ The handwriting of the baptismal record is a rather trembling one. The clerk was an aged person and there is a

good chance that, supposedly, being hard of hearing they misheard "December 24" as "September 24" instead. Th

is speculative.

Citations

1. ^ Simkin, John. "Howard Hughes". (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhughesH.htm) Spartacus

 Educational . Retrieved: June 9, 2013.

2. ^ Klepper and Gunther 1996, p. xiii.

3. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 21–22.

4. ^ Tombo do Guarda-Mór Guarda-Mór-Edição de Publicações Multimédia, Lda Lisboa, 2000.

5. ^ "Howard Robard Hughes Jr." (http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=303839) Geneall.net , December 24,

1905. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.

6. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 15.

7. ^ a b "Howard Hughes."

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes 17

(http://web.archive.org/web/20090210062837/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553204/Howard_Hughes

tml) MSN Encarta online, October 21, 2009. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

8. ^ a b "Howard Hughes." (http://www.century-of-

flight.net/Aviation%20history/pathfinders/Howard%20Hughes.htm) U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003.

Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

9. ^ "Howard Hughes." (http://history1900s.about.com/od/peoplewhomadeanimpact/p/howardhughes.htm)

about.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

10. ^ "Golf's Bizarre Billionaire." (http://www.golfonline.com/golfonline/features/features/article/0,17742,1013633-

2,00.html) golfonline.com. Retrieved: September 4, 2007.11. ^ Barkow 1986, p. 13.

12. ^ Tierney and Herskowitz 1978, p. 97.

13. ^ "Howard Hughes' auto kills man in Hollywood."

(http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/483044492.html?

dids=483044492:483044492&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+12%2C+1936&author=&pu

 b=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HOWARD+HUGHES'+AUTO+KILLS+MAN+IN+HOLLYWOOD&pqatl=google)

Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.

14. ^ "Sportsman Arrested After Traffic Death." (http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/402103021.html?

dids=402103021:402103021&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13%2C+1936&author=&pub

=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Sportsman+Arrested+After+Traffic+Death&pqatl=google) Los Angeles Times, July

13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.15. ^ "Howard Hughes facing hearing in auto death."

(http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/460156432.html?

dids=460156432:460156432&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13%2C+1936&author=&pu

 b=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HOWARD+HUGHES+FACING+HEARING+IN+AUTO+DEATH&pqatl=google)

Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.

16. ^ "Millionaire Flyer and Society Girl testify at Inquest."

(http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/402113781.html?

dids=402113781:402113781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+16%2C+1936&author=&pub

=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Millionaire+Flyer+and+Society+Girl+Testify+at+Inquest&pqatl=google)  Los Angele

Times, July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.

17. ^ The Delta Democrat-Times (Greenville, Mississippi), September 29, 1946, p.4.18. ^ "Interview with Louella Parsons." Waterloo Daily Courier (Waterloo, Iowa), October 12, 1947, p. 19.

19. ^ Anderson, Jack with Les Whitten. "Hughes and Jean Peters." The Gadsden Times, April 13, 1976, p. 4.

20. ^ a b Weaver 2004, p. 9.

21. ^ Onkst, David H. "Howard R. Hughes, Jr. – The Record Setter."

(http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Hughes/EX28.htm) U.S.

Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

22. ^ "Aviator Howard Hughes H-1 Racer History." (http://www.wrightools.com/hughes/h1_history.htm)

wrightools.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

23. ^ "A Rich Young Texan with a Poet's Face Gets Hero's Welcome on World Flight"

(http://books.google.com/books?

id=n08EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=Q9tkmm_XWR&pg=PA9#v=onepage&f=true). Life. 1938-07-25. pp. 9–1114. Retrieved October 14, 2012.

24. ^ Rumerman, Judy. "Hughes Aircraft." (http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Hughes/Aero44.htm)

centennialofflight.gov , 2003. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.

25. ^ Aircraft Ha to Hy (http://aerofiles.com/_h.html) Retrieved 31 July 2011.

26. ^ Hughes Las Vegas (http://www.aviatorhowardhughes.com/hughes-lasvegas.htm) Retrieved 31 July 2011.

27. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996

28. ^ "Crash of the XF-11." (http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/XF-11_crash_site.htm) check-six.com.

Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

29. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 140.

30. ^ "William Durkin, Howard Hughes crash rescuer, dies." (http://www.sunjournal.com/node/127134) Nation

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SunJournal , May 1, 2006. Retrieved: July 4, 2013.

31. ^ "Howard Hughes: XF-11." (http://theaviatorhh.com/xf-11.htm) UNLV Libraries' Howard Hughes Collection.

Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

32. ^ "William Durkin; rescued Howard Hughes in crash." (http://articles.boston.com/2006-05-

02/news/29238487_1_wreckage-crash-plane)  Boston.com, May 2, 2006. Retrieved: January 17, 2012.

