How We Learn from Experience
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Transcript of How We Learn from Experience
How We Learn from How We Learn from ExperienceExperience
Classical and Operant Classical and Operant ConditioningConditioning
Classical Conditioning Was Classical Conditioning Was Discovered by Ivan PavlovDiscovered by Ivan Pavlov
All animals automatically salivate when All animals automatically salivate when food is placed in their mouthfood is placed in their mouth
But, as we all know, we can also begin But, as we all know, we can also begin to salivate just by seeing someone to salivate just by seeing someone
eating scrumptious foodeating scrumptious food
Originally Pavlov was only interested in Originally Pavlov was only interested in studying the digestive process of dogsstudying the digestive process of dogs
He knew that each time he gave his dogs food, they would He knew that each time he gave his dogs food, they would automatically salivate.automatically salivate.
The food is an example of an The food is an example of an ununconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus and salivation to the food is an example of a salivation to the food is an example of a ununconditioned response. conditioned response. Why are they unconditioned? Why are they unconditioned?
But what puzzled Pavlov is that his dogs soon began to salivate But what puzzled Pavlov is that his dogs soon began to salivate when they were put in their harness when they were put in their harness beforebefore he had given them he had given them food?!food?!
The brains of these dogs had begun to The brains of these dogs had begun to associate the lab with food associate the lab with food
Originally only food powder placed in their mouth Originally only food powder placed in their mouth would cause the dogs to salivate.would cause the dogs to salivate.
However, soon the dogs began to salivate to the However, soon the dogs began to salivate to the stimuli of the lab.stimuli of the lab.
Which salivation response is unconditioned and Which salivation response is unconditioned and which is conditioned and whywhich is conditioned and why? ?
To study how a reflex is conditioned to a To study how a reflex is conditioned to a new stimulus, Pavlov decided to associate new stimulus, Pavlov decided to associate
a tuning fork with fooda tuning fork with food
Sure enough, the dogs now began to Sure enough, the dogs now began to salivate to the sound of the tuning forksalivate to the sound of the tuning fork
The salivation response to food in your mouth is The salivation response to food in your mouth is inborn so is called an _________inborn so is called an _________
response.response.
However, the salivation response to the sound of However, the salivation response to the sound of the tuning fork is learned so is called a _________ the tuning fork is learned so is called a _________ response.response.
The salivation response to both the food and to the The salivation response to both the food and to the tuning fork is a reflex. Why?tuning fork is a reflex. Why?
Watson used classical conditioning Watson used classical conditioning to get little Albert to fear white ratsto get little Albert to fear white rats
How Albert was conditioned to fear rats How Albert was conditioned to fear rats
From birth we all fear a loud sudden noise—it is From birth we all fear a loud sudden noise—it is inborn or unlearned. Therefore, the noise is an inborn or unlearned. Therefore, the noise is an _________ stimulus and the _________ is an _________ stimulus and the _________ is an _________ response._________ response.
Watson made a loud, sudden noise every time the Watson made a loud, sudden noise every time the white rat was close to little Albert.white rat was close to little Albert.
Fairly soon little Albert began to fear white rats—a Fairly soon little Albert began to fear white rats—a learned fear. So the rat is a ________stimuluslearned fear. So the rat is a ________stimulus
and the fear of the rat is a _________responseand the fear of the rat is a _________response
So a loud sudden noise is causes a So a loud sudden noise is causes a fear reflex from birth so is called what fear reflex from birth so is called what
type of stimulus?type of stimulus?
a)a) A conditioned stimulusA conditioned stimulus
b)b) An unconditioned stimulusAn unconditioned stimulus
However, Albert However, Albert learnedlearned to fear to fear white white rats rats so now a white rat is called:so now a white rat is called:
A) a conditioned stimulus; orA) a conditioned stimulus; or
B) a unconditioned stimulusB) a unconditioned stimulus
The Fear Response to a sudden loud The Fear Response to a sudden loud noise is inborn or unlearned so is a:noise is inborn or unlearned so is a:
A) a conditioned responseA) a conditioned response
B) an unconditioned responseB) an unconditioned response
In contrast, the Fear response to the In contrast, the Fear response to the white rat is learned so is called:white rat is learned so is called:
A) the conditioned responseA) the conditioned response
B) the unconditioned responseB) the unconditioned response
Classical conditioning explains how we Classical conditioning explains how we learn all types of fears like a fear of learn all types of fears like a fear of
small enclosed spacessmall enclosed spaces
Being stuck in a small, enclosed space elicits an automatic fear response
Being stuck is an unconditioned stimulus and the fear reflex is an unconditioned response. Why?
