How to Avoid an Ugly Presentation of Your Excellent ... · 2.TheMicro-Scale:LettersAndWords...

HOW TO AVOID AN UGLY PRESENTATION OFYOUR EXCELLENT RESULTS

An Introduction to Typography

Lars Ole Schwen

MEVIS Academy, Bremen, 2014-03-21

[http://xkcd.com/1015/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]

© Fraunhofer MEVIS

http://xkcd.com/1015/

HOW TO AVOID AN UGLY PRESENTATION OFYOUR EXCELLENT RESULTS

1. Motivation

2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words

3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs

4. The Macro-Scale: Pages

5. Parts of Scientific Texts

6. Miscellaneous

© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography

1. Motivation

Contents

1. Motivation





6. Miscellaneous


1. Motivation

Typography—Why Should You Care?

In today’s life, printed text is everywhere.

Now that’s a pretty strong claim …but

Q: Who remembers the last time you were more than 5 metres away fromany printed word?


1. Motivation



Now that’s a pretty strong claim …

but



1. Motivation



Now that’s a pretty strong claim …but



1. Motivation

Disclaimer

This talk latin alphabet only combined from 30-hour typographiy/editorial work course and 5 hours

LATEX course at JUB aim: typographical results but not how to use software package X I’m not using standard terminology for my “scales”


1. Motivation

Criteria for Good Texts

Pick your favourite type of document product sheet of a medical product presentation at an important conference cover letter of a job application MSc thesis of your student …

You will probably pay attention to content correct language correct written in appropriate structure layout/look professional

Let’s look at some dummy texts …


1. Motivation

Q: What Do You Think? (1)

The British com pany Sunflower Inc..was founded in 1728 and first did busi-ness in pro-ducing beer. After itsfounderJohn Shoemaker was killed in a duel,

his wife Barbara continued expand-ing the com-pany to the Irish market.Whiskey sold in red barrels becamean instant success in Kent.

Barbara Shoemaker married againin 1757, soon after London

experienced a rainy winter.


1. Motivation



1. Motivation


The pritsh caompagny SunflauwwerInc. wass funded in 1728 and 1st deedbusinniss in produccing biier. FounderJohn Shoemaker kilt in duel, waif Bar-bara continued expundding companyto Eyerish market. Whizzcey solt inred borrel beceime intsna soukes inKent.

Barbara Shoemaker merryd egeinin 1757, uson efftr Lunodn had rainywinter.


1. Motivation



1. Motivation


The British company Sunflower Inc.was founded in 1728 and first did busi-ness in producing frozen food. Af-ter its founder John Shoemaker waskilled in a duel, his wife Barbara con-tinued expanding the company to theAfrican market. Newly invented redwindmills became an instant successin Laos.

Barbara Shoemaker married againin 1857, soon after Japan hosted thesoccer world cup.


1. Motivation



1. Motivation


The British company Sunflower Inc.was founded in 1728 and first didbusiness in producing beer. After itsfounder John Shoemaker was killedin a duel, his wife Barbara continuedexpanding the company to the Irishmarket. Whiskey sold in red barrelsbecame an instant success in Kent.

Barbara Shoemaker married againin 1757, soon after London experienceda rainy winter.


1. Motivation



1. Motivation

How Does Reading Work?

[S., 2010]

eye focuses on a few points per line recognizes shapes of words rather than individual characters

Read quickly:

This siltl wrkos if chcaartres in wrdos are tatlloy mxied up.q.e.d. ,

Requirements guidance through one line allow jump to next line


1. Motivation

Most Important Typographic Rules

1. Consistency.

2. Consistency.

3. Consistency.

4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.

5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.

