HOW TO WRITE PROPOSALS

PRESENTED BY:BS COMPUTER ENGINEERING 2-1GROUP 2

WHAT IS A PROPOSAL?

• Is a document that provides a detailed description of the intended program. It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.

• A proposal is a request for support of sponsored research, training or other creative activity submitted in accordance with the funding sponsor's instructions.

• It is the over-all plan for your project

Purpose of Proposal

• The problem is significant and worthy of study

• The technical approach is novel and likely to yield results

• The investigator and his/her research team is/are the right group of individuals to carry out and accomplish the work described in the research proposal.

Types of Proposals

New Proposal

•A proposal submitted to a sponsor for the first time, or a proposal being resubmitted after having been declined by a potential sponsor.

Revised Proposal

•This modifies a proposal that is pending or is otherwise unfunded, but not official declined by the sponsor. If a proposal has been declined, a new proposal must be prepared

Supplemental Proposal

• A supplemental asks for an increase in support for a proposal that has already been funded. The requested increase would occur in the current budget period and may involve a broadening of the project's approved scope. Since additional funding is requested, a new budget is required.

Continuation Proposal

• A continuation applies to a multi-year award. The continuation proposal requests the already approved funds for the next phase (or next year) of the project. Typically, sponsors require a progress report and budget before releasing additional funds. These proposals only apply to project and budget years that were approved by the sponsor in the original award

Pre-proposal/Notice of Intent

•The purpose of the pre-proposal is to peak the interest of a potential sponsor. It typically does not include a cost estimate and is not expected to result in an award

PARTS OF A PROPOSAL

I. Problem to be InvestigatedA. Purpose of the StudyB. Justification of the StudyC. Research Question, Hypothesis, and PropositionsD. Definition of TermsE. Brief Overview of the Study

II. Background and Review of Related LiteratureA. Theoretical FrameworkB. Studies Directly RelatedC. Studies Tangentially Related

III. ProceduresA. Description of the Research DesignB. Description of the SampleC. Description of Instruments UsedD. Explanation of the Procedures FollowedE. Discussion of Internal ValidityF. Discussion of External ValidityG. Description and Justification of the Data Analysis Methods

IV. Bibliography

I. Problem to be Investigated

JUSTIFICATION of the STUDY

• It is made up of general problem followed by specific questions or sub problems by which the general problem is broken up.

• It is stated in interrogative form

• The research justification should be provided in an accessible and direct manner in the introductory section of the research proposal. The number of words required to complete this first conceptual step will vary widely depending on the project. It might be accomplished in a few words, or it may take several paragraphs or longer to explain.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY• It contains brief statement of the general purpose of the study.

• It is presented in two ways

Deductive- from general to particular

Inductive- from particular to general

Guidelines in explaining the purpose of the study

1.Rationale, timeliness or relevance

2.Possible solutions to existing problems or improvement to unsatisfactory condition

3.Possible contribution to the fund of knowledge

4.Possible implications

HYPOTHESIS• Tentative answer

• It is an educated guess. It is an idea of what you think might happen in response to an input.

• A hypothesis is a subject to verification on testing that can be ACCEPTED or REJECTED

• There can be several hypothesis for a single situation or observation

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS• ALTERNATIVE- hypothesis stated in affirmative/ positive form

• NULL- stated in negative form

-most advisable to use

• CAUSE & EFFECT- if there is a cause there is a corresponding effect (Implication)

PROPOSITIONS•A proposition is a declarative statement of facts that’s either TRUE or FALSE (but not both).

TYPES OF PROPOSITION• Negation

• Conjunction

• Disjunction

• Implication

• Contrapositives

• Converses

• Inverses

• Tautology

• Contradiction

NEGATIONSuppose p is a proposition.

The negation of p is written p and has meaning:

“It is not the case that p.”

Ex. CS173 is NOT Bryan’s favorite class.

• TRUTH TABLE:

CONJUNCTION

Conjunction corresponds to English “and.”

p q is true exactly when p and q are both true.

Ex. Amy is curious AND clever.

• TRUTH TABLE

DISJUNCTION

Disjunction corresponds to English “or.”

p q is when p or q (or both) are true.

Ex. Michael is brave OR nuts.

• TRUTH TABLE

IMPLICATION

Implication: p q corresponds to English “if p then q,” or “p implies q.”

If it is raining then it is cloudy.

• TRUTH TABLE

CONTRAPOSITIVES

: p q and q p Ex. “If it is noon, then I am hungry.”

“If I am not hungry, then it is not noon.”

CONVERSES

p q and q p Ex. “If it is noon, then I am hungry.”

“If I am hungry, then it is noon.”

INVERSES

p q and p q Ex. “If it is noon, then I am hungry.”

“If it is not noon, then I am not hungry.

TAUTOLOGY

•Propositions that are always TRUE

CONTRADICTION

•Propositions that are always FALSE

DEFINITION OF TERMS• CONCEPTUAL- based on concepts or hypothetic ones which are usually taken from references such as dictionary and encyclopedia.

• OPERATIONAL- based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study.

Guidelines in Defining Terms

1.Only terms, words or phrases with special or unique meanings in the study are define.

2.Terms should be define operationally.

