How Small Can You Get? A human hair is about 100 microns (micrometers) wide One micron is about...
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![Page 1: How Small Can You Get? A human hair is about 100 microns (micrometers) wide One micron is about 0.001 times the thickness of a dime Current microchip.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56649f2b5503460f94c45179/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How Small Can You Get?How Small Can You Get?
A human hair is about 100microns (micrometers) wide
One micron is about 0.001times the thickness of a dime
Current microchip transistorsare about two microns wide
The wires that connect the transistors are less than a micron wide
If vacuum tubes were used in place of the transistors on a microchip the chip would be the size of a city block!
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Micromachines (MEMS)Micromachines (MEMS)
Current applications inertial sensors (e.g., in air bags) medical devices memory and mass storage micro-mirrors for digital projection (DLP)
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A “Nano” Guitar!A “Nano” Guitar!
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Population DensitiesPopulation Densities
55 million transistors per chip10 billion components / wafer
6 billion people / world
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The Shrinking TransistorThe Shrinking Transistor
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010103
104
105
106
107
108
8080
8086
286
386™
486™ DX
Pentium®
Pentium II
Pentium III Pentium 4
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0.01
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smallest featu
re size (micro
ns)
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How Can We See Small Things?How Can We See Small Things?
Atomic Force Microscopy
cadmium
selenidesilicon
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Refrigerator Magnet ImagingRefrigerator Magnet Imaging
pull probe strip
pull probe strip
probe
sample
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What is the best representation?What is the best representation?
(a) (b) (c)
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Imaging AtomsImaging Atoms
STEM image of a silicon crystal in the [112] orientation reveals pairs of atom columns in which the intrapair separation is 0.78 Å.
Scanning-Tunneling Electron
Microscopy (STEM) image shows individual platinum atoms (bright blobs) on an alumina support, with Pt3 clusters circled.
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Manipulating AtomsManipulating Atoms
A 40-nanometer-wide NIST logo made with cobalt atoms on a copper surface. The ripples in the background are made by electrons, which create a fluid-like layer at the copper surface. Each atom on the surface acts like a pebble dropped in a pond.
Joseph Stroscio; Robert Celotta / NIST
A single cobalt atom
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Forms of Carbon (Allotropes)Forms of Carbon (Allotropes)
~0.70 nm
graphite
“buckyball” “buckytube”
diamond
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Growing NanotubesGrowing Nanotubes
Forest of nanotubes
Single-wallednanotube (SWNT)