SPRING SCHOOL

HOW TO DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

A Method and Tools for Low and Middle-Income Countries20 -25 May 2019

Bologna – Italy

ORGANISED BY PROMOTED BY

1. THE BURDEN OF SWM PLANNING AND ACTION CANNOT BEPUT MAINLY ON MUNICIPALITIES’ SHOULDERS: NEEDNATIONAL STRATEGY AND COORDINATION

2. NEED A PLANNING METHOD - WHERE TO BEGIN? THEDESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM IS THE EFFECTIVEWAY TO BUILD SOLUTIONS

December 2016 The municipality of EJ failed to comply with the provisions of theNational SWM Act.The local government was still operating an open dumpsite in violation of thenational law: “no open dumps shall be established and operated, nor anypractice or disposal of solid waste by any person, including LGUs, be allowed”.

This compelled the National SWM Commission to file a complaint against theMayor of EJ for gross neglect of duty !!!

LACK OF COORDINATION BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL TIERS

COMMON POLICY-MAKING INEFFICIENCIES

Initial targets are selected and actions chosen with a sense of emergency

Targets are disconnected and roles overlap among institutional levels: national Governments do not consult LAs

Too much responsibility is given to Municipalities who don’t have the technical skills and the financial strength

The Environmental Protection Agency is not well resourced (if existing)

The cost of investments in equipments and plants compete with other national infrastructural needs

WAS IT ALL THE FAULT OF THE MAYOR?WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THESE INEFFICIENCIES

BUILD ACOHERENT

INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK

SWM IS ACOMPLEX

PROBLEM: IT ISDIFFICULT TO

DEFINE IT

RECOGNISE THEEVOLUTION OFA SWM SYSTEM

TAKES TIME

HOW TO PUT OURSELVES ON MAYOR’S SHOES:PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE PLANNING

INTRODUCEAPPROPRIATE

BESTPRACTICES

KNOWACTUAL

COSTS ANDINVESTMENTFINANCING

SET APPROPRIATEOBJECTIVES AND

TARGETS

This planning method leads policy-makers and public managers to draw up planning documents that become the basis to implement

EFFECTIVE ACTIONS:

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES either at the NATIONAL

or CITY LEVEL

EVEN IF THE INITIAL SITUATION IS HIGHLY INEFFECTIVEA PLANNING METHOD IS NEEDED

structure of the costs-revenues budget

the technical elements of an integrated SWM

system

4.A FORMULATE ALTERNATIVE SWM scenarios by WASTE FLOW ANALYSIS and

COMPARE environmental impacts 4.B COMPARE alternative scenarios for costs4.C PERFORM a financial analysis of relevant

scenarios

1.A DESCRIBE the current SWM situation 1.B IDENTIFY relevant actors

3. set context specific OBJECTIVES and TARGETS

analyze institutional framework

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTof SWM systems

5.A to 5.C PUBLIC CONSULTATION on alternative scenarios and targets

6. OFFICIAL APPROVAL of theSWM National StrategySWM Municipal PLAN

territorial knowledge-base and

siting criteria

technical elements of an integrated SWM system

waste network actorsroles and responsibilities

WASTE FLOWANALYSIS

2. DESCRIBE the existing SWM reference scenario by WASTE FLOW ANALYSIS

PERFORM a capacity analysis HIGHLIGHT critical elements

National and Local Regulations

Waste, Health and Energy Natnl. and Interntl. legislation

scenarios cost comparison

financial analysis

RESIDUAL WASTE from STREET CONTAINERS

RESIDUAL WASTE to THERMAL TREATMENT

FLY ASHES to LANDFILL

OTHER

COLLECTION

THERMAL TREATMENT with ENERGY RECOVERY

RESIDUAL WASTE to LANDFILL

to FE RECOVERY

RESIDUAL WASTE from “door to door” 

