How to make a research paper

Making and

Completing a

Research Paper

by: Janet Brigida A. CatiponMAE-Chemistry, BSU

MHS Science 9 Teacher

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This is to acknowledge the

authors/coordinators of the book I solely

used in the making of this presentation

as it is reliable, organized and concise.

The contents of the book were arranged in

such a manner that it allows the

researcher to use it with ease and

understanding.

I acknowledge, also, my colleagues

who inspire me to do this presentation for

the inset seminar to take place during

semester break.

Above all, I thank God for all the

wisdom and strength He has showered

upon me. To God be the Glory...

J. B. A. Catipon

What is a

Research

The process of gathering data or information to solve a particular or specific problem in a scientific manner. (Manuel and Medel p.5)

Scientific Methods of Research

Recognizing /Selecting the problem or topic

Forming a hypothesis Doing the Library search Designing the study Developing the instruments for

collecting data Collecting the data Analyzing the data Determining Implications and

conclusions from the findings Making recommendations (for further

research)

Recognizing/Selecting a Research Problem or Topic

Researcher’s choice and interest. Within the specialization of the researcher. Within the researcher’s competence to

tackle. Within the researcher’s ability to finance. It is researchable and manageable. It can be completed w/in a reasonable

period of time unless it is a longitudinal research.

It is significant, important, and relevant to the present time.


Results are practical and implementable. Requires original, critical, and reflective

thinking to solve it. Can be delimited to suit the resources of

the researcher. Must contribute to the national

development goals for the improvement of human life.

Must contribute to the fund of human knowledge.

Must show or pave the way for the solution of the problem intended to be solved.

Must not undermine the moral and spiritual values of the people.


Must not advocate any change in the present order of things by means of violence but by peaceful means.

There must be a return of some kind of the researcher.

Enhance prestige and reputation. Satisfaction of intellectual curiosity and

interest., and being able to discover truth. There must be a consideration of the

hazards involve.

THE TITLE It is formulated before the start of the research

work. It must contain the subject matter of the study,

the locale of the study, the population involved, and the period when the data were gathered or will be gathered.

It must be broad enough to include all aspects of the subject matter, studied or to be studied.

It must be as brief and concise as possible. Avoid using terms like “An Analysis of”, “A Study

of”, An Investigation of, and the like. If the title contains more than one line, it must be

written like an inverted pyramid.EXAMPLE : THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE 9 IN MACABEBE HIGH SCHOOL OF PAMPANGA AS PERCEIVED BY THE SCIENCE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DURING THE SCHOOL YEAR 2014-2015.

Chapter 1 of the Research Paper

1. Introduction2. Statement of the Problem3. Hypotheses4. Significance of the Study5. Definition of Terms6. Scope and Delimitation of the

Study7. Conceptual Framework

THE INTRODUCTIONIt covers the following:

1. Presentation of the Problem2. The existence of an unsatisfactory

condition, a felt problem that needs a solution.

3. Rationale of the Study4. Historical background of the problem.5. A desire to have a deeper and clearer

understanding of a situation, circumstance, or phenomenon.

6. A desire to find a better way of doing something or of improving a product.

7. A desire to discover something.8. Geographical conditions of the study locale.9. A link between between the introduction

and the statement of the problem.

Statement of THE PROBLEMThe General Problem and the Specific Problem

Example:General Problem:

To investigate all aspects of the teaching of Science 9 in Macabebe High School of Pampanga during the school year 2014-2015

Specific Problems: Is there any significant difference between the

perceptions of the science 9 teachers and those of the students concerning the different aspects in the teaching of science 9?

How effective are the methods and strategies used by the Science 9 teachers?

Formulating THE HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific raised at the beginning of the investigation.

Null and Alternative (Operational) HypothesesHo = Null Form ( negative form)Ha = Alternative or Operational Form (affirmative form)

Example:Perceptions of the Science 9 teachers and those of the students concerning the different aspects in the teaching

Ho = There is no significant difference between the of Science 9.

Formulating THE HYPOTHESES

Ha = There is a significant difference between the perceptions of the Science 9 teachers and those of the students concerning the different aspects in the teaching of Science 9

DEFINITION OF TERMS1. Only terms, words, or phrases which

have special or unique meanings in the study are defined.

2. Terms should be defined operationally, i.e, how they are used in the study.

3. The researcher may develop his own definition from the characteristics of the term defined.

4. Definitions may be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazine and newspaper articles, dictionaries, and other publications.

5. Definitions should be as brief, clear and unequivocal as possible.

6. Acronyms should always be spelled out fully especially if it is not commonly known.

SCOPE & DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

It should include the following:

1. A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.

2. The subject matter and topics studied and discussed.

3. The locale of the study4. The population from which the

respondents selected.5. The period of the study, time

during which the data were gathered.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKThis scheme is a tentative explanation or theoretical explanation of the problem and serve as the basis for the formulation of research hypotheses.

1. It becomes the central theme, the focus, the2. main thrust of the study.3. It serves as guide in conducting the

investigation.4. It is presented in Paradigm, as few

researcher’s endeavor to include explanation of the conceptual framework.

Paradigm is a diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework.

CHAPTER 2 OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESA. Characteristics of the Materials Cited – it must be:

1. Recent as possible2. Objective and unbiased as possible3. Relevant to the Study4. Not too few but not too many

B. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies

5. By author or writer

Example: According to Enriquez, praise helps much in Learning, etc. Etc.¹Footnote:¹Pedro Enriquez. The Dynamics of Teaching & Learning. Manila: Canlaon Publishing Company., Inc. , 1981, p.102.


RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2. By topic

Example: It has been found out that praise is an important aid in the learning of the children¹Footnote: ¹Pedro Enriquez. The Dynamics of Teaching & Learning. Manila: Canlaon Publishing Company., Inc. , 1981, p.102 and Juan Maglaque, “Factors Affecting Children’s Learning in Pagasa Dictrict”. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, San Gregorio College, San Gregorio City, 1984). (Note: these are fictitious name)



B. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studiesor using the commonly used APA Citation in Papers today,It has bee found out that praise is an important aid in the learning of children (Enriquez, 1981 and Maglaque, 1984)

3. Chronological – Materials which were written first earlier should be cited first before those which were written later. This can be done especially when the citation is by author or writer. If citation is by topic, chronological citation can be done in the footnote.

C. What to citeOnly major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem under investigation should be discussed in this chapter.



D. Quoting a MaterialA material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated or it is controversial and it is not too long.

Example:

Suppose the following is a quotation: Said Enriquez,

Praise is an important factor in children’s ;earning. It encouraged them to study their lessons harder. Praise, however, should be given very appropriately.²


METHODS OF RESEARCH & PROCEDURES1. Methods of Research used2. Methods of Collecting Data &

Development of the Research Instrument

3. Sampling Design4. Statistical Instrument

CHAPTER 3 OF THE RESEARCH PAPER METHODS OF RESEARCH

1. Descriptive – describes at interprets what’s all about the research.

2. Experimental – consist of manipulating an experimental variable under highly controlled conditions to determine how and why a particular event occurs.(Manuel & Medel, p.37)

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA & DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Example: DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCHMethods of collecting data: Survey, Case Study and Content

AnalysisSurvey – used to collect demographic data about people’s behavior, beliefs, intentions, opinions, etc.Case Study - in-depth study and analysis of an individual.Content Analysis – deals with documentary materials that are already existing and available.

Development of Research Instrument: Questionnaire as an example, after reading and studying samples from related studies.


THE SAMPLING DESIGNa. Size of the populationb. The study populationc. The Margin Errord. Sampling Techniquee. Computation of the Samplef. Sample

CHAPTER 3 OF THE RESEARCH PAPER STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

Statistical Tools:1. Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, Median, Mode2. Measures of Variability/Dispersion – Range, Quartile

Deviation, Average Deviation, Standard Deviation 3. Coefficient of Correlation – when one variable varies

with another4. t-test – 2 variables are studied ( controlled and

experimental group)5. ANOVA/ANOCOVA – when 2(Anova) or more

(Anocova) variables are involved. 6. Chi-Square – when significant differences between

the reactions, opinions of two distinct groups are need to be known.

7. Regression – when the coefficient of correlation between 2 tests in known and a prediction is to what score a student gets in the 2nd test after 1st test score have known.

CHAPTER 4 OF THE RESEARCH PAPER ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATAAnalysis – breaking up the whole study into constituent parts in accordance to the specific questions in the statement of problem.Example:

The teaching of Science 9 in Macabebe High School of Pampanga. (the whole study)Constituent parts maybe divided into:

1. Educational qualifications of teachers2. Methods and strategies used in teaching Science 93. Facilities available for the teaching science 94. Differences between the perceptions of the teachers and those of

the students concerning the teaching of science 9and other more.

CHAPTER 4 OF THE RESEARCH PAPER ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATAPresentation - the process of organizing data into logical, sequential, and meaningful categories and classifications to make them amenable to study and interpretation.1. Textual – uses statements with numerals or numbers to describe data.2. Tabular – systematic arrangement of related data in which classes of numerical data are given each a row and their subclasses are given each a column in order to present their relationships of the data in a definite, compact, and understandable form.3. Graphical - graph or chart is presented in quantitative variations or changes of a variable itself, or in comparison with those variables in pictorial or diagrammic form.


TEXTUAL


TABULAR


GRAPHICAL


INTERPRETATION OF DATAAssessing the results or

findings during analysis and its implication.


SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Summary of Findingsa. There should be a brief statement about the main purpose of

the study, the population of respondents, the period of the study, methods of research used, the research instrument, and the sampling design.

b. Findings may be lumped up all together.c. Findings should be textual generalizations.d. Important findings, highlights of data should be included.e. No further explanation or elaboration of findings , as they are

stated as concisely as possible.f. No introduction of new data should be done.


CONCLUSIONS1. Inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications,

interpretations, general statements based upon the findings.

2. Appropriately answer specific questions raised in the beginning of investigation.

3. Point out what were factually learned from the inquiry.4. Be formulated concisely, brief and short.5. Be stated categorically, worded 100% true & correct.6. Refer only to the population, area, or subject of the

study.7. Not repetitions of any statement anywhere in the

research/thesis.


RECOMMENDATIONS1. Aim to solve or help solve problems discovered in the

investigation.2. No recommendations needed for any thing that has

not been discovered in the study.3. Continuance of practice or system should be

recommended for its improvement.4. Aim for the ideal but must be feasible, practical, and

attainable.5. Logical and valid.6. Be addressed to the persons, entities, agencies or

offices who or which are in a position to implement them.

7. Further research on the study should be recommended in other places to verify, amplify, or negate the findings of the study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Calderon, Jose F., Ed.D. and Gonzalez, Expectacion C. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing,Mandaluyong City: Cacho Hermanos, Inc. 2013

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How to make a research paper

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