How much is time saving of 3 milliseconds worth?courses.egr.uh.edu/ECE/ECE6323/Class...
Transcript of How much is time saving of 3 milliseconds worth?courses.egr.uh.edu/ECE/ECE6323/Class...
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How much is time
saving of 3
milliseconds worth?
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How much is time
saving of 3
milliseconds worth?
$300 millions
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ECE 6323
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Introduction
Telecom/datacom network concept
Optical network concepts and architecture Overview
Layers and protocol
(D)WDM network and wavelength routing
Optical switching
Optical network deployment Global
Fiber to the premise (home, business,…)
Summary
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1857
1858
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1901
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1992
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That was then…
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How does one manage the tangle
webs of cables and systems?
Network
• A system to manage the flow of data: initiate, terminate, switch, connect, route, allocation.. Service and maintenance
• Historically: • From telegraph (text), telephone (voice)
• To today: data, IP traffic (internet)
• Triple play, quad play, entertainment, new applications…
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A recent history of US telecommunication • 1970’s: Long-haul carriers (IXCs), AT&T, MCI, GTE,…
- Technologies: microwave link, electronic switches
• Early 1980’s: IXCs (AT&T, MCI, GTE, LDDS, …), Cables vs. TV network
- Technologies : optical fiber trunking, coax cables network, high-
speed electronics
• Late 1980’s – early 1990’s: The war of all against all: IXCs (AT&T, MCI, GTE, WorldCom, …), RBOCs (Baby Bells), Wireless (cellular phones), Cables, DSS, TV network, Contents vs. Carriers,…
- Technologies : more optical fiber trunking, coax, microwave bands, higher-speed electronics, digital signal processors, networking gears
• Late 1990’s: The war of all against all: IXCs, ILECs, CLECs, Wireless, Cables, DSS, TV network, ISP (new comer)
- Technologies: optical fiber trunking, coax, modems, super ASICs, advanced electronics and optical networking gears.
•Early 21st century: back to regional telephone service providers vs. cables
- Technologies: Broadband, PON for the last (first) mile.
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Every generation of technology offers new
capability, service, changing the supply/
demand landscape
Network evolved in step with both technology
AND business model
Applications of the Internet, global commerce…
Every generation has new (its own) “killer
applications”
Example of latest/future: FTTH (access network):
can it be for entertainment, health care?
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Physical
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Logical
TDM voice
Voice over IP
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Local
Access
Ring
IP
router
ADM
DCS
Long haul
backbone
Typical 1990-2000 network Ethernet
Architectures: WAN,
(long haul), MAN, LAN
(Ethernet, ATM, FR,
SONET/SDH, IP)
Gears: modem,
terminal mux, router,
(O)ADM, (O/D)XC,
(C,D,UD)WDM
Conduits:
copper,
wireless
Conduits:
Optical
fiber
Too many layers/ protocols
Unoptimized routing/ switching
Insufficient or underutilized Bandwidth
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Technology issues late 1990’s • Network architecture:
•Long haul (including global): Wide area network (WAN)
•Metropolitan area network (MAN)
•Local area network (LAN)
• LAN, MAN, WAN independently evolved: Ethernet, FDDI,
SONET/SDH, ATM, IP (Internet): heavy overhead layers;
complex OAM&P (operations, administration, maintenance &
provisioning) to get compatibility
• Network usage: Voice traffic vs. data traffic; circuit switch vs.
packet switch; use phone line to hook up to the Internet (data
on voice circuit) and use Internet to make phone call (voice
over IP)
• Network equipment: unoptimized, electronic speed limit
• Conduit: Old copper network vs. optical fiber; capacity x reach
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Remember this:? Old vs. new optical
network?
Laser transmitter
EO regenerator Baseband electronic circuit switch, TDM TM, ADM, DXC (SONET/SDH, ATM, IP)
(C,D,UD)wavelength division mux.
