How2write
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Transcript of How2write
Supervised by : Prof. Farouk Shakhatreh
Presented by: Tasneem & Aya
Faculty Of Medicine
Family And Community Medicine
Department Methodology
What is scientific paper .
Origins the scientific paper.
What is critique.
How to critique scientific paper.
To assess observations.
To be available to scientific community.
Available for regular screening by one or
more of the data bases .
1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Background/literature review
4. Research question/hypothesis
5. Methodology
6. Budget
7. Ethics
8. Outcomes
9. Appendices
10. References
1. Title.
2. Abstract.
3. Introduction.
4. Methods.
5. Results.
6. Discussion.
7. Acknowledgments
8. References.
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
IMRAD
I Introduction
M Methods
R Results
A and
D Discussion
Introduction: What was the question?
Methods: How did you try to answer it?
Results : What did you find?
Discussion : What does it mean?
Fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper.
It is just the first step in attracting a potential reader so it must be chosen with great care.
An improperly titled paper will get lost and will never be read.
Neither too short nor too long (good title for a research paper is typically around 10 to 12 words long)
Have no abbreviations or jargon.
concise, specific and informative.
Title contains: Research problem Research variables Target population Place and time
contain the keywords.
Majority of readers will find your
research via electronic data base
searches and those search engine rely
on keywords that found in title.
Research problem
Place and time
Target population
Research variables
Dental Fluorosis
Intelligence quotient
school children
Bagalkot district
in 2011
Ensure recognitions of the writers.
ONLY include those who have made an intellectual contribution to the research.
OR those who have approved the final version .
It is a summary of the information in a document to give reader
overview of experiment without having to read the whole
scientific paper
short , powerful , complete , concise .
contain the keywords.
provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper:
o State the research objective(question)
o scope of the investigation
o Describe the methods used
o Summarize the results
o State the principal conclusions
If your study was about :
randomized trial that investigates whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it
reports improved cognitive function.
What key word you can use?
You can use:
randomized trial that investigates
whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients from 6 cities in Japan; it
reports improved cognitive function.
Aim of the study
Identify the questions you are answering
Related studies.
State how your work differs from published work.
Briefly describe the experiment, hypothesis, research question; general experimental design or method
The source of subjects studied :
number of individuals in each group used
their gender, age, and weight .
The protocol for collecting data:
how the experimental procedures were carried out.
How the data were analyzed.
Methods section should be written in the past tense
It is the core or heart of the paper.
It needs to be clearly and simply stated.
It describe what was discovered.
It summarize the findings in an orderly and logical sequence, without interpretation.
The text should guide the reader through the findings, stressing the major points.
Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by its title and caption to be understandable without reading the main text of the results section.
Should not have both a table and a figure showing the same information.
Don`t evaluate the result in this section.
Methods section should be written in the past tense
It is interpretation of the results in
light of what was already known
about the subject of the
investigation, and to explain the new
understanding of the problem after
taking the new results into
consideration.
Describe what your results mean in context of
what was already known about the subject .
Often should begin with a brief summary of the
main findings
Indicate how the results relate to expectations.
Show how your results and interpretations agree
or don`t agree with previously published work.
Discuss the theoretical implications of your
work, and any possible practical
applications.
State your conclusions as clearly as possible.
Summarize your evidence for each
conclusion.
1. If hypothesis testing was done.
was/were the hypotheses supported or not supported?
2. Are the results interpreted in the context of the problem/purpose, hypothesis, and theoretical framework/literature reviewed?
3. What generalizations are made? is it with the scope of findings?
5. What recommendations for future research are stated or implied?
6. Are there other studies with similar findings?
7. What risks/benefits are involved for patients if the research findings would be used in practice?
8. Is direct application of the research findings feasible in terms of time, effort, money, and legal/ethical risks?
9. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical practice setting?
Any significant technical help that Researcher have received from any individual in lab or elsewhere.
The source of special equipment, cultures, or any other material
Any outside financial assistance, such as grants, contracts or fellowships.
It is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your document.
Functions: To give credit
To add credibility
To help readers find further information
Importance of accuracy
Components of references :
Authors
Title
Edition number
Place of publication and publisher
Year of publication
A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document.
Adams, A.B. (1983a) Article title: subtitle. Journal Title 46 (Suppl. 2), 617-619
Adams, A.B. (1988b) Book Title. Publisher, New York.
Bennett, W.P., Hoskins, M.A., Brady, F.P. et al. (1993) Article title. Journal Title 334 , 31-35.
Section purpose
Title describe the contents of the paper
Authors Ensure recognitions of the writers
Abstract Describe what was done in few words
Introduction Explain the problem
Methods explains how data were collected
Results It describe what was discovered
Discussion Discuss the implications of findings
Acknowledgments Ensures those who helped in the
research are recognized
References Ensure previously published work is
recognized