How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE
-
Upload
mazadul-hasan -
Category
Engineering
-
view
1.064 -
download
0
Transcript of How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE
![Page 1: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE
![Page 2: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Components of a paper
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental
Results & Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments & References
![Page 3: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Titles
Titles Never use a colon (or hyphen) unless the paper is part of a multi-part series. Ex:
“Chemistry and kinetics of chemical vapor deposition of pyrocarbon: I. Carbon deposition from methane .”
“Chemistry and kinetics of chemical vapor deposition of pyrocarbon: II. Carbon deposition from propylene ”
“The structure of CVD carbon: the effect of deposition temperature” should be:
“The effect of deposition temperature on the structure of CVD carbon”
![Page 4: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“To improve mechanical properties……”- Which one? Tensile? Bending? Bursting?
- For what applications?
- Better for one application may be the opposite for another.
“CNT solution in organic acids”- All? Which did you investigate? Formic- or acetic acid.
Titles
![Page 5: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
- Full names of all authors according to order
of involvement in the work
Names & Affiliations
- Affiliations of all authors i.e. which
Institution/Organization you belong to.
![Page 6: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Abstract
Simply tell the reader two things:
1.What was done.
2.Important results obtained.
Do not:
1.Provide history or narrative.
2.Speculate -possible uses, etc.
3.Include data that is not in the manuscript.
![Page 7: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Introduction with references
A brief history of the subject . Most
Introductions are unnecessarily long
A minimum of 30%, and as many as 70+% of
all references are usually cited in the Introduction
A reference is something you may wish to refer
to for further information.
![Page 8: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Experimental
This section has two purposes:
To convince readers that the work has been
done systematically and thoroughly using
appropriate equipment
To allow readers to repeat the experiments if
they wish to check (doubtful) results, prepare the
same materials etc.
![Page 9: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
This section contains ALL information needed for
another person to repeat the experiment:
Sample preparation: Techniques with delivery
rate, time, temperatures, heating rates etc.
Sources of materials: Origin, purity, particle size,
mol. weight etc.
Analytical & measurement techniques
Experimental
![Page 10: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Results
A paper is centered around the Results
First get them organized. What to include?
Any photographs?
How will I present them -Figures and/or tables?
Do I need to combine results with discussion?
![Page 11: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figures & Tables
Make sure whether each one is important
Do not duplicate data in figures and tables.
Which shows the data more clearly?
![Page 12: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Discussion
If possible separate from the ResultsBut sometimes results must be discussed in order to logically point to the next stage in the experiment. In this case combine Results and DiscussionCompare your results with those of others. References are really important here. Be careful to show where your work has advanced the subjectTry to lead naturally to the Conclusion
![Page 13: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conclusion
This is NOT the same as a summary like the
Abstract. Authors often do mistake in
distinguishing ‘Abstract’ and ‘Conclusion’.
Conclusion only highlights the major outcome.
NEVER make conclusions that cannot be justified
or are not mentioned in the main text.
![Page 14: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Making PowerPoint Slides
Avoiding the Pitfalls of Bad Slides
![Page 15: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tips to be Covered
Outlines Slide Structure Fonts Colour Background Graphs Spelling and Grammar Conclusions Questions
![Page 16: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Outline
Make your 1st or 2nd slide an outline of your
presentation (like previous slide)
Follow the order of your outline for the rest of
the presentation
![Page 17: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Slide Structure – Good
Use 1-2 slides per minute of your presentation
Write in point form, not complete sentences
Include 4-5 points per slide
Avoid wordiness: use key words and phrases
only
![Page 18: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Slide Structure - Bad
This page contains too many words for a presentation slide. It is not written in point form, making it difficult both for your audience to read and for you to present each point. Although there are exactly the same number of points on this slide as the previous slide, it looks much more complicated. In short, your audience will spend too much time trying to read this paragraph instead of listening to you.
