How to write a scientific document?1. Document’s structure and …

By:M. J. Abedini

Clarification on seminar titleDocument’s structureDocument’s building block--ParagraphDocument’s title, abstract, and introductionCritical review of the literatureConcluding remarksRecommendationsQuestions and Answers

Outline of presentation

Scientific methodSteps involved in writing a clearly written documentWriting skills

Common errors in grammar and usageRules for spellingPunctuation

Guide to oral presentationDatabase resources and search strategies

Road map for upcoming seminars

Reference management resourcesEthics in scientific writingJournal and journal selection processWriting a resume and letter of application

Road map for upcoming seminars

Lab reportProject report or term paperProposalThesisBooksGovernment reportConference paperJournal paper

Type of documents

توليد قيد براي تحقيق بيشترآب دريا را اگر نتوان كشيد هم به قدر تشنگي

بايد چشيد مقايسه علم با هنرنقش كليدي آموزش در امر پژوهش ضرورت فرهنگ سازي سير تكاملي دريافت نقطه نظرات داوران در

خصوص نگارش مقاله

چرا اين موض:وع؟ سابقه و اهدافقبلي

Feedback on our first submission:The grammar, syntax and semantics of the paper are poor and often obscure its message. I have made many suggestions in the margins on how the readability of the paper might be improved. In the event that this paper is revised, I strongly recommend that the authors and/or the journal subject the manuscript to rigorous sub-editing before publication.

Nature of feedbacks from reviewers

Feedback on our more recent submissions:1. I have checked your manuscript and find the

English to be well written and perfectly acceptable.2. This paper is also well written. It has a clear focus

and organization.3. A final comment is that the paper is clearly written

by non-native English speakers.

Nature of feedbacks from reviewers

TitleAbstract and keywordsIntroductionMaterials and methodsResults and discussionsConclusions and recommendations for further …References and reference citingAppendices

�ِ Document’s structure

UnityA paragraph presents one main idea as well as specific support for that idea. Think of the main idea as a message

CoherencyEvery sentence in the paragraph must relate to its messageEvery sentence must relate to the sentences before and after it

Development Variety

Variations in sentence length will tell the difference between main ideas (short) and supporting ideas (long)

�ِ Document’s building block: Paragraph

Paragraph structure--SEES

IntroductionStatement

Main bodyElaboration

Evidence

Conclusions Summary

�ِ Document’s building block: Paragraph

استعنوان يكي از مهم ترين عناصر يك مستند علمي :ويژگي هاي يك عنوان ايده آل

ساده، قابل فهم و واضح باشداختصاصي باشدجذاب باشددر بر گيرنده واژگان كليدي مربوط به مطالعه باشدمختصر و مانع )و نه جامع( باشدحاوي مخفف و اصطالت پيچيده نباشد

عنوان مستند علمي

هدف از ارائه چكيده:مؤلفه هاي يك چكيده ي ساختار يافته

اهميت موضوع مورد مطالعه و ضرورت انجام مقدمه :آن

روش انجام تحقيقروشها :يافته هاي اصلي مطالعهيافته ها :تفسير و نتيجه گيري نهائينتيجه گيري :

بكارگيري افعال مجهول و زمان گذشتهفاقد هر گونه شكل، جدول و مرجعاز لحاظ ترتيب نگارش، آخرين مرحله

چكيده مستند علمي

:ساختار كلي و محتواي مقدمه ارائه زمينه و ديدگاه در باره موضوع و اهميت پرداختن

به آنمرور انتقادي منابع علمي مرتبط با موضوعبيان منطق منجر به انجام پژوهشبيان اهداف مطالعهمعرفي ساختار باقيمانده ي مستند

سير ارائه مطالب در مقدمهزمان نوشتن مقدمه چه موقعي است؟هنر و تكنيك نوشتن يك مقدمه ي خوب

مقدمه مستند علمي

Literature Review--DefinitionWhy do we do a LR?What a LR is NOT?Features of a good LR.Purposes of a LR.Nine steps in writing a LR.Content of a LR.Tips on LR structure and write-up

Critical review of literature

A summary, explanation and synthesis of the

complete and current state of knowledge on a topic as

found in:Academic books

Journal articles

Conference Proceedings

Government reports

Dissertations

….

Literature Review--Definition

An account of what has been published on a topic

by accredited:Scholars

Researchers

Literature Review--Definition

To see what has and has not been investigated.

To develop general explanations for observed

variations in a behavior or phenomenon.

To identify potential relationships between concepts

To identify researchable hypothesis.