6. Don’t confuse the reader.



Contents

1. Motivation





6. Miscellaneous



Individual Characters

different languages use Latin alphabet plus different accents/specialcharacters:Encyclopædia Britannica, Français !, ¿Español?, IJsselmeer, Erdöl vs.Erdős, București, …

many things are language specificEnglish ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashesDeutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus





many things are language specific

English ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashesDeutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus





many things are language specificEnglish ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashes

Deutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus





many things are language specificEnglish ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashesDeutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus



Spacing: English vs. German

Abbreviations I like cheese, e.g., Gouda and Vacherin. Cheese is a dairy product, i.e., not vegan.no spacing, commas

Abkürzungen Ich mag Käse, z. B. Gouda und Vacherin. Käse ist ein Milchprodukt, d. h. nicht vegan.

Numbers/Zahlenpi ≈ 3.142 pi ≈ 3,14210,000 kWh/a 10.000 kWh/a oder 10 000 kWh/a

PossessionFreya’s office Freyas Büro (nicht Freya’s, Freya´s, …)James’ chair (British) James’ StuhlJames’s chair (American)



Fonts and Font Shapes

sans-serif font n simple shape easily readable good for headings, flyers, street signs, …

serif font n guides eye through the line easily recognizable good for multiple lines of text

italic font (not just slanted characters) n emphasize text (think of voice melody when speaking)

bold font n titles, headings (think of shouting vs. speaking)



Proper Bold vs. Poor Man’s Bold

(just thickened, shrunken eyes)

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.


(properly designed bold)



Proper Italic vs. Poor Man’s Italic

(just slanted)



(properly designed italics; notice the a, f, and w)



Proper Small Caps vs. Poor Man’s Small Caps

(smaller capital letters; thinner lines)

The quick fox Johnny RunnerThe quick fox Johnny Runner

The The The(properly designed small caps:height like lowercase characters, proper line thickness)



Text Figures vs. Lining Figures

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetueradipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum12 ut, placerat 456 ac, adipiscing vitae, fe-lis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Namarcu 2014 libero, nonummy eget, consectetuerid, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula au-gue eu neque. Pellentesque habitant morbitristique 2014 senectus et netus et malesuadafames ac turpis 456 egestas. Mauris ut LEO.Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.



Emphasizing Text

Not all words in a text are of equal importance.

4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names

8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text

8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)

8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness



Emphasizing Text


4 using italic text is usually the method of choice

writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names






Emphasizing Text


4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate

using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names






Emphasizing Text


4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names






Emphasis Examples

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetueradipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut,placerat ac, adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabiturdictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero,nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputatea, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque.Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncussem.

italic does not change grey value (i.e., does not “stick out”)



Emphasis Examples


neither do small caps



Emphasis Examples


bold changes grey value, i.e., sticks out



When to Use Formatting

Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …

[S., 2010]

Q: How often did I format things in bold?a) 1 to 10 timesb) 11 to 100 timesc) 101 to 1000 timesd) more than 1000 timesNone of the above. 0 times.



When to Use Formatting

Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …

Q: How often did I format things in bold?

a) 1 to 10 times

b) 11 to 100 times

c) 101 to 1000 times

d) more than 1000 times

None of the above. 0 times.



Formatting vs. Structuring I

[S., 2010]What is this?

8 Bold 14pt font “7.4 Homogenization”, 0.5 additional lines of spacingafterwards. Need to make sure it does not appear at the bottom of apage without following text. Need to put it in the table of contents …we’re on page 136, if this does not get shifted.

4 section heading “Homogenization”



Formatting vs. Structuring II

[S., 2010]What is this?

8 Bold “Figure 1.3.”, medium “Sample and image …”, indented starting inthe second line, text to be kept below the image. … Oh wait, therealready was a Figure 1.3, I’ll need to change that. … And also at thepositions where I referred to the previous Figure 1.3. No, wait, whichone did I mean??

4 figure caption “Sample and image …”(with a label to which I can refer elsewhere and get the correct number)



Formatting vs. Structuring II

[S., 2010]What is this?8 Bold “Figure 1.3.”, medium “Sample and image …”, indented starting in

the second line, text to be kept below the image. … Oh wait, therealready was a Figure 1.3, I’ll need to change that. … And also at thepositions where I referred to the previous Figure 1.3. No, wait, whichone did I mean??