33. ^ "Hughes Designs Hospital Bed." Associated Press wire article, August 14, 1946.

34. ^ a b Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 143.

35. ^ a b c d  e  f   g  h i   j  k  l  Tennant, F. (2007). Howard Hughes and pseudoaddiction. (http://pain-

topics.org/pdf/HowardHughesPseudoaddict.pdf) Practical Pain Management 7:6 12.36. ^ Schwartz, Bill, dir. Howard Hughes – The Real Aviator (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Shout! Factory, 2004.

37. ^ "Largest Plane in the World." (http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/design/q0188.shtml) Aerospaceweb.org 

Retrieved: March 18, 2009.

38. ^ "Spruce Goose." (http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/the-museum/aircraft-exhibits/the-spruce-goose/) Evergree

 Aviation Museum. Retrieved: December 14, 2011.

39. ^ Lasky 1989, p. 229.

40. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 34.

41. ^ "Dr. Verne Mason. Miami Physician. Howard Hughes aide dies. Also treated Pershing." The New York Times,

 November 17, 1965.

42. ^ "2007 Annual Report". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved: March 13, 2010.

43. ^ "Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force."(http://www.archives.gov/research/investigations/watergate/index.html) archives.gov. Retrieved: February 25,

2012.

44. ^ "Campaign Contributions Task Force #804 - Hughes/Rebozo Investigation."

(http://www.archives.gov/research/investigations/watergate/hughes-investigation.html) archives.gov. Retrieved:

February 25, 2012.

45. ^ "Hughes Nixon and the C.I.A." Playboy Magazine, September 1976.

46. ^ Bellett 1995, pp. 32, 36, 160.

47. ^ Stahl, Lesley. "Watergate: 'Aviator' Connection?, Lesley Stahl Talks To Watergate Investigator About Motive Fo

Break-In." (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/24/60minutes/main676414.shtml) CBS News. Retrieved:

January 5, 2008.

48. ^ Burleson 1997, p. 33.49. ^ Burleson 1997, pp. 157–158.

50. ^ Doviak, Scott Von. "Howard Hughes: His Women and His Movies (2000)."

(http://www.culturevulture.net/Television/HowardHughes.htm)culturevulture.net , 2000. Retrieved: April 11, 200

51. ^ "News." (http://www.vancourier.com/issues04/123204/news/123204nn1.html) Vancourier.com. Retrieved:

March 17, 2009.

52. ^ a b Levitan, Corey. "Top 10 Scandals: Gritty City." (http://www.lvrj.com/living/16160347.html) Las Vegas

 Review-Journal . Retrieved: March 3, 2008.

53. ^ Thomas 1987, p. 41.

54. ^ "The Keepers of the King." (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918528,00.html) Time.

Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

55. ^ Vartabedian, Ralph. "Howard Hughes and the atomic bomb in middle of Nevada."

(http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-hometown-nuke28-2009jun28,0,1389110.story) latimes,

June 28, 2009. Retrieved: July 25, 2009.

56. ^ Carlson, Michael. "Obituary: Robert Maheu: FBI agent and CIA fixer who became Howard Hughes's bagman."

The Guardian, August 20, 2008, p. 33.

57. ^ Mallin, Jay. The Great Managua Earthquake

(http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/sis/managua72/mallin/great04.htm)

58. ^ "Howard Hughes: A Chronology." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/hughes1.html)

Channel 4. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.

59. ^ Irving 1999 pp. 3–309.

60. ^ Lisheron, Mark. "Obituary for Lex Dale Owens, owner of Air Ambulance, Inc."

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(http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/01/03/0103owensobit.html) Statesman.com, January

3, 2009. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.

61. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 16–18.

62. ^ "Howard Hughes Revealed". (http://www.hulu.com/watch/71033/inside-howard-hughes-revealed#s-p1-so-i0)

hulu.com, via National Geographic Channel,  Inside (series), Season 7, episode 2. Retrieved: September 24, 2009.

63. ^ "Howard Hughes" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=521). Academy Award-winning 

 producer and director, aviator and businessman. Find a Grave. Jan 01, 2001. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011.

64. ^ "Ride: Castle on the Hi;l." (http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/3530822107858841315/) Song Meanings

Retrieved: June 30, 2013.65. ^ Shannon, Jeff. "Melvin and Howard (1980) – Movie Preview." (http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/movies.php?

id=952) RopeofSilicon, 2008. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.

66. ^ "Howard Hughes Documentary." (http://www.amazon.com/Howard-Hughes-Documentary-Peter-

Graves/dp/B000FCU06M) Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011.

67. ^ "Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator." (http://www.amazon.com/Howard-Hughes-Real-Aviator-

R/dp/B00064AF64) Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011.

68. ^ "The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story."

(http://www.visionfilms.net/catalog/documentaries/biographies/american_aviator.php) Vision Films. Retrieved:

August 22, 2011.

