How to write research papers?
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Research Writing
Yogesh Dandawate
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What do you expect from me?
Why are you here?
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RESEARCHERS DILEMMA
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Researchers FAQ!
1. What are hot research topics?2. How to identify/ frame a research problem?3. What are the open problems in my area of
research?4. Who are key researchers in my domain?5. How to identify the key papers in my domain?6. How can go about research?
1. What are key milestones in my research?2. Publishing (Why, What, Where, When, how)
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What’s hot?
Cloud Computing BigDataSemantic WebWireless Sensor Networks Data mining
Machine learing Information Retrieval
Speech Recognition
Information SecurityNear Field Communication
Digital Signal Processing
BioMetrics
Video Analytics Software EngineeringAlgorithms
Green computing Web Search
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Algorithms
Mathematics*Writing Skills*
Presentation Skills
Search Skills
Statistics and Probility*
Conceptual learning Ask the ‘Why’ Question
* MEMBER OF PROFESSIONAL BODY ACM/ IEEE
Analytical Skills
Problem Identification*
Researcher Focus
Research Methodologies*
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Researchers FAQ!
1. What are hot research topics?2. How to identify/ frame a research problem?3. What are the open problems in my area of
research?4. Who are key researchers in my domain?5. How to identify the key papers in my domain?6. How can go about research?
1. What are key milestones in my research?2. Publishing (Why, What, Where, When, how)
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How to identify/ frame a research problem?A Million Dollar Question
Research Interest Research Interest
Defines Problem Find Solution
Guide
Researcher
<<Match>>
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Just for Gags
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Researchers FAQ!
1. What are hot research topics?2. How to identify/ frame a research problem?3. What are the open problems in my area of research?4. Who are key researchers in my domain?5. How to identify the key papers in my domain?6. How can go about research?
1. What are key milestones in my research?2. Publishing (Why, What, Where, When, how)
7. Research Tools
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How can go about research?
Idea Do researchWrite
research paper
IdeaWrite
working paper
Doresearch
Write research
paper
•Clear focus•Crystallizes our understanding•Opens a way of dialogue/ discussion/brainstorming
Preferred approach when conclusions are to be published
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General approach to research
Identify problem/idea: Rationale behind why this problem is important; Is it a open problem? survey of available solutions to the problem?
Support the problem with theory (Literature study)
Study and identify/decide the method to solve the problem.
Develop solution/ alternative solution
Do Experiments, Simulations, collection of Data etc.
Validation of solution
Results and discussion
Conclusion
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Researchers FAQ!
1. What are hot research topics?2. How to identify/ frame a research problem?3. What are the open problems in my area of
research?4. Who are key researchers in my domain?5. How to identify the key papers in my domain?6. How can go about research?
1. What are key milestones in my research?2. Publishing (Why, What, Where, When, How)
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WHAT ARE KEY MILESTONES IN MY RESEARCH?
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Milestones
Problem Identification
Literature Survey
Propose Methodology to solve problem with validation
Research Results with benchmarking
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WHY PUBLISH?
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Why Publish
Greatest ideas are worthless if you keep them to yourself
Goal• To infect the readers mind
with your idea almost like a virusSome Fallacies
• You need a fantastic idea to write a research paper
Knowledge is generated in various forms: • Experience• Capability/Proficiency• Use cases• Problems-Solutions• New ideas/design/thoughts
Knowledge should be shared.
How to share?
Publish
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WHAT CAN I PUBLISH?
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Milestones
Problem Identification
Literature Survey
Propose Methodology to solve problem with validation
Research Results with benchmarking
Concept Paper
Survey Paper
ConferenceResearch
Paper
JournalResearch
Paper
Working Conference
National conference
International conferenceJournal
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What can I publish
Research Papers*
Research Books
Magazine articles
Case studies
Thought paper, Point of view, Perspectives*
White Papers *
Blogs, Wikis
Text Books
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White paper
A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses issues and how to solve them [1]
White papers are used to educate readers and help people make decisions. Often used in politics, business, and technical subjects.
White papers are often used to generate sales leads, make a business case, or to educate customers
• Business-benefits: Makes a business case for a certain technology or methodology
• Technical: Describes how a certain technology works • Hybrid: Combines high-level business benefits with technical details in a
single document • Policy: Makes a case for a certain political solution to a societal or
economic challenge.
What?
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Thought leadership paper
Futuristic / visionary work
It goes beyond white paper and identifies problems in a domain or technology that the client or prospect or stakeholder might not know- it exists.
It also present trends which may be useful for further research in industry or academics.
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Research paper
A research paper is an expanded essay from identified problems.
Problem may be identified by industry professional or academician.
It is thorough analysis of problems and validated results are presented.
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At a glance
Research Papers
• Contribution to body of knowledge/theory
• Useful to academicians as well as business
• Problem, Solution/ Experiments, Results, Validation of solutions
• Published in Journals and conferences
Thought Leadership Papers
• Useful to academicians as well as business
• Innovative ideas, Future trends, Future problems and possible solutions
• Business focus writing
• Published in magazines, wiki, blogs etc.