4 figure caption “Sample and image …”(with a label to which I can refer elsewhere and get the correct number)



Formatting vs. Structuring III

structure your text, don’t format it

leave consistent formatting to appropriate templates/macros/… this also automatically takes care of correct entries in table of contents cross-referencing

use structural view rather than WYSIWYG do first things first do last things last




structure your text, don’t format it leave consistent formatting to appropriate templates/macros/…

this also automatically takes care of correct entries in table of contents cross-referencing





structure your text, don’t format it leave consistent formatting to appropriate templates/macros/… this also automatically takes care of correct entries in table of contents cross-referencing




Kerning, Ligatures

Kerning

Tea VortexKerning disabled

Tea Vortex

correct ligatures (German)

Schiff flüssig finden [http://xkcd.com/1015/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]

incorrect ligatures (German)

auffächern aufintegrieren Auflagecorrect without ligatures

auffächern aufintegrieren Auflage




Kerning, Ligatures

Kerning


Tea Vortex

correct ligatures (German)

Schiff flüssig finden








Kerning, Ligatures

Kerning


Tea Vortexcorrect ligatures (German)

Schiff flüssig finden [http://xkcd.com/1015/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]







Contents

1. Motivation





6. Miscellaneous



Lines and Paragraphs

Paragraphs are multiple lines of content belonging together first line should be indented to recognize distinct paragraphs otherwise unclear at top of page, after formula, figure, …

unless after headline



Lines and Paragraphs



Alignment and Justification

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravidamauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuerid, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue euneque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Maurisut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.

aligned left: random emphasis of words at end of lines




Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,

adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravidamauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer

id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue euneque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris

ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.

aligned right: hard to read (find beginning of next line)




Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,

adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravidamauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer

id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue euneque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris

ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.

centered: hard to read




Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac, adipisc-ing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Namarcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputatea, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellen-tesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus etmalesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut leo.Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.

justified




mathematically justified vs. optically justified[screenshots from R. Schlicht: The microtype package, v2.5a.]



Hyphenation

Silbentrennung in deutschen Texten geht oft schief (Blumento-pferde, Rohr-ohrzucker) ist oft hässlich (gelegentli-che, “Helvetisierung”)

ist algorithmisch nicht-trivial (etwa imRindfleischetikettierungsaufgabenüberwachungsübertragungsgesetz)

BSc-Urkunde der Universität Bremen:



Hyphenation

Silbentrennung in deutschen Texten geht oft schief (Blumento-pferde, Rohr-ohrzucker) ist oft hässlich (gelegentli-che, “Helvetisierung”)ist algorithmisch nicht-trivial (etwa imRindfleischetikettierungsaufgabenüberwachungsübertragungsgesetz)

BSc-Urkunde der Universität Bremen:



Types of Lists

Not all information needs to be presented in complete sentences.

bullet lists numbered lists



Types of Lists

Not all information needs to be presented in complete sentences. bullet lists numbered lists



Unordered List Example

Unordered or bullet list

no complete sentences order of points is not essential may contain sublists should have ≥ 2 points looks lost otherwise



Unordered List Example

• no complete sentences

• order of points is not essential

• may contain sublists

– should have ≥ 2 points

– looks lost otherwise

Note: same structure as before, different layout (presentation vs. print)



Ordered List Example

Ordered or enumerated list

1. can also contain sublists1.1 bla1.2 blub

2. e.g., step-by-step instructions

This is not really an example for 2.



Ordered List Example

1. can also contain sublists

a) bla

b) blub

2. e.g. step-by-step instructions



Contents

1. Motivation





6. Miscellaneous



Page Layout: Bad Example I

I don’t have transparent fingers … [ISBN 978-0-7553-9023-6]



Page Layout: Bad Example II

[DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2010.12.011]

this is hard to read ∼120 characters per line small line spacing

finding the next line is hard



Margins and Page Layout

need room for binding (depends on what is used) horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent) two-column layout permits smaller margins




need room for binding (depends on what is used)

horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent) two-column layout permits smaller margins




need room for binding (depends on what is used) horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent)

two-column layout permits smaller margins




need room for binding (depends on what is used) horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent) two-column layout permits smaller margins



