How to Measure GD&T - anida techologies home · PDF fileS s 6 4 1 How to Measure GD&T...
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3DS.COM/SOLIDWORKS © Dassault Systèmes | Confidential Information | 2/3/2016 | ref.: 3DS_Document_2014 1 3DS.COM/SOLIDWORKS © Dassault Systèmes | Confidential Information | 2/3/2016 | ref.: 3DS_Document_2014 How to Measure GD&T • Thomas Allsup • July 2015 Thomas Allsup, CSWP Co-Chair of the North Texas SolidWorks User Group Managing Partner of Anida Technologies
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Transcript of How to Measure GD&T - anida techologies home · PDF fileS s 6 4 1 How to Measure GD&T...
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How to Measure GD&T
• Thomas Allsup
• July 2015
Thomas Allsup, CSWP
Co-Chair of the North Texas
SolidWorks User Group
Managing Partner of Anida
Technologies
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Check the archives…
2009 How to Spell GD&T - Introduced FOPRL Chart
2010 The Revenge of the Circled Letters - Modifiers
2013 Hitchhiker’s Guide to GD&T - Tolerance Zones and Shapes
2014 The Big GD&T Theory - Datums and Basic Dimensions
2015 I Know Everything About GD&T Except…Exceptions
Previously at SolidWorks World…
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Metrology
Every presentation, I have to mention at least once that this isn’t about metrology.
ASME Y14.5 states it is a drafting standard and doesn’t cover measuring.
This presentation changes that trend so let’s talk about measuring…
So Far Everything Has Been About GD&T Drawings
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Reference to Gaging • ASME Y14.5 is a drawing standard, not a gaging standard.
• Section 1.1.6 states that any gaging discussed is for illustration purposes only
• ASME Y14.43 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles for Gages and Fixtures tells you how to make gages and fixtures
• ASME B89 is collection of metrology standards that tell you how to measure
• B89.3.1 Roundness
• B89.3.4 Axes of Rotation
• B89.3.7 Surface Plates
• B89.7.2 Measurement Planning
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METROLOGY
• The science of measurement.
• International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)
defines Metrology as "the science of measurement,
embracing both experimental and theoretical
determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of
science and technology."
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BEST TEXTBOOK
• One of many books in my library.
• This is a little dated from 1987 but
it is clearly one of the best books
on measurement particularly
GD&T topics.
• Easier to read than ASME B89
measurement documents.
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PRECISION MACHINIST CERITICATE
• MANUAL MILL
• MANUAL LATHE
• DRILLING / GRINDING
• BLUEPRINT READING
• OSHA 10
• METROLOGY
• 16 hours of instruction
Something to fall back on if this
engineering thing doesn’t work out…
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COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
• Step 1: Buy a $250,000 piece
of equipment that will measure
everything for you.
• ASME/ANSI B89.4.1-1997
• Methods for Performance
Evaluation of Coordinate
Measuring Machines
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VISION SYSTEM
Step 2: Ok, you only have
$125,000 so buy one of these:.
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MEASUREMENT ARM
• Step 3: Buy a measurement
arm for $25,000.
• Visit the partner pavilion for a few
very good examples.
• ASME B89.4.22-2004
• Methods for Performance
Evaluation of Articulated Arm
Coordinate Measuring Machines
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Inspection on a budget…
This presentation details the traditional measurement techniques.
We’ll look at the five types of GD&T tolerance zone measurements.
I am going to skip measuring non-GD&T tolerance zones.
How About More Traditional GD&T Measurements?
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AGENDA
• Equipment
• Planar Measurements
• Straightness – Flatness – Orientation of planes
• Roundness
• Circularity – Cylindricity
• Profile
• Runout
• Cylindrical Tolerance Zone
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Humor #1
Don’t discuss infinity with an part inspector, you’ll never hear the end of it.
Ok, there isn’t a lot of metrology humor.
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METROLOGY EQUIPMENT LIST
• Granite Slab
• Dial Indicator
• Jack Screws (3X)
• Sine Plate
• Angle Plate (90 degrees)
• Gage Blocks / Pins
• Vee Block
• Clamps
• Adjustable Parallels
• Parallels
• Camel hair brush
• Calipers
• Micrometer(s)
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A GOOD START…
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RULE OF TEN
• If you want to measure a feature accurately, you need a tool that is capable of measuring 1/10 the smallest dimension or tolerance.
• Example: To measure a +/-.001” tolerance you need to .0001” resolution caliper.
• The same thing goes for datums and granite slabs.
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GRANITE SLABS
• Granite materials are black, grey, and crystal pink, each offered in
three grades:
• AA-Laboratory for precision operation in constant temperature gaging
rooms and metrology departments - 25 millionths
• A-Inspection Grade for general quality control applications - 50
millionths
• B-Tool room for general production checking work throughout the shop
- 100 millionths
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GRANITE SLABS DO WHAT?