Some of my students learned fear of small spaces by being stuck in
small space, like a trunk
Being locked in trunk can condition a person to fear any small enclosed space, like being
in a closet or under a bed. Identify the unconditioned stimulus (UCS):
unconditioned response (UCR):
conditioned stimulus (CS):
conditioned response (CR):
Almost Drowning
Almost drowning is an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the unconditioned reflex of fear. Why?
Now a Person could have a conditioned or learned fear of deep water due to it being associated with the experience of almost drowning. Identify the
unconditioned and conditioned variables:
UCS: ___________________
UCR: ___________________
CS: _____________________
CR:_____________________
We all will have a fear reflex if attacked by a dog!
If attacked by a dog, we might start to have a fear response every time we see a dog.
The Unconditioned stimulus is the ___________ and the conditioned stimulus is the __________
The automatic response to the dog The automatic response to the dog attack attack andand the automatic response to the automatic response to
seeing a dog would both be fear seeing a dog would both be fear
The fear response to an The fear response to an attacking dog attacking dog would is would is called a ___________ response. Why?called a ___________ response. Why?
But the fear response to seeing a dog is called a But the fear response to seeing a dog is called a ________________ response. Why?________________ response. Why?
We all are born with a fear of falling
So falling is which typeof stimulus—unconditionedor conditioned and why?
What type of response is the fear response tofalling—unconditioned orconditioned and why?
A person who had a bad fall from a tree might learn a fear of heights
Is this an unconditionedfear or conditionedfear?
Is being on a ladder aunconditioned stimulusor conditioned stimulus?
All people would have a fear response to being bitten by a snake What type of stimulus and response is
this?
If you were bitten by a snake or heard scary stories about snakes, you likely would learn
to fear snakes. Identify the:
UCS:
UCR:
CS:
CR:
People can learn a fear by People can learn a fear by observing others with that fear observing others with that fear
See a person become fearful to a spider:See a person become fearful to a spider:
Now you have a fear response to seeing Now you have a fear response to seeing spiders:spiders:
If a fear can be learned, it also can be If a fear can be learned, it also can be unlearned through desensitizationunlearned through desensitization
In class we watched a video of a In class we watched a video of a woman who unlearned her phobia of woman who unlearned her phobia of
snakes.snakes.
Describe the small steps used by the Describe the small steps used by the therapist when exposing the woman to the therapist when exposing the woman to the snake.snake.
Why does this type of exposure therapy so Why does this type of exposure therapy so effective in helping people lose their fears?effective in helping people lose their fears?
How could someone learn a taste How could someone learn a taste aversion to cotton candy? To aversion to cotton candy? To
Brussels Sprouts?Brussels Sprouts?
What is UCS, UCR, CS and CR when a What is UCS, UCR, CS and CR when a person learns to feel nauseated to the smell person learns to feel nauseated to the smell
of tequilas? of tequilas?
How we learn voluntary behaviors: Law How we learn voluntary behaviors: Law of Effect as observed by Thorndikeof Effect as observed by Thorndike
B. F. Skinner work discovered the science of B. F. Skinner work discovered the science of operant conditioning: Consequences that operant conditioning: Consequences that encourage & discourage our behaviorsencourage & discourage our behaviors
Skinner taught his rats to press the Skinner taught his rats to press the lever by giving them food pellets as lever by giving them food pellets as moved closer and closer to the levermoved closer and closer to the lever
Operant conditioningOperant conditioning Our voluntary (operant) responses are Our voluntary (operant) responses are
influenced by the consequences they receive.influenced by the consequences they receive.
Positive reinforcements encourage our operant Positive reinforcements encourage our operant responses by providing us something goodresponses by providing us something good
Examples of positive reinforcement: praise, Examples of positive reinforcement: praise, attention, money, a sense of accomplishment, attention, money, a sense of accomplishment, affection, good grades, blue ribbonsaffection, good grades, blue ribbons
Examples of positive Examples of positive reinforcements that encourage us!reinforcements that encourage us!