Page Breaks

typically, new chapter starts on new right (odd) page don’t separate headline from start of text



Page Breaks

typically, new chapter starts on new right (odd) page don’t separate headline from start of text avoid orphans/clubs¹ and widows²

¹deutsch: Nachwuchskraft im schuhverarbeitenden Handwerk (früher: Schusterjunge)²deutsch: Abkömmling einer im horizontalen Gewerbe tätigen Person (früher: Hurenkind)



Figure Examples

[S. 2010]



Introduction to Figures

Figures are non-text material (but of course may contain text) tables sketches plots images

Properties not placed inside text number that can (should) be referenced in the main text caption (should be self-contained) many readers just browse through figures and captions



Footnotes

Footnotes¹ are annotations to the text that show up on the bottom of thepage.

additional information that would interrupt the flow of the text sometimes (usually not in the natural sciences) used for literature

references use with care² avoid footnotes in presentations (as I did here)

¹such as this one²If it is important, include it in the text. If it is not important, skip it. Only if it is neither, use a

footnote.



Background on Some Graphic File Formats

.eps, .pdf for vector graphics consists of geometric objects, smooth representation useful for sketches and plots

.png for pixel graphics lossless compression useful, e.g., for scanned “line art”.jpg for pixel graphics (lossy compression) useful for photos (jpeg stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”)




.eps, .pdf for vector graphics consists of geometric objects, smooth representation useful for sketches and plots.png for pixel graphics lossless compression useful, e.g., for scanned “line art”

.jpg for pixel graphics (lossy compression) useful for photos (jpeg stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”)




.eps, .pdf for vector graphics consists of geometric objects, smooth representation useful for sketches and plots.png for pixel graphics lossless compression useful, e.g., for scanned “line art”.jpg for pixel graphics (lossy compression) useful for photos (jpeg stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”)



JPEG Artifacts

use appropriate file formats



JPEG Artifacts II



JPEG Artifacts II

(effect exaggerated)



Color

Technical Background monitors and projectors (additively) mix red, green, and blue (RGB) printers (subtractively) mix cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK)

images from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdditiveColor.svg and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubtractiveColor.svg, public domain


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdditiveColor.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubtractiveColor.svg


21 Shades of Grey

Can you distinguish all of them on this display?

What about red, green, blue?

What about cyan, magenta, yellow?

And finally, the Fraunhofer corporate design colors …



Use Color With Care!

You don’t know in advance if the reader will use a b/w printer if the reader is color-blind how color will be printed/displayed/projected

So … think twice about using color in presentations think three times about using color for printed documents

Other possibilities (in addition to or instead of color) use shading for areas solid/dashed/dotted lines, line thickness



Avoiding Color is Possible



Issues in PDF Files

Problem: transparency in embedded pixel graphics.(this is an example from a presentation of somebody who has beenpreaching “Don’t use alpha channels in embedded pictures!” for years)



Issues in PDF Files

Don’t

8 mix RGB and CMYK

8 use transparency (RGBA)

8 embed pdfs doing this

unless you know the hardware and software on every device where yourdocument will be displayed/printed.



Table With Poor Layout

Country Capital City Area Continent

Afghanistan Kabul 652,230 km² AsiaAlbania Tirana 28,748 km² EuropeAlgeria Algiers 2,381,741 km² AfricaAndorra Andorra La Vella 468 km² Europe

consists of rows and columns first row and column may be of “headline”-type column alignment lines



Table With Better Layout

Country Capital City Area in km² Continent

Afghanistan Kabul 652,230 AsiaAlbania Tirana 28,748 EuropeAlgeria Algiers 2,381,741 AfricaAndorra Andorra La Vella 468 Europe

Recommendations

use appropriate alignment (left/right, centered is rarely useful) avoid vertical lines use few horizontal lines units can go in table heading make sure numerals are of equal width



Contents

1. Motivation





6. Miscellaneous



Mathematics: Types of Formulas

formulas like a2 + b2 = c2 may just appear in the normal text they should have a font (and font size) matching the text font they should be printed on the same base line as the text

longer or more complicated formulas can be written as numbered“displayed formulas” such as∫

Ω

∂tu(t, x) +∫Ω

∇u(t, x) =∑a∈A

∫Ta

fa(t, x), v(x)

(1)

this is also useful if Equation 1 is an important equation you want toreference later



Mathematics: Content of Formulas

Surface area of a cylinder

Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside

= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers text indices units alignment

Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?






= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables

mathematical operators numbers text indices units alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables mathematical operators

numbers text indices units alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers

text indices units alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers text indices

units alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers text indices units

alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators numbers text indices units

alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers text indices units

alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices units

alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units

alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units: upright, with narrow non-breakable space

alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2

mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units: upright, with narrow non-breakable space alignment







= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2


Why should you care?

Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?






= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl

= 452.35cm2





Formulas That Can Be Improved

[DOI 10.1208/aapsj0902030] mixed CMYK/RGB “black” is rendered dark gray (effect exaggerated) notice hat on top of f distinguish index-s and variable s superscript-citation misleading (exponent) spacing for indices of f text indices



Formulas That Can Be Improved

. . . the pulmonary circulation, fp(s), and the sys-temic circulation fs(s) from [78]:

C(s) =Div

Qbody

fp(s)

1 −(1 − Esys

)fs(s) fp(s)

(1)

where Qbody is . . .

[DOI 10.1208/aapsj0902030]

mixed CMYK/RGB “black” is rendered dark gray (effect exaggerated) notice hat on top of f distinguish index-s and variable s superscript-citation misleading (exponent) spacing for indices of f text indices



Formulas That Can Be Somewhat Improved

[Current Medical Imaging Review 3 (2007), p. 52]



Formulas That Can Be Somewhat Improved

. . . can be discriminated from the surrounding wa-ter or used to quantify the low-contrast resolutionperformance of a small animal CT at a fixed x-ray ex-posure by measuring its contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR):CNRi =

|Si−Sb |√σ2

i +σ2b

, with S and σ being the mean CT num-

ber and the standard deviation of the image pixel val-ues in a specific ROI in HU, the subscripts stand forthe inserts (i) and the background (b) [19]. Ideally, theCNR in CT images is proportional to the square rootof the applied dose [18, 34].

[Current Medical Imaging Review 3 (2007), p. 52]



Bibliographies

What is a bibliography?

list of other peoples’ work your article/thesis/… is based on

cited in the text: Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … printed usually at the end of the document

[42] Andrew Wiles. Modular elliptic curves and Fermat’s last theorem.The Annals of Mathematics, 141(3):443–551, 1995.



Bibliographies


list of other peoples’ work your article/thesis/… is based on cited in the text: Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states …

printed usually at the end of the document




Bibliographies


list of other peoples’ work your article/thesis/… is based on cited in the text: Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … printed usually at the end of the document




Formatting Bibliographies

Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text

, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)

format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …) order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …) correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing

and you don’t want to do that manually for 100+ references




Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)







format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …)

order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …) correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing






format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …) order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …)

correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing



6. Miscellaneous

Contents

1. Motivation





6. Miscellaneous


6. Miscellaneous

Be Precise in What You Write (I)

Try to call me from Nijmegen: (+49) (0)421 21859275.

Q: What do you dial?a) 0421 21859275b) 0049 0421 21859275c) 0049 421 21859275

Now you need spiritual guidance from the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter inRome: +39 (0)6 698 83712.

Q: What do you dial?a) 0039 0698 83712b) 0039 698 83712

The appropriate forms are +49 421 21859275 +39 06 698 83712


6. Miscellaneous

Be Precise in What You Write (I)

Try to call me from Nijmegen: (+49) (0)421 21859275.

Q: What do you dial?a) 0421 21859275b) 0049 0421 21859275c) 0049 421 21859275

Now you need spiritual guidance from the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter inRome: +39 (0)6 698 83712.

