How to Build a Digital-Physical System

Assegid KidanéFall 2011

Today's Demo

Pressure and Light Sensor Arduino and Laptop data processing Video and Sound output

Demo

The Big Picture

Steps

Define problem and goals clearly Develop flowchart and algorithm Select main components Develop hardware and software Put it together and test Iterate until goals are met

Outline Electricity/Water analogy Electrical/Electronic circuit elements Basic formulae Reading and drawing schematics Using datasheets Microcontrollers, Sensors, Actuators, Media Software environments Experiential media integration

Goal

Basic electronics Use of microcontrollers Interactive environment design Design and build 3D objects Learn effective collaboration

Water Analogy

The following entities between a water circulation system and an electric circuit correspond fairly

wellPressure – VoltageWater flow – CurrentFaucet, Constriction – ResistanceValve – SwitchOne way valve – Diodeetc...

Comparisons

Circuit Elements

Power supply Resistors Capacitors Inductors Semiconductors

Circuit Elements

Power supply Energy source

Circuit Elements

Resistor, Capacitors and Inductors Passive components

Circuit Elements

Semiconductors Active devices Transistors, ICs, LEDs, gates, diodes

Circuit Elements

Subgroup of ICs Microcontrollers (pic, Atmega etc.)

Microcontroller development boards Arduino

Types of Circuits

Analog Continuous values of voltage between

Ground and Power

Digital Only On or Off, High or Low, or Ground or

Power Hybrid

Examples

Analog Most sensors, the physical world

Digital Your computer, most modern devices, your

iPod for the most part

Schematics

Symbolic representation of a circuit

Schematic

More complex circuit

Breadboarding

Provides connectivity Allows reconfiguration

Connectivity Under the Hood

Soldering

Make permanent connections on the PCB

Test Equipment

Multimeter Oscilloscope Signal Generator Power Supply Logic Analyzer Hand tools

Multimeter

Use to measure Voltage, Current and Resistance

Some measure frequency, capacitance, temperature and more

*** Caution*** Take extra care when measuring current Start with a selection higher than the highest

expected value

Oscilloscope

Provides detailed graphic representation of signals

Essential for signals with ac components Usefull for monitoring noise

Some Common Formulae

Ohm's law E = V = IR

Formula wheel E - (emf) same as Voltage R – resistance I – current P - power

Series and Parallel Circuits

RT=R1R 2... 1RT

= 1R1

1R2

....

Using Ohm's Law

Equivalent resistance = 1470ohms

RT=R1R2

RT=4701000=1470ohmsI=V /R=9 /1470=6.1mA

Voltage accross R1=I∗R=0.0061∗470=2.8VVoltage accross R2=0.0061∗1000=6.1V

Datasheets

Your crucial companion Consult the manufacturer's datasheet if unsure

of a device's specific behaviour Of special interest

Pinouts Absolute maximum ratings Typical application circuit

Important sections

Typical Circuit

Pinouts

Features

PCB Design

Eagle software

Eagle 5.11 Details

Easy to use Output files compatible with and accepted

by most PCB fabs IDE available for Windows, Mac and Linux Frequently updated library Freeware version available limited to 100 x

80 mm boards, 2 signal layers and 1 sheet

Eagle Features

Schematic capture

Eagle Light

Layout

Router

Interactive router and Autorouter

Introduction Tutorial

Manufacturer guided tour at

http://www.cadsoft.de/Tour/tour00.htm

Fabrication!

