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How to Do Things with Triples
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Transcript of How to Do Things with Triples
WeST – Web Science & TechnologiesUniversity of Koblenz ▪ Landau, Germany
How to do things with triples?
Steffen Staab
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
What is a triple?
http://dbtune.org/musicbrainz/resource/artist/d87e52c5-bb8d-4da8-b941-9f4928627dc8
ABBA
foaf:name
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
What is Linked Data? Linked Data Principles1. URIs as identifiers
2. http lookup
3. RDF (triples)
4. relations, also to other locations
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
What is Linked Data good for?
Data integration is easy Migrating different data sources to linked data is (relatively)
easy
Serendipitous use Discover new information by following data links
Data repurposing Querying and aggregating data can give new insights
...
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
LENA – A Fresnel application
Fresnel Vocab by [Pietriga et al. ISWC-2006]
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time
Shameless self-promotion: Semaplorer
[Schenk et al., JoWS 2009]
Billion Triples Challenge 1. Prize 2008
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time
Shameless self-promotion: LISA
1. PrizeGerman Linked Open Gov Data Competition 2012
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
What‘s between the two?
One App at a Time
+ Great to use
+ Like DB application- Brittle- Not really extensible
Generic Frameworks
+ Can be applied on all data- Data remains hard to
understand- No process support- Noone wants to use them
?
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
PRAGMATICSWhat may be a theory for doing things with triples?
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Austin: How to do things with words
Core Hypothesis by Austin:Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts
Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Austin: How to do things with words
Phonic act / graphic act:
T h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n M i l w a u k e e i s 1 0 0 ° F .
Locutionary act:
temperature(Milwaukee,100)Grice‘s maxims
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Grice‘s Maxims / Cooperative Principle
Interacting agents mutually assume that: Quantity:
Be as informative as you possibly can, give as much information as needed, not more.
Quality: Be truthful
Pertinence: be relevant, say things pertinent to the discussion
Manner: be clear, brief, orderly as one can avoid obscurity and ambiguity
Criteria are competing and
overlapping.
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Austin: How to do things with words
Phonic act / graphic act:
T h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n M i l w a u k e e i s 1 0 0 ° F .
Locutionary act:
temperature(Milwaukee,100)
Illocutionary act:
Warn the conference attendees
Perlocutionary act:
Attendees stay in the shadow, etc…
Grice‘s maxims
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Austin: How to do things with words
Core Hypothesis by Austin:Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts
Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09
Hypothesis of this talk: Linked data is facts, but the idea of linked data is also
re-purposing,
⟹ re-presenting,
⟹ re-narrating,
to achieve an understandable dialogue
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Semantic Web / Linked Data
Phonic act / graphic act:
ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F. - various syntaxes - Locutionary act:
temperature(Milwaukee,100)
- RDF/OWL interpretation –
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Data is not Text
Quantity: One triple vs big data
➯ What is the right amount?
Pertinence: Pertinence to dialogue
➯ Does the discussion/interaction determine data selection?
Manner: Data is not sequential
➯ No implicit ordering contained in the data (e.g. birthdata before date of death)
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Semantic Web / Linked Data
Phonic act / graphic act:
ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F. - various syntaxes - Locutionary act:
temperature(Milwaukee,100)
- RDF/OWL interpretation –
Generic applications easily
violate Grice‘s maxims!
Quantity Quality Pertinence Manner
Lead question:Does the Semantic Web have a pragmatics layer?How would this look like?
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)
What does it mean to click here? Semantics is clear, but Pragmatics?
Context + Grice‘s Pertinence!
[Bomfim & Schwabe, 2011]
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)
Input: LOD + Navigation Model + other stuff
Navigation Model A Context is a set of resources that share similar
navigation opportunities.• Context:Navigation ⇔Class:Structure+Behavior
Navigation Metamodel
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Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)
Hitting a link of type „Organization“ means different things in different contexts!
Here is one!
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PROGRAMMING WITH LINKED DATA = INTERACTING WITH LINKED DATA
[Schegelmann et al 2012]
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Mapping Linked Data and OO Programming
Linked Data Meaning/Semantics
Concept Properties Instances
Object orientation Meaning/Semantics
Classes Attributes/Methods Objects
Pragmatics Classes
• Visible and used by whom?