• Dimensionally stable over
large temperature range
• Can be made very flat
• Surface is hard
• Heavy
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DIAL INDICATOR
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DIAL INDICATOR ERROR
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HEIGHT GAUGE
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CALIPERS
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PARTS OF A CALIPER
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The “Caliper” Check
Things that you are measure with a pair of calipers are features of size:
• Inside Jaws
• Outside Jaws
• Depth Gauge
• Step Gauge
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Wonderful Tool That is Useless for All GD&T Measrements
There is absolutely no GD&T measurement that can be performed with
any pair of calipers regardless of the size or quality.
Now Put Your Calipers Away
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MICROMETER
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PARTS OF THE MICROMETER
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THREE POINT CONTACT MICROMETER
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Lobed Circles
• A very common issue with round
objects either round posts
(shafts) or holes.
• Two point contact will not
accurately measure odd number
lobed shapes.
• The lobed parts spin around the
two parallel surfaces but won’t
go into the round hole.
Why Three Point Micrometers?
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Everything Works Fine?
Lobe Cylindrical Surface
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On No…
Lobe Cylindrical Surface
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TUBE THICKNESS MICROMETER
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MULTI-ANVIL MICROMETER
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GAUGE PINS
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GAUGE BLOCKS
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PARALLELS
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ADJUSTABLE PARALLELS
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SINE PLATE
More on this a little later…
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Machinist jacks
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Definitions
• Full Indicator Movement
• Wring a gage block stack
• Gauge versus gage
• Units
• Precision vs Accuracy
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FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT
• FIM is the difference in the
maximum and minimum arrow
movement.
• In the old days this was
sometimes called Total
Indicator Movement (TIM),
Total Indicator Reading (TIR),
or Full Indicator Reading (FIR).
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WRINGING GAUGE BLOCKS
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WRINGING GUAGE BLOCKS
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GAUGE VERSUS GAGE
• Gauge is American
• Gage is Britain
• There is absolutely no difference in the two spellings or
connotations.
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HOW MUCH IS A SHOT of WHISKEY?
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Humor #2
No one asks the tough
questions like, why are drug
dealers on the metric system?
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PRECISION VERSUS ACCURACY
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GD&T MEASUREMENTS
• Let us know look at some techniques for measuring various items
particularly GD&T items.
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STRAIGHT EDGE GUESTIMATE
• Lay edge against granite slab
• Use a flashlight and look for light between edge and slab.
• Not scientific but it will tell you about how close something is to straight.
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STRAIGHT EDGE INSPECTION
• Set part on two (or three) machinist jacks on a granite slab
• Zero the dial indicator on one end above one machinist jack
• Move indicator to other end above one of the other machinist jack
• Adjust machinist jack until other end reads zero
• Go back to original position and verify it is still zero
• Drag indicator along length of part noting “Full Indicator Movement”.
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Straightness Setup
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PLANAR MEASUREMENTS
• Set part on three machinist jacks on a granite slab
• Zero the dial indicator on one end above one machinist jack (#1)
• Move indicator to another position opposite a machinist jack (#2)
• Adjust machinist jack (#2) until it reads zero
• Move indicator to another position opposite a machinist jack (#3)
• Adjust machinist jack (#3) until it reads zero
• Go back to original position (#1) and verify it is still zero
• Drag indicator along length and width of surface noting “Full Indicator Movement”.
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Flatness Setup
• Anyone have an issue that
we are measuring one side
and holding in place on the
back side?
• It shouldn’t bother you since
the three jacks are all
independently set for height.
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PLANAR MEASUREMENT ALTERNATIVES
• Measure from bottom side • PRO: Fast set up time
• All three jacks are exact same height
• CON: access
• Optical Flats – uses fringe patterns • PRO: Fast reading
• CON: You must have the correct size and be careful.
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FAMOUS AMERICAN INDIAN
• SOA-CAH-TOA • Don’t believe he was Cherokee, Sequoyah had already developed
the only alphabet for us so I assume he was from one of the other
five civilized tribes.
• No wait, that’s the trigonometry acronym….
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SITTING UP A SINE PLATE
• SINE of an angle is the opposite side over the hypotenuse
• Using a calculator, take the sin of the angle and multiply by the hypotenuse
• My sine plate is 5” between the pins (that’s the hypotenuse)
• Remember, sometimes you will need to take the complimentary angle (90 minus the
angle).
• Wring a set of gauge blocks to math that value.
• Place those gauge blocks under the pin
• Some sine plates have a locking screw to secure it’s position.
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SINE PLATE SETUP
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PERPENDICULARITY SETUP
• An angle plate is a special gauge block
that is ground perpendicular.
• An angle plate usually has clearance
holes, slots, or tapped hopes to mount
parts for inspection.