Old
Optical amplifier
Lambda-switch/route, optical circuit switch, OADM, OXC, + electronic capabilities
New
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Early optical communication: point-to-point
fiber trunking: big pipe, but no new
network architecture
WDM optical network: new network
architecture
Business models also drive merging
architecture:
End-to-end efficiency and quality of service
New growth, e. g. FTTH
Optical network continue to evolve and drive
the future
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This does not include private networks!
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27
Broadband Services in Japan
Year
Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Num
ber
of S
ub
scribers
(m
illio
n)
2000 2001 Mar. Mar.
Target of NTT@2010
total
FTTH
DSL
CATV
Population : 128 million in Japan (2005) Households : 49 million
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Network evolution (switching speed)
80-90s 00-10s >10s-30s
Sw
itc
hin
g s
pe
ed
(s
)
SDH/SONET
p2p
l-routing
GMPLS
dynamic
optical circuit
switch
Concept level only
optical burst
switch
optical packet
switch
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Introduction
Telecom/datacom network concept
Optical network concepts and architecture Overview
Layers and protocol
(D)WDM network and wavelength routing
Optical switching
Optical network deployment Global
Fiber to the premise (home, business,…)
Summary
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Basic network concepts: topology
Terminal or node
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Network concepts: connection and switch
Connection vs. connectionless: • Connection-oriented: ensure a
connection path is established
(handshake) before transmitting data:
bi-directional communication: example
X.25 (POTS: plain old telephone
service)
• Connectionless: just launch the data
packet; example: IP
Are you ready?
Yes, throw it
Switch: • Circuit switch
• Packet switch – cell switch
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Public Switched Tel Network
VCs
SONET Mux
SONET Transport OC3
(155 Mb/s) OC48 (2.5 Gb/s)
IP router ATM switch
SONET DCS, ADM
LAN switch/router
DS0 (64 Kb/s)
SONET/SDH: Time division mux: designed for voice traffic
Server
Terminal Mux
Physical level
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Public Switched Tel Network
SONET Mux
SONET Transport OC3
(155 Mb/s) OC48 (2.5 Gb/s)
IP router ATM switch
SONET DCS, ADM
LAN switch/router
Server
Logical level Datagram IP/TCP
SONET STS-1 frame
mapping
Transport overhead
ATM frames 5-byte header
…… mapping
Transport overhead
Many protocols, overhead!
Logical level
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Source: Cisco System
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Network concepts: physical circuit vs. virtual
circuit
• Physical circuit: a
connection path
established with physical
transport
• Virtual circuit: a connection
established only at the
logical level: that the
packet is known to be
switched (doesn’t matter
which actual paths) and
delivered to destination
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Network concepts: routing
• Routing: A node
determines how to send
the packet: • Neighbor and topology
discovery
• Path selection
• Routing protocols and
algorithms
• Forwarding table
router
switches
• Other key concepts on network characteristics • Granularity: how fine is the level of management in a network
• Modularity: how a network can add a unit or remove a unit
(plug in or unplug)
• Scalability: whether the architecture can be scaled up and still
functioning the same way
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Specific to Optical Network: l-based functions
WDM:
Trunking: transport
many wavelength
channels
Broadcast and select
(“primitive”)
l-routing
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Specific to Optical Network: l-based functions
(continued) Optical switching, A/D routing, and cross-
connect
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Advanced l-routing concept
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Specific to Optical Network: l-based
functions (continued) Optical cross-connect: different levels and granularity:
• Physical optical paths (all wavelengths)
• A set of selected wavelengths: wavebands or finer (logical)
• Opaque: if EOE conversion is used. Transparent if all optical, and no
blocking of any channels
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Illustration of an optical node concept
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The 7-layer OSI Network Concept
Open System Interconnection: a framework for managing protocols in
different network layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next.