3.Definitions should be brief, clear, unequivocal as possible

4.Acronyms should always be spelled out fully especially if it is not commonly known or if it is used for the first time

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY• The main purpose of the introduction is to

provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study.

II. Background and Review of Related Literature

FRAMEWORK• It provides clear explanations regarding relationships of variables, provides legal basis for defining parameter

• It is the outline of theories / principles supporting the study

Theoretical Framework

• It shapes the justification of research problem/ research objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters

• It is a symbolic construction which uses abstract, concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates

RELATED LITERATURE• It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related

• Classified as

LOCAL- if printed in the Philippines

FOREIGN- if printed in other countries

RELATED STUDIES

• These are the studies, inquiries or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some similarity

• Classified as

LOCAL- if the inquiry was conducted here in the Philippines

FOREIGN- if the inquiry was conducted in the foreign land/ other countries

Importance, Purposes and Functions

1.They help or guide the researcher in searching or selecting a better research topic.

2.They help the researcher understand his/her topic for research better.

3.They ensure that there will be no duplication of other studies.

4.They help and guide the researcher in locating more sources of related information.

Characteristics of Related Studies1.The surveyed materials must be recent as

possible.

2.Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased.

3.Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.

4.Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts to take them valid and reliable.

5.Reviewed materials must not be too few or too many.

III. Research Methodology

DESCRIPTION of the RESEARCH DESIGN

• A detailed outline of how an investigation will take place. A research design will typically include how data is to be collected, what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the intended means for analyzing data collected.

DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN• Descriptive Survey

• Descriptive Normative Survey

• Descriptive Status

• Descriptive Analysis

• Descriptive Comparative

• Descriptive Correlational

Survey

• Descriptive Evaluative

• Latin Square Design

• Correlational Design

• Pre-Test & Post-Test Design

DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE

• It is the subset or part of the population which is representative of the population for the research to be conducted

• POPULATION- It is the aggregate or total of objects, persons, families, species or orders of plants or animals

• SAMPLING- a technique of getting a representative portion of population

Types of Sampling

• SCIENTIFIC- all the members of the population have an equal chance of being chosen as sample

• NON- SCIENTIFIC- not all members of the population have an equal chance of being chosen as a sample

SCIENTIFIC (Probability Sampling)

• Unrestricted Sampling

• Restricted Sampling

• Systematic Sampling

• Stratified Sampling

• Multistage Sampling

• Cluster Sampling

NON-SCIENTIFIC (Non-Probability Sampling)

• Purposive Sampling

• Incidental Sampling

•Quota Sampling

RESEARCH TOOLS & INSTRUMENTS

•Clerical Tools•Mechanical Devices

CLERICAL TOOLS•These are used when the researchers studies people and gathers data on the feelings, emotions, attitudes and judgements of the subject.

•Empirical Observation•Interview•Registration•Testing•Experimenting•Questionnaire

•Library•Filed Records•Histories•Case Studies•Checklist•Score Card

EXAMPLES:

MECHANICAL DEVICES• Includes almost all tools used in the Physical Science. Included also are laboratory tools

EXAMPLES

• Tape Recorders

• Camera Film

• Video Tape

• Laboratory Apparatus

DISCUSSION OF INTERNAL & EXTERNAL VALIDITY

•VALIDITY- the degree to which a test or measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure

Types of Validity

•Content Validity

•Concurrent Validity

•Predictive Validity

•Construct Validity

Content Validity

•The extent to which the topic or content of the test is truly representative of the content of the course.

Concurrent Validity

• The degree to which the test agrees or correlates with a criterion set up as an acceptable measure. The criterion is always available of the time of testing.

Predictive Validity

• It is determined by showing how well predictions made from the test are confirmed by evidence gathered at some subsequent time.

Construct Validity

•The extent to which the test measures a theoretical construct or trait.

IV. Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY• A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used

(whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:• the authors' names• the titles of the works• the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources• the dates your copies were published• the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source volumes)

Collect this information for each printed source: Collect this information for each Web Site:

•author name•title of the publication (and the title of the article if it's a magazine or encyclopedia)•date of publication•the place of publication of a book•the publishing company of a book•the volume number of a magazine or printed encyclopedia•the page number(s)

•author and editor names (if available)•title of the page (if available)•the company or organization who posted the webpage•the Web address for the page (called a URL)•the last date you looked at the page

SOURCES/ REFERENCES• Books, encyclopedias, almanacs & other similar

references

• Articles published in professional journals and magazines, periodicals, newspaper and other publications.

• Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and diaries.

• Unpublished theses and dissertations.

• Constitutions and laws

• Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from the government offices and departments especially from the Office of the President

• Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities

• Reports from seminars, workshops, educational trips.

• Official report of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific, technological, political, etc. from the government ad other entities.

Where to Locate Sources/ References

• Libraries either government, school or private libraries

•National Library

• Internet

PREPARED BY:

DE CASTRO, ElijahDE GUZMAN, Aiver KeithDIZON, RomarENGLATERA, KartFAINA, Kim LeslieFIESTA, Eisen DanielleFILLON, AngelikaGARCIA, Patrick NashGELLADO, Aaron James