White Papers
• Useful to business• Abstract
presentation of business problem and solution
• Business focus writing
• Published in magazines, wiki, blogs etc.
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• Contains two works of the same nature• Discuss about the PROS and CONS of the two works• Always based on Literature and Balanced comparison essential
Compare and contrast papers
• Contain arguments and personal points of view and solution by the writer• Contains the two sides of a controversial issue• Author needs to be unbiased and neutral
Argumentative papers
• Contains multiple points of views• Author analyzes all the points and draws a conclusion
Analytical papers
• Talk about the probable reason (cause) and the expected outcome or result (effect).
• Useful in the field of business and education
Cause and effect papers
• Contain data about multiple professional fields• These are professional type of research papers• Frequency based Annual, quarterly, monthly etc.
Reports
• Papers based on a particular subject• Mostly written by students as assignments
Subject-based papers
Different types of papers 1
Source: http://valwriting.com/blog/research-papers/the-different-types-of-research-paper%E2%80%A6
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General structure of research paper• 4-10 Lines Abstract
• Background of problem• Problem definition • Related work
Introduction and Related work
• Detailed Problem• Methodology to solve the problem• Solution Details• Validation of solution
Body
• Discussion• Conclusion
Discussion & Conclusion
• List all the references used during the research, provide appropriate creditsReferences/Citations
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What is abstract?
• Abstracts are used by program committee members to decide which papers to read. This abstract should be two hundred words or less.
• The abstract is a summary of the entire paper and hence should be written at the end.
• Abstract contains the purpose of the study - hypothesis, overall question, research objective , brief of the experiment, Important conclusions and future work
What should abstract contain?
• Kent Beck suggest the abstracts to address 4 questions 1
• State the problem• Explain why the problem is
interesting• Explain how your solution solved
the problem• Explain what follows your
solution.
Abstract
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What is introduction?
• Your introductions should not exceed one page(double spaced, typed).
• The purpose of an introduction is to acquaint the reader with the rationale behind the work, with the intention of defending it. It places your work in a theoretical context, and enables the reader to understand and appreciate your objectives.
What should introduction contain?
• Describe the problem • State your contribution (all
contributions of your research)• This section should create an
entice the reader to read it fully
Introduction
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What is body?• The body constitutes of • The problem• The idea/solution• Idea/Solution details• Related Work
• There is no specific page limit, but a key concept is to keep this section as concise as you possibly can. People will want to read this material selectively. The reader may only be interested in one formula or part of a procedure
What should body contain?
• Describe the problem and why is it interesting
• Describe the idea/solution• Provide data and supporting
evidences support each claim made by you in the introduction
• Evidence can be: analysis and comparison, theorems, measurements, case studies
• Provide references to related work and prior work as and when required. It can be at the start or after your complete work is explained.
Body
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What is conclusion?
• Conclusion is summary of your findings• The page length of this section is set by
the amount and types of data to be reported. Continue to be concise, using figures and tables, if appropriate, to present results most effectively
• The purpose of a results section is to present and illustrate your findings. Make this section a completely objective report of the results, and save all interpretation for the discussion.
What should conclusion contain?
• Summarize your findings in text• In text, describe each of your results,
pointing the reader to observations that are most relevant
• Provide a context, such as by describing the question that was addressed by making a particular observation
• Describe results of control experiments and include observations that are not presented in a formal figure or table, if appropriate
• Analyze your data, then prepare the analyzed (converted) data in the form of a figure(graph), table, or in text form.
Conclusion
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What is reference?
• References is the list of all the literature that you have used for the paper
• Note: • Giving credit to others does not
diminish the credit you get from your paper
• Failing to give credit to others can kill your paper
• Warmly acknowledge people who have helped you
What should reference contain?
• List all literature cited in your paper, in alphabetical order, by first author.
• In a proper research paper, only primary literature is used (original research articles authored by the original investigators).
• Be cautious about using web sites as references - anyone can put just about anything on a web site, and you have no sure way of knowing if it is truth or fiction.
• If you are citing an on line journal, use the journal citation (name, volume, year, page numbers). Some of your papers may not require references, and if that is the case simply state that "no references were consulted."
References/Citations
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Referencing Styles
There are many different citation styles …
Visit: http://libguides.lmu.edu/citations
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RECAP
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Introduction Section
Introduction
Problem Details (Blow up the problem by using Statistical data by Analysts like Gartner/ Forrester/ IDC.....)
Background of the problem What is the problem that exist today? Is this a valid problem? What is the problem you are trying to solve
Relevance of the Problem
Why is this problem relevant to theme (eg. Big Data)? Explain in detail
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Body of PaperBody Existing Solutions and
their drawbacks Are there any solutions available in market that
address your problem. What are their drawbacks. Create a table making it self-explanatory(preferably)
Summarize: Why current technologies will fail to address the issue
Proposed Solution What aspects of the problem are you attempting to solve?
a. List your assumptions here Model the system
a. Inputs to systems i. How are planning to get the input data
b. System modelc. Output of the system (Expected)
Technologies that you are planning to use for the solution and why, Give rationale for techlogy selection
Experimentation Setup of experiment Validation of experiment Observations and Results of experiment
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Conclusion, future work and References
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Conclusion Summarize your result in natural language
List your findings during this entire excercise
Future work/discussion
Future work Drawbacks of your solution How can your solution be improved
Reference NOTE: Every journal has a reference style. There are several reference styles if you are not aware of the citation styles please see this.
