How much grammar do I need to know? Friday, 15 May 2015.
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Transcript of How much grammar do I need to know? Friday, 15 May 2015.
How much grammar How much grammar do I need to know?do I need to know?
www.geoffbarton.co.uk
Tuesday, April 18, 2023
1 - Sentence types
(co-ordination & subordination)
2 -Modification
3 - Cohesion
GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS
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There are 3 types of sentences:
•Simple sentences
•Compound sentences (coordination)
•Complex sentences (subordination)
Using a variety of sentences will improve your
writing.
1: SIMPLE SENTENCES
Seamus is asleep
Seamus likes warmth
Old Seamus used to be funOld Seamus is positively knackered
Seamus smells rather badly
Seamus has a chronic haemorrhoid problem
1: SIMPLE SENTENCES
Seamus is asleep
Seamus likes warmth
Old Seamus used to be funOld Seamus is positively knackered
Seamus smells rather badly
Seamus has a chronic haemorrhoid problem
Essential ingredients:
•Subject
•Verb chain
•Tells us about one thing
1: SIMPLE SENTENCESStatements:
The beach is beautiful.
The sea is calm.
Questions:
Where are we?
Why is the sea calm? Commands:
Go to the beach.
Buy me a choc-ice.Sentence functions ...
Kipper wanted a dog.Everyone wanted a dog.They went to the dogs’ home.They looked at the dogs.Kipper wanted this dog.It was too big.Biff wanted this dog. It was too little.Mum wanted this dog.It was too strong.Everyone liked this dog.They took the dog home.
A New Dog (OUP)
Simple sentences in context ...
•Give clarity
•Can become repetitive
•Can be very short
•Are separated by full stops, not commas
•Can be great for instructions, factual writing, texts for children, suspense
2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
The woman is worried and she looks out of the window and she wants to see someone but she is all alone and there is no one there.
2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
The woman is worried and she looks out of the window and she wants to see someone but she is all alone and there is no one there.
2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
The woman is worried. and She looks out of the window. and She wants to see someone. but She is all alone. and There is no one there.
2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
This creates
coordination
I like fish and I enjoy chips
I adore fish but I hate chips
I enjoy fish, or I did as a child
2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
This creates
coordination
I like fish and I enjoy chips
I adore fish but I hate chips
I enjoy fish, or I did as a child
2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
Grammar and effect ...
I am four and my sister is three and she is often cross but today she is happy and we are going for a picnic but I am taking my bucket and spade and we will play on the beach but not if it’s raining and then we will come home and I will watch Tweenies and … (YAWN)
2: COMPOUND SENTENCESSailor Bear
He thought and he thought. Then he looked at his suit and he knew what to do.
“I’ll be a sailor, and sail on the sea!” decided Small Bear.But he hadn’t a boat.“Now what shall I do?” wondered Small Bear.He thought and he thought. Then he looked at the sea and he knew what to do.
2: COMPOUND SENTENCESSailor Bear
He thought and he thought. Then he looked at his suit and he knew what to do.
“I’ll be a sailor, and sail on the sea!” decided Small Bear.But he hadn’t a boat.“Now what shall I do?” wondered Small Bear.He thought and he thought. Then he looked at the sea and he knew what to do.
Compound sentences in context ...
•Create longer sentences
•Coordinate ideas (equal weighting)
•Can become repetitive
•Can sound colloquial, conversational
•Are great for personal writing, stories, information texts …
•… But must be used with care
3: COMPLEX SENTENCESThe sea bass, which was filmed two days ago, cruises slowly through the ocean. Starting at the bottom, it works its way upwards. Determined to find food, it scours the coral reef. He moves upwards because he senses danger.
3: COMPLEX SENTENCES
This creates
subordination
Remember coordination …?
I like fish and I enjoy chips
The sea bass, which was filmed two days ago, cruises slowly through the ocean.
SUBORDINATION
3: COMPLEX SENTENCES
The sea bass, which was filmed two days ago, cruises slowly through the ocean.
SUBORDINATION
3: COMPLEX SENTENCES
MAIN CLAUSE
The sea bass, which was filmed two days ago, cruises slowly through the ocean.