• Once a part is mounted, use the same
process as planar measurements.
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ROUNDNESS
• Why a pair of calipers won’t work
• Lobes?
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PROFILE
• One of the easiest GD&T controls to measure,
• Particularly line profile which really only requires a dimensionally staple template
to show the acceptable.
• Profile of a surface will almost certainly require a coordinate measuring measure
to measure.
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OPTICAL COMPARATOR
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RUNOUT SETUP
• Chuck the datum into the collet for the mandrel.
• You can check mandrel by dropping the needle on the mandrel and watching the
needle move as you spin the mandrel 360 degrees by hand.
• Whatever amount the needle moves during this exercise is 1/10 of what you can
measure
• Good news is the tool you used to create the part, a lathe, makes a great
measurement tool.
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COAXIALITY MEASURING DEVICE
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CIRCULAR RUNOUT (2D)
• Drop the needle on any point long the surface to measure.
• Zero the indicator
• You will rezero between each spin movement
• Spin the mandrel 360 degrees by hand and watch the needle.
• Move the needle down the length of the measurement surface
• Repeat from the zeroing step
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TOTAL RUNOUT (3D)
• Drop the needle on any point long the surface to measure.
• Zero the indicator
• Spin the mandrel 360 degrees by hand and watch the needle.
• Move the needle down the length of the measurement surface
• Repeat from the spinning step
• You will only zero once for entire measurement
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RUNOUT / CONCENTRICITY FIXTURE
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Humor #3
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Regardless of Feature Size
• Step 1: Measure position of
feature.
• Step 2: Check if position is
inside tolerance zone.
• This isn’t nearly as easy as it sounds.
Positional Tolerances
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At Maximum Material Condition – Functional Gaging
Positional Tolerances
No Go Plug
Go Fixture
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At Maximum Material Condition – Functional Gaging is Fast and Easy!!!
Positional Tolerances
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At Least Material Condition
• Ask me tonight at Gilley’s…
Positional Tolerances
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NOTICE WHAT WE DIDN’T USE FOR GD&T
• Scales
• Calipers
• Micrometers
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B89.1.10M-2001
• Dial Indicators (for Linear Measurement)
• This Standard is intended to provide the essential requirements for dial
indicators as a basis for mutual understanding between manufacturers and
consumers. Describing herein are various types and groups of dial indicators
used to measure a linear dimension of a variation from a reference dimension.
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B89.7.2 – 1999
• Dimensional Measurement Planning
• The intent of this Standard is to facilitate agreement between suppliers and
customers by specifying a standard method for assessing the dimensional
acceptability of workpieces. Components of the method are the preparation of an
adequate dimensional measurement plan and the use of the plan in making
measurements. The major input to the method is dimensional specifications
developed, for example, in compliance with ASME Y14.5 – 2009 Dimensioning &
Tolerancing standard.
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B46.1 – 2009
• Surface Texture, Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay
• This Standard is concerned with the geometric irregularities of surfaces. It
defines surface texture and its constituents: roughness, waviness, and lay. It also
defines parameters for specifying surface texture. The terms and ratings in this
Standard relate to surfaces produced by such means as abrading, casting,
coating, cutting, etching, plastic deformation, sintering, wear, erosion, etc.
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Other B89 STANDARDS
• ANSI B89.3.1-1972 (R2003), Measurement of Out-of-Roundness
• ANSI/ASME B1.2-1983, Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
• ANSI B4.4M-1981 (R1987), Inspection of Workpieces
• ASME B89.7.3.1-2001 Guidelines for Decision Rules: Considering
Measurements Uncertainty in Determining Conformance to Specifi cations
• ANSI/ASME B89.6.2-1973 (R2003), Temperature and Humidity Environment for
Dimensional Measurement
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STILL MORE B89 STANDARDS
• ASME B89.1.9 1.2 - Gauge block sets
• ASME B89.15 - Pin gauges
• ASME B89.1.5 - Measurement of Plain External Diameters for Use as Master
Discs or Cylindrical Plug Gages
• ASME B89.1.6 - Measurement of Plain Internal Diameters for Use as Master
Rings and Ring Gages
• ASME B89.3.4M - Axes of Rotation Methods for Specifying and Testing
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Welcome to Dallas!!!
THANKS
• Thomas Allsup
• Presentation will be available now on our website without voiceover this week:
• www.anidatech.com
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Please be kind…
Go to the SWW2016
application and
provide feedback
please.
Survey Says…
Session Description: This session will be a
humorous presentation of traditional metrology of
GD&T feature control frames, assuming the
SOLIDWORKS user does not have access to a
coordinate measurement machine. The session will
start with required equipment and review each type
of tolerance shape.
Session Attendee Benefits: Attendees will receive
training in how to explain the GD&T controls they
place on 2D drawings and in 3D models to more
accurately control feature geometry.
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