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WHERE CAN I PUBLISH?
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Books and Journal Content Aggregators
• http://www.scirus.com/• http://www.emeraldinsight.com/• http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/search.asp• http://www.jstor.org/• http://www.inderscience.com/• http://online.sagepub.com/• http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/index.html• http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ • www.springerlink.com • http://www.routledge.com/ • http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/search/basic?sid=3ceda19e-aca9-4f63-
8287-340e59cc5e8d%40sessionmgr10&vid=2&hid=10• http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home
– http://www.ei.org/releases
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WHEN CAN I PUBLISH
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Call for Paper Calendars
Conference Related Information Gathering1. http://academic.research.microsoft.com/CFP#latest=180 2. www.cfpwiki.com3. www.conferencealerts.com
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HOW CAN I PUBLISH?
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Publication process
Content Acquisition
Pre-Production
Process
Production Process Distribution
Call For Papers (CFP)
Abstract
Abstract Review
Selection
Full PaperFull Paper
Review and Selection
Workshop / Conference
Short listing of Papers
Author Rewrites Copy Editing
Layout and content proofing
IP Check
Author Signoff Printing
Distribution
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SOME DO’S AND DONT’S
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• Who is my audience?• How much do they know about the subject?• Why do they need to know about the subject?• Is the content in this document appropriate?• Is the tone appropriate for the audience?• Is the language appropriate for this audience?
Audience Analysis
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• Be gender neutral• Avoid unnecessary capitalization• Use bulleted/unnumbered lists when sequence is not
important• Use an introductory phrase for lists
Writing Style
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Tone
Be
• Assertive• Polite• Informative• Engaging
Avoid• Humor• Colloquialisms• Personal Opinions
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• Very, very long sentences • Variation in the tense used• Improper flow of thought• Incorrect numbering of tables or figures• Inconsistent Styles applied• Extensive use of “The”
Common Errors!
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Writing Right
avoid better
consensus of opinion consensus
fewer in number fewer
exact duplicate duplicate
estimated at about estimated
sum total sum
whether or not whether
in order to to
elongated in shape elongated
both of them both
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Writing Rightavoid better
nowadays presently, currentlyfor instance for exampledespite the fact that althoughgoes under the name of is calledon the contrary in contrastfirstly initiallyto begin with initiallybe that as it may howeverat last finallyin as much as because
'til now (until now) to date*
it's it isweren't were notdidn't did nothaven't have notcan't cannot
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Copyright violation
• Copyright is the exclusive right granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work.
• Original works of authorship includes literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works.
Plagiarism
• Using someone else's ideas or phrasing and representing those ideas or phrasing as our own, either on purpose or through carelessness, is a serious offense known as plagiarism.
• written or spoken material from whole papers and paragraphs to sentences
• phrases — but it also includes statistics, lab results, art work, etc.
Things to Avoid
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MISCELLANOUS
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Remaining Questions• Identifying trend of a particular topic (Try doing for your topic)
– http://academic.research.microsoft.com/DomainTrend?TopDomainId=2
• Top Journals in Computer Science(Try doing for your Domain)– http://academic.research.microsoft.com/RankList?entitytype=4&topdomainid=2&su
bdomainid=0&last=0
• Top Conference’s in Computer Science(Try doing for your Domain)– http://academic.research.microsoft.com/RankList?entitytype=3&topDomainID=2&su
bDomainID=0&last=0&start=1&end=100
• Conference Ranking (By Tier)
– http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~zaiane/htmldocs/ConfRanking.html • Top Authors in Computer Science (Try doing for your topic)
– http://academic.research.microsoft.com/RankList?entitytype=2&topDomainID=2&subDomainID=0&last=0&start=1&end=100
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• Good Bookmarking Sites– http://www.delicious.com/– http://www.stumbleupon.com/– https://www.google.com/bookm
arks/– http://Citeulike.com – www.Zotero.com
• PDF readers– www.NitroPDF.com – www.foxitreader.com– Acrobat Professional (*)
• Researchers Browsers
– Firefox– Crome
• Excellent Ebook Management tool– Caliber e-book management:
http://calibre-ebook.com/
• Excellent Paper Management tool(Reference management softwares)– Mendeley Desktop:
www.mendeley.com (The Best)– www.Dropbox.com – http://sourceforge.net/projects/conti
neo/files/
– JabRef– Zotero– Scholar's Aid– http://www.evernote.com/ – www.Sites.google.com
Researcher Toolset
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FINAL WORD
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Remember
Writing is a acquired skill, the more you write the more you will benefit
So Keep Writing!
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THANK YOU
Yogesh Dandawate• Research Scientist• Infosys Labs, Pune• [email protected]• [email protected]
© 2012