To learn how others have defined and measured key

concepts

Why do we do a literature review?

To identify data sources which other researchers

have used.

To develop alternative research projects.

To discover how a research project is related to the

work of others?

Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field

is essential for most research papers.

Why do we do a literature review?

An annotated bibliography

Literary review

A book review

What a literature review is NOT?

Compare and contrast different authors’ views on an

issue,

Group authors who draw similar conclusions,

Criticize aspects of methodology,

Note areas in which authors are in disagreement,

Highlight exemplary studies,

Features of a good literature reviews

Highlight gaps in research,

Raise questions and identify areas to be explored,

Show how one’s study relates to previous studies,

Show how one’s study relates to literature in general,

Conclude by summarizing what the literature says.

Features of a good literature review

Define and limit the problem, one is working on,Place one’s study in a historical perspectiveProvide an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research in a new area,Ensure that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done,Can provide clues as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus,

Purposes of a literature review

Highlights key findings, Identifies inconsistencies, gaps and contradictions in the literature,Provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of other researchers,Formulates questions that need further research.

Purposes of a literature review

Step 1: Find a working topic,Think about what interests you,Talk to your supervisor,Read lecture notes,Read recent issues of journal articles,

Step 2: Review the literatureUse at least two relevant databases,

•Science citation index,•Current contents•Canada institute for scientific and technical information (cisti)

Read the most recent articles and work backward,

Nine steps to writing a literature review

Step 3: Focus your topic narrowly and select papers accordingly.

What interests you?What interest others?What time span of research will you consider?

Nine steps to writing a literature review

Step 4: Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.

What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making,What methodologies do they use?Evaluate and synthesize the research findings drawnNote experts in the field, names/labs that are frequently referencedNote conflicting theories, results and methodologies,Watch for popularity of theories and how these have/have not changed over time.

Step 5: Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing sub-topics

Nine steps to writing a literature review

Step 5: Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing sub-topics

Findings that are common /contested,Two or three important trends in the research,The most influential theories.

Step 6: Develop a working thesisFind a focus,Construct a working thesis statement,Consider organization.

Nine steps to writing a literature review

Step 7: Organize your own papers based on the findings from steps 4 & 5.

Develop headings/subheadings,Organize materials chronologically, thematically and/or methodologically,Summarize major trends in tabular format

Step 8: Write the body of the literature reviewStep 9: Look at what you have written: Focus on analysis and synthesis and not description.

Nine steps to writing a literature review

Introduction•Establish the field by:

Claiming centrality,Moving from general to specific,Reviewing relevant items of previous research

•Define a research problem by:Indicating a gap,Raising a question,Continuing a previously developed line of inquiry;Counter-claiming,

Content of a literature review

Introduction-continue•Propose a solution by:

Outlining purpose/setting objectives,Announcing present research (methodology),Indicating the structure of the research.

Body•Major themes or topics,•Important trends,•Any findings researchers agree or disagree

Content of a literature review

Concluding remarks•Highlighting gap in existing literature,•Indicating links between previous research and one’s own research project,•Indicating direction for future research.

Content of a literature review

A common error in literature review: Presenting material from one author, followed by

information from another, then anotherRemedy

Group authors and links ideas•To group authors who draw similar conclusions, use linking words such as:

Also, additionally, again, similarly

Tips on literature review structure

•To group authors who draw dissimilar conclusions, use linking words such as:

However, conversely, on the other hand, nonetheless

Another major problem with LR:

Often written as if they stand alone without links to the rest of the thesis

Tips on literature review structure

Another major problem with LR:

Proper referencing

•American Psychological Association style (APA)•Council of Biology Editors style (CBE)•Chicago style

Tips on literature review structure

Everything’s been said before, but nobody listens; so we must start at the beginning and say it all over again.

Concluding remarks

Try to be yourselfTry to believe in yourselfTry to be honest with yourself and possibly othersEncourage team workEncourage independent thinkingMaterialize critical dialogue

Concluding remarks—cont.

Respect others’ opinionBe consistent on your saying and conductEncourage hardworkingBe hopeful of great futureBe stable on your belief whatever they areBe logical and open-minded on your search for truthSeek confirmation from GOD as opposed to from people

Concluding remarks—cont.

برگزاري منظم كارگاه هاي مباني نگارش علميبها دادن بيشتر به امر آموزش واحدي انگليسي ويژه6ساماندهي درس تعريف درس زبان تخصصي ويژه دانشجويان

تحصيالت تكميلي تعريف درس روش تحقيق ويژه دانشجويان

تحصيالت تكميلي

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