RESIDUAL WASTE to SANITARY LANDFILL with BIOGAS and ENERGY 

RECOVERY

FERROUS 

REPROCESSINGFE from MBT to RECYCLING

WET FRACTION  from MBT to LANDFILL

RESIDUAL waste to TREATMENT PRE‐TREATMENT of 

RESIDUAL WASTEDRY FRACTION from MBT to ENERGY RECOVERY

FERROUS 

REPROCESSING

HAZARDOUS WASTE to LANDFILL

RECOVERY of BOTTOM ASH 

BOTTOM ASH to  RECOVERY

COMMERCIAL / BUSINESS WASTE 

SEGREGATED COLLECTION of DRY FRACTIONS

TRANSFER STATION

DRY FRACTIONS

to TRANSFER STATION

SORTING PLANT for DRY FRACTIONS RECYCLABLES REJECTS from SORTING 

to LANDFILL 

SANITARY LANDFILL with 

ENERGY RECOVERY 

to  REPROCESSING

REJECTS from SORTING to ENERGY RECOVERY

PAPER

REPROCESSING

PLASTIC

REPROCESSINGII° SORTING PLANT for PLASTICS RECYCLABLE

INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT of RECYLABLES

GLASS

REPROCESSINGto  REPROCESSING

OTHER FRACTIONS to TRANSFER STATION

COLLECTION CENTRES

PRIVATE CITIZENS to COLLECTION CENTRES

SEGREGATED COLLECTION of FOOD WASTE

GREEN WASTE SEGREGATED 

COLLECTION from PUBLIC PARKS 

COMPOSTING  PLANT 

COMPOST to MARKET

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANT

with ENERGY RECOVERY

from BIOGAS

DIGESTATE to MARKET

ORGANIC REJECTS to LANDFILL

to  COMPOSTING or  ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

to  COMPOSTING or  ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

HOUSEHOLD WASTE 

SANITARY LANDFILL with 

ENERGY RECOVERY 

three main sub-services from which to recover materials and energy: Residual wasteDry recyclateSegregated collection of organic/food waste

UNDERSTAND ANDDESCRIBE THESWM SYSTEM WITH

DESCRIBEWASTE FLOWS of a schematic

INTEGRATED SWM system

EXAMPLE OF AN INITIAL SITUATIONWASTE FLOW ANALYSIS OF MONTEVIDEO - URUGUAY

F. Bastarrica Master Thesis – University of Bologna RESD- Rimini - Sep 2018

1. Street containers for residual waste

2. PGE delivery points for SC of

dry fractions

3. Municipality B containers for SC of dry and organic

fractions

4. Organic fractions going to

TRESOR

5. Abandoned waste

Total (1 + 2+ 5)

Paper 254.551 321 962 0 9.050 264.8Plastics 168.100 190 569 0 7.526 176.3Glass 57.990 20 61 0 2.729 60.80Food rejects 455.443 137 412 6.544 19.482 482.0Green waste (parks, gardens,...) 18.100 0 0 7.089 905 26.09Wood 3.811 0 0 0 191 4.00Metals 50.251 0 0 0 981 51.23Non ferrous metals 2.858 0 0 0 143 3.00Hazardous 1.715 0 0 0 86 1.80Textiles 38.462 0 0 0 1.215 39.67Rubber, leather, cork 3.811 0 0 0 191 4.00Construction and demolition 24.388 0 0 0 1.219 25.60Toys, electronics, cables, etc. 5.811 0 0 0 291 6.10Inert petrous 30.866 0 0 0 1.543 32.40Diapers and dressings 34.010 0 0 0 1.700 35.71Multilaminated (tetra brik) 7.621 0 0 0 381 8.00TOTAL 1.157.788 668 2.004 13.633 47.632 1.221.7

Data needs – require a dedicated office to gather, organise and elaborate

HOW TO CHOOSE OBJECTIVESAND TARGETS:

EMERGENCY IS NOT THEANSWER

We know THE EMERGENCY APPROACH of accepting international donors’ funding to buy and use:- large compactors trucks- any type of containers the donors happen to be producing- technological plants without having a clear understanding of their role

in a SWM system- ….

HAS OFTEN NOT WORKED OUT IN

CREATING A LONG LASTING SOLUTION

WASTE FLOWANALYSIS: EXAMPLE FROMTHE CITY OFBOLOGNA

S. Tunesi, S. Baroni, S. Boarini. 2016. “Waste flow analysis and LCA of integrated waste management systems as planning tools: application to optimise the system of the City of Bologna”. Waste Management & Research, 34, 9, 947-956.