![Page 19: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Slide Structure – Good
Show one point at a time:
– Will help audience concentrate on what you are
saying
– Will prevent audience from reading ahead
– Will help you keep your presentation focused
![Page 20: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Slide Structure - Bad
Do not use distracting animation
Do not go overboard with the animation
Be consistent with the animation that you use
![Page 21: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Slide Structure - Bad
Distracting animation
![Page 22: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
100℃
100℃
Extrusion temp. : 100 ℃Spinneret : 0.5 mmAir gap : 15 mmInjection speed : 4.0 m/minWinding speed : 35~70 m/min (depending on the coagulant)
Dry-jet Wet SpinningDry-jet Wet Spinning
Air gap
Water wash
Consistent animation
![Page 23: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PVA/chitin composite films
0 5 10 15 201200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
Ten
sile
str
engt
h (M
Pa)
Whisker content (wt%)
30 MPa400 MPa
PVA/chitin composite drawn fibers
Consistent animation
![Page 24: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fonts - Good
Use at least an 18-point font
Use different size fonts for main points and
secondary points– this font is 24-point, the main point font is 28-point,
and the title font is 36-point
Use a standard font like Times New Roman or
Arial
![Page 25: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fonts - Bad
If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written
CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. IT IS DIFFICULT TO READ
Don’t use a complicated font
![Page 26: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Colour - Good
Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply with the background– Ex: blue font on white background
Use colour to reinforce the logic of your structure– Ex: light blue title and dark blue text
Use colour to emphasize a point– But only use this occasionally
![Page 27: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Colour - Bad
Using a font colour that does not contrast with the background colour is hard to read
Using colour for decoration is distracting and annoying.
Using a different colour for each point is unnecessary– Using a different colour for secondary points is also
unnecessary Trying to be creative can also be bad
![Page 28: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Background - Good
Use backgrounds such as this one that are
attractive but simple
Use backgrounds which are light
Use the same background consistently
throughout your presentation
![Page 29: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Background – Bad
Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to read from
Always be consistent with the background that you use
![Page 30: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Graphs - Good
Use graphs rather than just charts and words– Data in graphs is easier to comprehend & retain
than is raw data
– Trends are easier to visualize in graph form
Always title your graphs
![Page 31: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Table - Bad
![Page 32: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Expressing Table Data in Graph
![Page 33: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Stress-strain behavior of PVA/SWCNT fibres
0 2 4 6 8 10 120.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
SWCNT 1.0%SWCNT 0.7%
SWCNT 0.5%
SWCNT 0.3%
Neat PVA
Str
ess
(GP
a)
Strain (%)
Sample Tensile strength
(GPa)
Young’s modulus
(GPa)
Elongation%
Toughness (J/g)
Neat PVA 1.65 30 10.0 67
SWNT 0.3% 2.17 40 10.5 91
SWNT 0.5% 2.42 46 10.3 105
SWNT 0.7% 2.25 48 8.0 74
SWNT 1.0% 2.20 52 7.0 62
Graph & Table together
![Page 34: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Graphs - Good
Items Sold in First Quarter of 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
January February March April
Blue Balls
Red Balls
![Page 35: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Graphs - Bad
20.4
27.4
90
20.4
30.6
38.6
34.631.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
January February March April
Blue Balls
Red Balls
Minor gridlines are unnecessary Font is too small Colours are illogical Title is missing Shading is distracting
![Page 36: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Spelling and Grammar
Proof your slides for:– speling mistakes– the use of of repeated words– grammatical errors you might have make
If English is not your first language, please have someone else check your presentation!
![Page 37: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Conclusion
Use an effective and strong closing– Your audience is likely to remember your last words
Use a conclusion slide to:– Summarize the main points of your presentation– Suggest future avenues of research
![Page 38: How To WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5563530dd8b42a90698b571e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Giving thanks and Questions??
End your presentation with thanks, Ex:
“Thank you for your kind attention”, or
“Thank you for listening” Thanks may be followed by a simple question
slide to:– Invite your audience to ask questions– Provide a visual aid during question period– Avoid ending a presentation abruptly