How successful had the UN been as a peacekeepingorganisation?
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Transcript of How successful had the UN been as a peacekeepingorganisation?
How successful had the UN been as a
peacekeeping organisation?
Successes
Iran complained to the
UN that Soviet troops,
stationed there during
WWII, were meddling in
the country’s internal
affairs
USSR saw this as a
Cold War tactic used by
the USA to oppose her
Iran (1945-1946)
Responded by claiming that Britain, USA’s ally,
was also interfering in Greece’s affairs, where
British troops were helping the government to
fight the communist rebels
Iran (1945-1946)
Though the British & Americans in the UN
Security Council were angered by this
accusation, claiming it was the Greek
government who requested for aid, the
conflict was eventually settled between the
Soviet & Iranian governments themselves
Could be considered a small measure of
success for the UN
Iran (1945-1946)
1946: UN helped to arrange independence
from Holland for the Dutch East Indies, which
became Indonesia
No agreement made about future of West New
Guinea (WNG) Claimed by both countries
Indonesia/ West New Guinea (1946)
1961: Fighting broke out
UNO finally sent a UN force to assist in
negotiations and maintain the peace
1962: Agreement by both countries that WNG
to become part of Indonesia
Success UNO integral in re-opening talks
between the two parties
Indonesia/ West New Guinea (1946)
Only occasion on
which the UN was
able to take
decisive action in a
crisis directly
involving the
interests of one of
the superpowers
The Korean War (1950-3)
When South Korea was invaded by the
communist North in 1950, the Security Council
immediately passed a resolution condemning
the North
Also called on all member states to lend
support to the South
The Korean War (1950-3)
Though this was possible only as the Soviet
Union, who would have definitely vetoed the
decision to support the South, was absent for
the meeting as a mark of protest over the
decision to prevent China from entering the
UN
The Korean War (1950-3)
Was a highly successful event for the UNO, as
UN troops succeeded in pushing the N. Korean
troops back to the 38th Parallel after their
invasion of the South
The Korean War (1950-3)
‘Uniting for Peace’
resolution
Permitted a Security
Council veto to be
bypassed by a General
Assembly majority vote
Resignation of Secretary-
General Trygve Lie
Criticised for his biased role
during decision-making
The Korean War (1950-3)
When Egypt suddenly nationalized the Suez
Canal, many of whose shares were owned by
Britain & France, both powers protested
strongly and sent troops, they claimed, to
protect national interests
The Suez Crisis (1956)
Israel later also invaded Egypt with the aim of
bringing down its leader, Nasser
A Security Council resolution requesting all UN
members to refrain from force was vetoed by
Britain & France soon after
The Suez Crisis (1956)
General Assembly could now pass a resolution
under the Uniting for Peace resolution (1950),
urging a ceasefire and the withdrawal of
forces
Still Britain & France continued their invasion
though they agreed to stop on condition that
satisfactory arrangements were made for the
canal
The Suez Crisis (1956)
Eventually the UNO introduced the United
Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), whereby
5000 men were moved into Egypt
Britain, France & Israel soon left though the
UNEF remained as a buffer zone between
Israel & Egypt
The Suez Crisis (1956)
Led to an increase in power of the Secretary-
General after Hammarskjold’s contributions
during the crisis
Increased the stature & influence of the UN
Had shown that it could concentrate the
weight of international opinion on the states
concerned
Highlighted that it was instrumental in pulling
back nations from a full-scale war
The Suez Crisis (1956)
Lebanon was in the middle of a civil war which had
begun in 1975
Frontier dispute in the south of the country between
Lebanese Christians, aided by the Israelis, and
Palestinians
Israelis had invaded South Lebanon in order to
destroy Palestinian guerrilla bases from which
attacks were being made on northern Israel
Israel agreed to withdraw on condition that the UNO
assumed responsibility to keeping the peace
Lebanon (1978)
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon sent
to South Lebanon
Succeeded in maintaining relative peace in
the area, but struggled to control frontier
violations, assassinations, terrorism etc.
