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How to frame a good question / Objective
Dr. Vijayakumar. KDept of Community Medicine, Dr. S.M.C.S.I . Medical College, KarakonamThiruvananthapuram
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Objective of the session
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1. How a research idea is generated2. What are the qualifications of a good
research objective3. Refining a research question /
Objective4. The link between Objective and
• The title• Methods• Analysis• Conclusion
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The research idea
Begins from an uncertainty about a health issue
The first challenge is to find an important one
Transform into a feasible and valid study plan
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Where do ideas come from?
Pure inspiration (rare) Critical reading of published papers A conference or seminar Observing patients Speaking to other researchers New technologies bring in new questions A doubt raised by a colleague
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Good ideas come to…..
The prepared mind
One with a skeptical attitude about prevailing beliefs.
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Framing the research question
A general idea has to be converted into a research question
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The research question / objective
1. Topic
2. Idea
3. Question
4. Operationalizing the question Measurable variables
5. Refining the question
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Narrowing down to the research question
Refining the research question
Question
Idea
Topic
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How do we formulate a good research question?- Operationalising
Striking the balance between “Idea” and “feasibility”Idea – Novel, Interesting, RelevantFeasibility – Measurability, Affordability (Resources)EthicalImpact
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Functions of research question
1. Provide a clear focus for the study
2. Determine the design of the project
3. Specify the population.
4. Identify the sample
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Functions of research question-2
5. Describe the variables in terms that can be measured
6. Guide data collection
7. Framework for data analysis
8. Drawing conclusions
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The research question
1. What
2. Who
3. Where
4. How
0. Why (Philosophy)
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The research question
1. What – measurable variables
2. Who – subjects, controls
3. Where - location
4. How - method
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Measurable entities
do what to whom for how long to achieve what effect?’
Be as specific as possible ‘moderate reduction of smoking habit’ ‘40% reduction in smoking prevalence’
‘audio visual health education’ ‘video programmes of 30 minutes duration
aired two times a month for 6 months’
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The research objective develpt-1
1. Topic – DM
2. Idea – early occurrence of DM
3. Objective – is to identify proportion of young age DM
4. Operationalizing the objective –compare the prevalence of young age DM with …….what?
5. Refine the objective further
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The research objective develpt-2
1. Topic – Esophageal cancer
2. Idea – High incidence - What are the causes? Is consumption of salted fish a cause?
3. Question – What are the causes of esophageal cancer ?
4. Operationalizing the question – What are the risk factors of esophageal cancer
5. Refine the question further
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The research question
5. Refining the question further
What are the risk factors for
Squamous cell carcinoma of the
esophagus in patients admitted to
Karpagam Medical college hospital,
as compared to age and sex matched
controls from the surgery wards of
the same hospital who do not have
gastrointestinal malignancy?
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The research question
Is regular consumption of salted fish
(average of at least once a week for 5
years ) a risk factor for Squamous cell
carcinoma of the esophagus in patients
admitted to Karpagam medical college
hospital, as compared to age and sex
matched controls from the surgery wards
of the same hospital who do not have
gastrointestinal malignancy?
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The research question
1. What – measurable variables risk factors Squamous cell carcinoma of the
esophagus
2. Who – subjects, controls patients admitted age and sex matched controls who do
not have gastrointestinal malignancy
3. Where – location Savitha medical college hospital
4. How – method compare
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Should the question be all inclusive?
“ Among competent, consenting patients with recent transient ischaemic attacks or partial strokes in the circulation of the carotid artery, and ipsilateral stenosis of 70% to 99%, as judged by expert central review of selective angiograms, who are receiving optimal medical care and do not have elevated surgical risk does the addition of carotid endarterectemy,by surgeons who have an established 30 day perioperative complication rate of less than 6% for persistent stroke or death,reduce the subsequent risk of major stroke and stroke death over a period of 5 years, compared to patients who receive optimal medical care but do not receive CE”
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What do we do with secondary questions?
Questions are not to be data driven
Add on questions should never compromise the primary question
Problems Burden of data collection Compromise the Willingness of
investigators and participants Budget issues
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Acknowledgements: some slides are drawn from following luminaries
1.DR KP Aravindan (professor of pathology, MC
Calicut).
2.Dr Zinia ,(Associate professor, community medicine department , MC
TVPM).
3.Dr Soumya Gopakumar (Asst Professor, SMCSI Medical
College, Karakonam, TVPM)
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Thank you