Capabilities

Multilayer PCB fabrication Through hole plating Intricate PCB shapes routing Automatic tool change and milling width

adjustment

Partial Specifications

CAM Software

CircuitPro 1.4.XXX Import Gerber files from Eagle, Altium etc Configure machine for stock material and PCB

process layers Generate milling, drilling and routing tool path Enjoy automated fabrication

Sample Interface

Support Material

Manufacturer manual and AME prepared quick start manual

Preparation and finishing tools PCB stock and backing material Additional and spare tool bits and process

accessories All nearby

General Architecture

Participatory Environment ( Installation, Performance)

Sensing Data Processing Actuation and Feedback

environment

sensing Computing

Feedback & Actuators

Sensors

Motion Position, Acceleration, Rotation

Pressure Light Sound Temperature Biometric sensors

Some Sensors

Data Processing

Desktop, Laptop Single Board Computer (SBC) Physical Computing Platform (Arduino,

Parallax) Develop using a microcontroller (Pic, Atmega,

8051)

Some Processors

Introduction to the Arduino Environment

Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad

Introduction to the Arduino Environment

Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers

Introduction to the Arduino Environment

Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers Bootloader Installed

Introduction to the Arduino Environment

Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers Bootloader Installed Open Source IDE for Windows, OSx and Linux

Arduino Uno/Duemilanove

14 Digital I/Os 6 Analog Inputs 6 PWM Outputs USB Connectivity and Programming USB bus or External Power 16MHz Clock and 32KB Flash Memory

Arduino Uno Cont’d

USB Port

Arduino Uno Cont’d

USB Port

External Power

Power Selection

Arduino Uno Cont’d

USB Port

External Power

Power Selection

Digital I/Os, PWM, Serial Port

Arduino Uno Cont’d

USB Port

External Power

Digital I/Os, PWM, Serial Port

Analog InputsPower and Reset

Arduino Mini Pro

Small footprint 16k Flash Program ROM 14 Digital and 6 Analog I/Os All UNO features except it needs external

hardware for programming

Programming Arduino Mini

Use the standard USB board with the micro controller removed

Or use the Arduino serial USB board, Item # DEV-08165 from Sparkfun Electronics

It is also possible to program it wireless using Blue SMiRF bluetooth modem

Arduino Mini Cont’d

Used in many AME devices including SOball1: Light ball with 5DOF IMU SOball2: Light ball with IMU and RFID RFID Mousepad

Arduino Nano

Most Versatile Arduino Arduino Mini(stamp) with built-in USB interface

and ICSP header All desirable features of Atmega 328 controller All analog inputs available in standard DIP

layout

Other Hardware

Include ArduinoBT ArduinoXBee Wee

Various Sheilds

Arduino Programming

Simple Fast No programming hardware needed*

Sample Code

Read a sensor Data = analogRead(pin)

Control analog devices(motor, light, etc) analogWrite(pin, strength)

Read a digital signal digitalRead(pin)

Output a digital signal digitalWrite(pin, HIGH)

Output & Actuation

Video displays, Projectors Speakers Lights Motors Haptic feedback devices

Actuators & Output Devices

Max/MSP

Allows sophisticated audio and video manipulation and feedback

Puredata for an OpenSource alternative with little graphics

Many objects exist to interface with almost anything. Either direct or from 3rd party developers.

Experiential Media System

Sensing

Light: Using a CDS sensor with a 10K resistor to generate a voltage proportional to brightness

Pressure: Using an FSR with 100k and 10k resistors to generate a voltage proportional to applied pressure

Data Processing

Arduino: Samples the light and pressure analog signals using ADC. Digitize it and sends digital values to laptop on USB bus.

Laptop(Max/msp): Process data, scales it as needed, and applies conditions and manipulate audio and video output.

Output or Feedback

Processed/Manipulated Video output Processed Audio output

AME Digital Culture Kit

In Conclusion

Sensing can include.... motion(location, acceleration, rotation),

pressure, temperature, humidity, lighting, sound, magnetic(hall), biometric(eeg, emg, pulse, GSR) and more

Processing can include probabilistic computational model in addition to linear mapping

Output control can include.... Lighting, sound, video projection,

temperature, humidity, mechanical(linear and rotational motion), fluid and gas flow and more

Collect Checkout Forms and Regulation Sheet

Tool checkout form Electronic Kit checkout form Lab and equipment maintenance regulations

Please complete the collaboration optimization questionaire.

Web and Contact Info

http://dc-bdps.wikispaces.asu.edu/ assegid@asu.edu 480 309 2686 (cell)

Questions??

Thank you