Lebanon (1978)
1990: Muslim group Hezbollah, backed by Iran
& Syria, began to trouble Israel from bases in
South Lebanon
In response Israel invaded South Lebanon and
occupied most of the region until 1999
Again UNIFIL succeeded in negotiating an
Israeli withdrawal while increasing its
presence by increasing its forces to 8000
Succeeded finally in restoring calm in 2002
Lebanon (1978)
UN was successful in bringing an end to the
long-drawn war between the Gulf states,
though it was aided by the fact that both sides
were close to exhaustion
In 1988 a UN force of about 4000 unarmed
observers arrived at the war front to supervise
the ceasefire and the withdrawal of troops
behind original international boundaries
End of conflict made possible
The Iran-Iraq War (1980-8)
Mixed Successes
Dispute between Jews and Arabs in Palestine
was brought before the UN in 1947
UN decided after an investigation to divide
Palestine, setting up the Jewish state of Israel
Palestine (1947)
This was not accepted by the majority of
Arabs
The UN was unable to prevent a series of wars
between Israel and various Arab states
Palestine (1947)
However, it did useful work arranging
ceasefires and providing supervisory forces
The UN Relief and Works agency also cared
the Arab refugees
Palestine (1947)
The Congo was thrown into chaos immediately
after gaining independence when the
Congolese army mutinied and Belgian troops
returned
UN sent 20 000 troops into the Congo to
intervene as Belgian troops gradually left
UN Congo Fund set up to help the recovery &
development of the ravaged country
Congo (1960-4)
However the cost was so high that the UN was brought
close to bankruptcy, especially when the USSR, France
& Belgium refused to pay their contributions towards
the UN’s cause
Disapproved the UN’s way of handling the crisis and
demanded the resignation of S-G Hammarskjold, who
refused to
Smaller countries supported him and the Russians
withdrew their demand after his public declaration that
it was the smaller countries who required protection and
not the superpowers
Congo (1960-4)
In 1963 civil war broke out between the
Greeks and the Turks
1964: A UN peacekeeping force arrived to
restore peace
3000 UN troops permanently stationed in
Cyprus to prevent any conflict from arising
Cyprus (1964)
In 1974 Greek Cypriots attempted to unite the
city with Greece
Turkish Cypriots, upset over the situation,
received aid from Turkish army troops and
invaded the north of the island
Went on to expel all Greeks who were living in
that area
Cyprus (1964)
UNO intervenes again,
achieving a ceasefire while
still policing the frontier
between the Greeks and
Turks
Still been unsuccessful in
finding a compromise to
allow it to withdraw its
troops without any
consequences
Cyprus (1964)
Failures
When the Hungarians tried to exert their
independence from the USSR, Soviet troops
invaded Hungary to crush the revolt
The Hungarian Uprising (1956)
Hungary appealed to the UN but USSR vetoed
a Security Council resolution calling for the
withdrawal of forces
General Assembly passed the same resolution
and attempted to investigate, but Russia’s
refusal to cooperate meant no progress could
be made
The Hungarian Uprising (1956)
Russia’s refusal to respect the UN’s decision
highlighted the ineffectiveness of the UNO
Massive failure for the UN
The Hungarian Uprising (1956)
Claimed by both India &
Pakistan as it was
situated in between the
two countries
UN had already once
negotiated a ceasefire in
1948 after fighting broke
out
Kashmir (1947,1965 - )
Indians were to occupy
the southern part of
Kashmir; Pakistan, the
north
1965: Pakistani troops
invaded the Indian
zone, starting a war
Kashmir (1947,1965 - )
Again UNO intervened and
an uneasy peace was
restored
Original dispute remained
Not very successful: UNO
unable to find a long-term
solution
Kashmir (1947,1965 - )
Czechoslovakia had displayed several signs of what
Moscow considered to be too much independence
USSR & other Warsaw Pact troops were sent in to
enforce obedience to USSR
Security Council attempted to pass a motion
condemning this action, but Russia vetoed it
Claimed Czechs had asked for their intervention
Failure Nothing UNO could do in view of Russia’s
failure to cooperate
Czechoslovakia (1968)