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Example of layers
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Introduction
Telecom/datacom network concept
Optical network concepts and architecture Overview
Layers and protocol
(D)WDM network and wavelength routing
Optical switching
Optical network deployment Global
Fiber to the premise (home, business,…)
Summary
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Today Network Protocols
ADM
IP Core Broadband Core Voice Core
IP over Sonet ATM over Sonet Ethernet over Sonet Voice / TDM
S O N E T
F I B E R
LAN FR
Source: Oliver Rolando (BellNexxia)
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Technology issues late 1990’s • Network architecture:
•Long haul (including global): Wide area network (WAN)
•Metropolitan area network (MAN)
•Local area network (LAN)
• LAN, MAN, WAN independently evolved: Ethernet, FDDI,
SONET/SDH, ATM, IP (Internet): heavy overhead layers;
complex OAM&P (operations, administration, maintenance &
provisioning) to get compatibility
• Network usage: Voice traffic vs. data traffic; circuit switch vs.
packet switch; use phone line to hook up to the Internet (data
on voice circuit) and use Internet to make phone call (voice
over IP)
• Network equipment: unoptimized, electronic speed limit
• Conduit: Old copper network vs. optical fiber; capacity x reach
Significant progress has been made in the last decade
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OXC: core
ROADM: metro
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Synchronous Optical Network: (SONET/ SDH) standard adopted ~1988 Requires synchronization of the network (all on
the same clock): accurate, absolute timing (stratum clock) – time-based switching
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): fixed length packet switching- above SONET
Optical Transport Network (OTN): seek to combine SONET/SDH with DWDM advantages
Internet Protocol/DWDM (IP and IP/DWDM): IP over ATM/SONET
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A standard (from telecom companies) for
the 1990’s network (before DWDM)
Important features:
Speeds: OC-n
Synchronization
Frame structure STS
Layers (architecture)
Overhead
SONET rings
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SONET/SDH Speed
Optical
Level
Electrical
Level
Rate
(Mbit/s)
Line
Payload
Rate
(Mbit/s)
Overhead
Rate
(Mbit/s)
SDH
Equivalent
OC-1 STS-1 51.840 50.112 1.728 STM-0
OC-3 STS-3 155.520 150.336 5.184 STM-1
OC-12 STS-12 622.080 601.344 20.736 STM-4
OC-48 STS-48 2488.320 2405.376 82.944 STM-16
OC-192 STS-192 9953.280 9621.504 331.776 STM-64
OC-768 STS-768 39813.120 38486.016 1327.104 STM-256
Note: current research speed is >= 100 Gb/s
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Line rate hierarchy
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Synchronization of SONET networks
Need atomic clock to keep the network synchronized
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Synchronization of SONET networks (cont)
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SONET STS-1 frame structure
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SONET architecture layers (hierarchy)
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SONET overhead
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SONET overhead
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SONET deployment: rings
Bidirectional Path Switched Ring (BPSR)
Rapid restoration
50-ms self-healing network
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SONET deployment: rings Oregon Fiber for Google
A state-wide fiber network, using seven SONET
rings, provides redundancy throughout Oregon
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A protocol for switching (independently of
any data layer)
Fixed length 53-byte
packet. Switched
according to packet
length, not by any
clock: hence
asynchronous
Routing: VCI header
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ATM switch applications
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ATM over SONET ATM is for efficient switching – SONET is
for efficient transport
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Today Network Protocols
ADM
IP Core Broadband Core Voice Core
IP over Sonet ATM over Sonet Ethernet over Sonet Voice / TDM
S O N E T
F I B E R
LAN FR
Source: Oliver Rolando (BellNexxia)
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SONET was developed prior to (D)WDM
OTN: improve efficient use of (D)WDM +
SONET
Not a standard
Support existing standards and protocols
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IP over DWDM
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Wavelength routing networks
Optical switching networks
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and generalized MPLS (GMPLS)
Optical Burst Switching Networks
Access: PON, APON, BPON,
GE-PON, GPON in FTTx
LAN: Optical Ethernet
Co
re
Ed
ge
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Introduction
Telecom/datacom network concept
Optical network concepts and architecture Overview
Layers and protocol
(D)WDM network and wavelength routing
Optical switching
Optical network deployment Global
Fiber to the premise (home, business,…)
Summary
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