Q: What do you dial?a) 0039 0698 83712 (Italian landline requires 0)b) 0039 698 83712

The appropriate forms are +49 421 21859275 +39 06 698 83712


6. Miscellaneous

Be Precise in What You Write (II)

Dates What is 04/02/07?

Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007

Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)

And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.

Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!


6. Miscellaneous


Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007





6. Miscellaneous



Large Numbers What is 2 T€?

Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)




6. Miscellaneous







6. Miscellaneous




And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000

This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.



6. Miscellaneous







6. Miscellaneous





Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators?

ρWi of course!


6. Miscellaneous







6. Miscellaneous

Is This Tool Professional?

That depends on what it is used for!


6. Miscellaneous

Use Tools Appropriate for the Problem


6. Miscellaneous

Frequently Asked Questions

Typical scenario: multiple persons cooperatively writing one document. What is the latest version, including everyone’s input? What have my collaborators done since last week while I was away? This is b*ll!%t. Who wrote this?!?

Other scenario: one person writing a longer document. I used to have better version of this figure around Easter. How do I get it

back? I changed “apple” to “pear” months ago, but I want to revert it. What

other changes did I make at that time? I’m almost done with my PhD thesis, but my laptop bag including the

backup on my USB stick was stolen!! What do I do???

So what? Shoudn’t take longer than a minute do answer/fix(well, besides the hardware issue)


6. Miscellaneous


Typical scenario: multiple persons cooperatively writing one document. What is the latest version, including everyone’s input? What have my collaborators done since last week while I was away? This is brilliant. Who wrote this?!?







6. Miscellaneous







So what? Shoudn’t take longer than a minute do answer/fix

(well, besides the hardware issue)


6. Miscellaneous









6. Miscellaneous

Example Application

was an early version of

Q: How long did it take me to recover it?

a) 1 to 5 minutes

b) 5 to 15 minutes

c) more than 15 minutes

None of the above. 13 seconds.

find out which previous version (May 13, 2010, 18:36:40) to use: 7 s pull up that version of the image: 6 s

and then the boring work: wait for pdf to be generated: 28 s


6. Miscellaneous

Example Application



a) 1 to 5 minutes

b) 5 to 15 minutes




and then the boring work: wait for pdf to be generated

: 28 s


6. Miscellaneous

Example Application



a) 1 to 5 minutes

b) 5 to 15 minutes




and then the boring work: wait for pdf to be generated: 28 s


6. Miscellaneous

Ever Seen This Type of Chaos?

(anonymized real example)

sent corrections on Tuesday, not contained in version circulated onThursday

everyone spamming everyone else with changes to different versions nobody has access to actual “current” versionKey Problem: Workflow relies on a person (human) to do merges.


6. Miscellaneous

Ever Seen This Type of Chaos?

sent corrections on Tuesday, not contained in version circulated onThursday

everyone spamming everyone else with changes to different versions nobody has access to actual “current” versionKey Problem: Workflow relies on a person (human) to do merges.


6. Miscellaneous

Tools for Cooperation

Tools suitable for cooperation (working together)

4 revision control systems (subversion, git, mercurial, …)

4 collaborative editors (google doc, etherpad, …)

4 wikis

Tools for working against each other

8 synchronizing online storage (dropbox, …)

8 shared network folder (on internal fileserver)

8 using shared USB stick

8 sending files back and forth by email


6. Miscellaneous

Use Revision Control

… unless you are willing to bet 1 T€ that it is only you working on this document, only today, and only on this computer.


6. Miscellaneous

Questions not Answered Today

How to … use software tool X, Y, or Z make good presentations make good graphics

… but maybe someone else wants to give talks about that?




6. Miscellaneous

Literature

J. Gulbins, C. Kahrmann: Mut zur Typographie, ISBN 978-3-540-67541-9 H. P.Willberg, F. Forssmann: Lesetypografie, ISBN 978-3-87439-800-8 F. Forssmann, R. de Jong: Detailtypografie, ISBN 978-3-87439-642-4

Contact: Ole Schwen ‹[email protected]›


mailto:[email protected]

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