HOW TO CHOOSEOBJECTIVES AND

TARGETS:THIS CANNOT BE

THE MOSTAPPROPRIATE

INITIALALTERNATIVE

SCENARIO

In introducing new, effective elements in a poorly-governed SWM, policy-makers and SWM planners need to intertwine two contrasting paths:

address the most pressing interventions for health and environmentalprotection: extension of collection coverage; termination of open-airburning; remediation of open dumps into sanitary landfills

plan ahead and design for the medium-term by addressing wasteminimisation and introducing practices and infrastructure for therecovery of the value – materials and energy - contained in the waste:facilities for recycling and composting; anaerobic digestion ofsegregated food waste / biomass

EVEN IF THE INITIAL SITUATION IS HIGHLY INEFFECTIVE A PLANNINGMETHOD IS MORE USEFUL IN THE LONG TERM THEN RESPONDING WITH

EMERGENCY ACTIONS

The SWM strategy must define how – in time - the STRATEGIC GOALS of atechnologically Integrated SWM system can be reached:

organise the source-segregated collection of selected waste fractions

eliminate or reduce bio-degradable waste disposal in landfill: it requiresthe source-segregated collection of the food and green waste fractionsfrom household, commercial and production premises;

recover energy from waste, either by the anaerobic digestion of source-segregated food and green waste or the thermal treatment of residualwaste.

TO DEVELOP AN INEFFECTIVE SITUATION FORMULATEAPPROPRIATE SCENARIOS CONSIDERING ALL WASTE FLOWS AND

HOW THEY AFFECT THE SELECTED REGULATORY TARGETS

SCENARIO 2 : INCREASE FORMAL SEGREGATED COLLECTION OF DRY WASTE TO 15% AND FOOD WASTE TO 15% WITH ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

TO DEVELOP AN INEFFECTIVE SITUATION FORMULATE APPROPRIATESCENARIOS; CONSIDER ALL WASTE FLOWS AND HOW THEY MOVE

TOWARDS THE SELECTED REGULATORY TARGETS

The following general criteria should be satisfied during the implementation of a SWM National Strategy / City Action Plan:

BUILD A COHERENT LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT OF A SWM SYSTEM AND OPERATE

WITH DATA OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY POSSIBLE

STRENGTHEN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT NETWORK (INVOLVE ALL RELEVANT ACTORS) AND THE RELEVANT INSTITUTIONAL OFFICES AND AGENCIES

ENSURE THE COST AND FINANCING OF THE SWM ALTERNATIVE TO BE IMPLEMENTED

ARE SUSTAINABLE

SUPPORT THE INTEGRATION OF SWM WITH REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PRODUCTIVE

SYSTEMS

HOW TO MONITOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OUR SWM ACTIONS

The Istituto Cattaneo, together with the CCAC and ISWA would like to invite policy-makers, planners, administrators to attend the Spring School

HOW TO DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Bologna, Italy, 20 – 25 May 2019

https://www.cattaneo.org/formazione/spring-school/

WHY THIS SPRING SCHOOL?

SWM is a complicated problem and policy-makers often ask SWMexperts how they could begin to solve their country’s or city’s wastemanagement problem and how to choose from the wide list of availableorganisational approaches and technologies.

This Spring School recognises the difficulties of building sustainableSWM systems and - with expert teaching, analysis of case studies andselected site visits - provides participants with a step-by-step SWMplanning method which guides policy-makers, SWM planners,administrators both at the National and Municipal level to formulate, writeand approve a SWM National Strategy or a SWM City Action Plan.

THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE SPRING SCHOOL IS TO:

make Participants aware of the complexity of SWM

provide Participants with a clear understanding and knowledge of thetools necessary to:

produce and officially approve a SWM National Strategy or aSWM City Action Plan

activate the necessary initial SWM actions within a clearer long-term planning framework

https://www.cattaneo.org/formazione/spring-school/

DETAILED INFORMATION and APPLICATION FORM can be obtained at:

https://www.iswa.org/nc/events/calendar/eventdetail/show_detail/spring-school-how-to-design-solutions-for-solid-waste-management/

THE NEED FOR A SWM PLANNING METHOD

Many SWM Plans have been written around the world but few of them provedeffective in supporting long-lasting development interventions.The step-by-step SWM planning method illustrated in this Spring Schooloriginates from successful experiences of planning, developed in highlyindustrialised countries BUT it warns against a COPY and PASTE approach:the specificities of each national and local condition must be respected.Thus this SWM planning method addresses:

the need for capacity building: increasing the ability of planners anddecision-makers to understand all technical aspects of integrated SWM

the need to describe in detail the complete existing SWM system

the ability to formulate alternative SWM scenarios

the capability to compare scenarios in terms of environmental impacts andcost

the capability to perform a financial analysis to define if the investmentsneeded for the system’s evolution are financially sustainable

the involvement of all relevant waste network actors in the decision-makingprocess