69. ^ "Exclusive: Ken Levine on the making of Bioshock" (http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2007/08/20/exclusive-

ken-levine-on-the-making-of-bioshock/). Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 20 March 2013.70. ^ "New L.A. Noire Screens from the "Nichsolson Electroplating" Arson Case."

(http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/16711/new-la-noire-screens-from-the-nicholson-electroplating-

arson-cas.html) Rockstargames.com, June 9, 2011. Retrieved: January 5, 2012.

71. ^ "Mask of the Iron Man". Game Informer (177): 81. January 2008.

Bibliography

Barkow, Al. Gettin' to the Dance Floor: An Oral History of American Golf . Short Hills, New Jersey: Burford

Books, 1986. ISBN 1-58080-043-2.

Barton, Charles. Howard Hughes and his Flying Boat . Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1982. Republished in 1998Vienna, VA: Charles Barton, Inc. ISBN 0-9663175-0-5.

Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele.  Empire: The Lif e, Legend and Madness of Howard Hughes. New York:

W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. ISBN 0-393-07513-3, republished in 2004 as  Howard Hughes: His Life and 

 Madness.

Bellett, Gerald. Age of Secrets: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard 

 Hughes. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1995. ISBN 0-921842-42-2.

Brown, Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske. Howard Hughes: The Untold Story. New York: Penguin Books, 1996.

ISBN 0-525-93785-4.

Burleson, Clyde W. The Jennifer Project . College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-

89096-764-4.

Dietrich, Noah and Bob Thomas. Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes. New York: Fawcett Publications, 1972.

ISBN 00449025651.

Drosnin, Michael. Citizen Hughes: In his Own Words, How Howard Hughes Tried to Buy America. Portland,

Oregon: Broadway Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7679-1934-3.

Hack, Richard. Hughes: The Private Diaries, Memos and Letters: The Definitive Biography of the First America

 Billionaire. Beverly Hills, California: New Millennium Press, 2002. ISBN 1-893224-64-3.

Higham, Charles. Howard Hughes: The Secret Lif e, 1993.

Irving, Clifford. The Hoax. New York: E. Reads Ltd., 1999. ISBN 978-0-7592-3868-8.

Klepper, Michael and Michael Gunther. The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of 

the Richest Americans, Past and Present. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 978-0-

8065-1800-8

Marrett, George J.  Howard Hughes: Aviator . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59114-

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510-4.

Kistler, Ron. I Caught Flies for Howard Hughes. Chicago: Playboy Press , 1976. ISBN 0-87223-447-9.

Lasky, Betty. RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All, 2d ed . Santa Monica, California: Roundtable, 1989.

ISBN 0-915677-41-5.

Maheu, Robert and Richard Hack.  Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by

his Closest Adviser . New York: Harper Collins, 1992. ISBN 0-06-016505-7.

Moore, Terry. The Beauty and the Billionaire. New York: Pocket Books, 1984. ISBN 0-671-50080-5.

Moore, Terry and Jerry Rivers. The Passions of Howard Hughes. Los Angeles: General Publishing Group, 1996.

ISBN 1-881649-88-1.

Phelan, James. Howard Hughes: The Hidden Years. New York, Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-41042-4.

Real, Jack. The Asylum of Howard Hughes. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2003. ISBN 1-4134-0875-3.

Thomas, Bob. Liberace: The True Story. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01469-4.

Tierney, Gene with Mickey Herskowitz. Self-Portrait . New York: Peter Wyden, 1979. lSBN 0-883261-52-9.

Weaver, Tom. Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Flashbacks: Conversations with 24 Actors, Writers, Producers

and Directors from the Golden Age. New York: McFarland & Company, 2004. ISBN 0-7864-2070-7.

Additional resources

Photograph collections related to Hughes: Houston Public Library; University of Nevada, Las Vegas;

Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum; Charles Barton, Inc.

External links

Howard Hughes (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm400652/) at the Internet Movie Database

AZORIAN The Raising of the K-129 / 2009 – 2 Part TV Documentary / Michael White Films Vienna

(http://www.projectjennifer.at/)

Welcome Home Howard: Collection of photographs kept by UNLV (http://digital.library.unlv.edu/hughes/)

Howard Hughes' Sikorsky at Brazoria County Airport, Texas (See Archives, July, 2009)

(http://www.airportjournals.com/)Hughes legacy lives on in litigation – Houston Business Journal

(http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/1997/12/22/story4.html/)

1924 passport photo ; Howard Hughes

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/puzzlemaster/5417689932/in/photostream/)

"Plane Spans U.S. at Four Miles Per Minute" Popular Mechanics, April 1936

(http://books.google.com/books?

id=lNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA514&dq=Popular+Science+1936+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&h

=en&ei=YQxKTqCgIeSDsgK6xpzSCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC

oQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Science%201936%20plane%20%22Popular%20Mechanics%2&f=true) main photo of aircraft used in first coast to coast record breaking flight, small photo if of the

original H-1.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&oldid=563045931"

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