Skinner taught his pigeons to turn circles, Skinner taught his pigeons to turn circles, play ping pong & play tic, tack, toe by play ping pong & play tic, tack, toe by
positively reinforcing these behaviors in positively reinforcing these behaviors in small step.small step.
Positive Reinforcement
Getting something pleasant
Intrinsic: Simply gives us a good feeling via our pleasure centers
Extrinsic: Grades, money, approval, attention—i.e. from our environment
Negative Reinforcements Also Negative Reinforcements Also Encourage Operant ResponsesEncourage Operant Responses
Negative reinforcements enable us to Negative reinforcements enable us to escape or avoid an unpleasant escape or avoid an unpleasant consequenceconsequence
Examples of negative reinforcement: take Examples of negative reinforcement: take an aspirin to escape a headache, drive an aspirin to escape a headache, drive close to speed limit so not get a speeding close to speed limit so not get a speeding ticket or study for a test so not get an F!ticket or study for a test so not get an F!
Punishment and extinction both Punishment and extinction both discourage our behaviorsdiscourage our behaviors
Skinner never use punishmentSkinner never use punishment—just extinction—just extinction
Why do you think giving electric shocks to Why do you think giving electric shocks to rats or pigeons that weren’t learning well is rats or pigeons that weren’t learning well is a terrible idea?a terrible idea?
So what would Skinner do if the rats and So what would Skinner do if the rats and pigeons did not accomplish the behavior pigeons did not accomplish the behavior they had been taught? they had been taught?
QuizQuiz
You start a fitness program and lose a You start a fitness program and lose a significant percentage of body fat. This significant percentage of body fat. This consequence is:consequence is:
a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcementb)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcementc)c) PunishmentPunishmentd)d) ExtinctionExtinction
QuizQuiz
You join a health club but never have the You join a health club but never have the time to go. This consequence would time to go. This consequence would best be identified as:best be identified as:
a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcementb)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcementc)c) PunishmentPunishmentd)d) ExtinctionExtinction
QuizQuiz
Your personal trainer at your fitness club Your personal trainer at your fitness club is very critical about your attitude and is very critical about your attitude and fitness. This would be perceived by fitness. This would be perceived by many of us as:many of us as:
a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcementb)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcementc)c) PunishmentPunishmentd)d) ExtinctionExtinction
QuizQuiz
You take an art class and find that your You take an art class and find that your sketching ability improves significantly. sketching ability improves significantly. This consequence is a:This consequence is a:
a) positive reinforcementa) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcementb) negative reinforcement c) punishmentc) punishment d) extinctiond) extinction
QuizQuiz
Your art teacher makes no comments Your art teacher makes no comments about your art work. This consequence about your art work. This consequence is:is:
a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcementb)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcementc)c) PunishmentPunishmentd)d) ExtinctionExtinction
QuizQuiz
At the end of your art class, one of your At the end of your art class, one of your projects is chosen to be in the student projects is chosen to be in the student exhibit. This is a:exhibit. This is a:
a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcementb)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcementc)c) PunishmentPunishmentd)d) ExtinctionExtinction
QuizQuiz
During your art class other more During your art class other more experienced students make it clear that experienced students make it clear that your work is inferior and unsophisticated.your work is inferior and unsophisticated.
a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcementb)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcementc)c) PunishmentPunishmentd)d) ExtinctionExtinction
Animal trainers faithfully follow the principles Animal trainers faithfully follow the principles of operant conditioning: Only use positive of operant conditioning: Only use positive
reinforcement and extinctionreinforcement and extinction
Shaping a mouse to learn through Shaping a mouse to learn through a mazea maze
Shaping of Complex Behaviors: Shaping of Complex Behaviors: Shaping Dog to Climb WallShaping Dog to Climb Wall
Shaping Dog to Open Waste CanShaping Dog to Open Waste Can
How Teach a Dog to Jump over How Teach a Dog to Jump over fences and through hoops through fences and through hoops through
shaping?shaping?
Clicker Training used with animalsClicker Training used with animals
Bandura’s Study with the Bobo Doll Bandura’s Study with the Bobo Doll illustrate the learning principle of illustrate the learning principle of
observation and imitationobservation and imitation
Children will imitate live models, Children will imitate live models, filmed models and cartoon modelsfilmed models and cartoon models