• Orchestration of method calls
Responsibility-driven
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Why is Linked Data Programming Tricky?
Developing Core Ontologies Software: Core Ontology of Software (COS) Services: Core Ontology of Software Components (COSC) Multimedia: Core Ontology of Multimedia (COMM) Events: Core Ontology of Events (F) Desktop: Core Semantic Inf. Mgmt. Ontology (COSIMO)
Main Criteria: Reusability Plugability
Main Drawback: Programmability
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
What Jeopardizes Programmability?
Challenges on (RDF) knowledge representation N-ary relations (denormalization) Aspect on relationships („Tim has high temp, but falling“) Roles as additional objects
(lifetime different from rigid object) Different roles being played in different contexts
(descriptions and situations)
Solution [Schegelmann et al 2012]: –Different ontology patterns to the rescue–Easy to use APIs
http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Pattern for Image Tagging
[Scherp&Saathoff, WWW-2010][Troncy et al 2007]
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
OntoMDE Workflow
Model of Ontologies (MoOn)Adding declarative layer:Structuring the ontologies intosemantic units
Ontology API Model (OAM)Adding declarative layer:Structuring pragmatic units specifying how entities are to be used together
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
More data here …
More data here …
Which links to follow? Where to go next?What information is there?What are the „good“ links … … leading to „good“ resources?
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Relevance Ranking for Linked Data
Apply Web Ranking,e.g. HITS, PageRank, …
TripleRank
Who is loved/hated most?
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Linked Data as Tensor
Transformationto 3-D-Tensor
[Franz et al, 2009][Nickel et al, 2012]
Then: PARAFAC analysis
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Evaluation
16 test persons Faceted browsing scenario What are the most
interesting, most related, most useful resources (objects)?
10 queries
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
TR7.594
TR3.251
TR2.413
BL3.948
BL1.207
BL1.626
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total Results Positives Negatives
TR
BL
Evaluation: Results
1387 answers, overall inter-rater agreement: 0.7 (0 ≤ agreement ≤ 1)
Doubled recallwithout loss of precision!
Steffen [email protected]
WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
MetamodelsPatternsRankings...
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Issue: From Data to Understanding
CognitionStorytellingPragmatics
Ontology PatternsConceptual Modeling
Metamodels...
QuantityPertinenceManner
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Hypertext Community
Linking people
Make linked data understandable!
Linking data Linking stories
Linking resources
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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
Literature
J. L. Austin. How to do things with words. Oxford University Press, 1962/1975.
M. H. de S. Bomfim, Daniel Schwabe. Design and Implementation of Linked Data Applications Using SHDM and Synth. Int. Conf. Web Engineering 2011, pp. 121-136.
T. Franz, A. Schultz, S. Sizov, S. Staab: TripleRank: Ranking Semantic Web Data by Tensor Decomposition. International Semantic Web Conference 2009: 213-228
Chierchia, Gennaro.; McConnell-Ginet, Sally: Meaning and Grammar : An Introduction to Semantics. MIT Press, 1990.
Maximilian Nickel, Volker Tresp, Hans-Peter Kriegel: Factorizing YAGO: scalable machine learning for linked data. WWW 2012: 271-280
E. Pietriga, C. Bizer, D. Karger, R. Lee: Fresnel: A Browser-Independent Presentation Vocabulary for RDF. International Semantic Web Conference 2006, Springer 158-171.
S. Schenk, C. Saathoff, S. Staab, A. Scherp. SemaPlorer – Interactive Semantic Exploration of Data and Media based on a Federated Cloud Infrastructure. In Journal of Web Semantics, Elsevier, 7(4), 2009.
C. Saathoff, A. Scherp: Unlocking the semantics of multimedia presentations in the web with the multimedia metadata ontology. WWW 2010: 831-840
R. Troncy, O. Celma, S. Little, R. García and C. Tsinaraki. MPEG-7 based Multimedia Ontologies: Interoperability Support or Interoperability Issue? In Workshop on Multimedia Annotation and Retrieval enabled by Shared Ontologies (MAReSO'07), Genova, Italy, December 5, 2007. http://www.eurecom.fr/~troncy/Publications/Troncy-mareso07.pdf