SUBORDINATION
3: COMPLEX SENTENCES
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSESUBORDINATE CLAUSE
-ed verb:
Make sure the subject agrees
•Frustrated
•Destroyed
•Undermined
Coordinating conjunctions
And, but, or
Subordinating conjunctions
after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if , in case, once, since, than, that, though, until, unless, when, whenever, where, wherever, whereas, while
Handy Conjunctions
COMPLEX SENTENCES ...
Have a main clause and a subordinate clause linked by ...
Conjunction - as, until, after …
-ing verb
-ed verb
Relative pronoun - who, which, that ..
So are simple sentences always short …?
Seamus is asleep.Old smelly Seamus used to be soundly asleep on the old fur rug.
Simple sentences don’t need to be
short, if we use modification ..
Modifying a noun with an adjective:
The house is menacing old
mustysmellyrevolting
Modifying an adjective with an adverb:
The house is menacing old
reallyhorriblyvery
too
Simple sentences don’t need to be
short, if we use modification ..
Modifying a verb with an adverb:
The wolf yawns in his sleep
lazily
uneasily
frighteningly
imperceptibly
Simple sentences don’t need to be
short, if we use modification ..
The Other Side of the Dale
County Hall was a large, grey, stone mansion of an edifice ...The interior was like a museum, hushed and cool, with long echoey, oak-pannelled corridors, high ornate ceilings, marble figures and walls full of gilt-framed portraits of former councillors, mayors, aldermen, leaders of the Council, high sheriffs, lord lieutenants, members of parliament and other dignitaries. It was really quite a daunting place.
Gervase Phinn
The Other Side of the Dale
County Hall was a large, grey, stone mansion of an edifice ...The interior was like a museum, hushed and cool, with long echoey, oak-pannelled corridors, high ornate ceilings, marble figures and walls full of gilt-framed portraits of former councillors, mayors, aldermen, leaders of the Council, high sheriffs, lord lieutenants, members of parliament and other dignitaries. It was really quite a daunting place.
Gervase Phinn
The Other Side of the Dale
County Hall was a large, grey, stone mansion of an edifice ...The interior was like a museum, hushed and cool, with long echoey, oak-pannelled corridors, high ornate ceilings, marble figures and walls full of gilt-framed portraits of former councillors, mayors, aldermen, leaders of the Council, high sheriffs, lord lieutenants, members of parliament and other dignitaries. It was really quite a daunting place.
Gervase Phinn
COHESION
Cohesion is the way we show the reader the ‘direction’ of a text using ...
PRONOUNS:
she / he / it / they / we / us
CONNECTIVES:
Before, later, on the other hand, despite this, however ...
SPOT THE COHESION DEVICES
At around £1 for a large fruit, the pineapple is no longer the special-occasion fruit it was in my childhood. (If there is a pineapple in the fruit bowl, then it must be Christmas.) More recently, in the lush, tropical heat of Goa, the fruit became a daily ritual during a beach-bum holiday. Armed with a plump pineapple, chosen for its ripeness and stripped of its inedible skin by the stallholder’s fearsome machete, we would wander far along the deserted beach to make the most of the fruit and its sticky juice.
Six months later, in the frost-covered gardens of Versailles, the statues and urns wrapped up for the winter, such a fruit seemed even more welcome, cheering us up as our teeth chattered and we dripped juice into the snow as we walked. It is this fruit’s impeccable timing, turning up sweet and gold in the depths of winter, that probably makes it so popular.
Nigel Slater, Real Good Food
SPOT THE COHESION DEVICES
At around £1 for a large fruit, the pineapple is no longer the special-occasion fruit it was in my childhood. (If there is a pineapple in the fruit bowl, then it must be Christmas.) More recently, in the lush, tropical heat of Goa, the fruit became a daily ritual during a beach-bum holiday. Armed with a plump pineapple, chosen for its ripeness and stripped of its inedible skin by the stallholder’s fearsome machete, we would wander far along the deserted beach to make the most of the fruit and its sticky juice.
Six months later, in the frost-covered gardens of Versailles, the statues and urns wrapped up for the winter, such a fruit seemed even more welcome, cheering us up as our teeth chattered and we dripped juice into the snow as we walked. It is this fruit’s impeccable timing, turning up sweet and gold in the depths of winter, that probably makes it so popular.
Nigel Slater, Real Good Food
Pronouns
SPOT THE COHESION DEVICES
At around £1 for a large fruit, the pineapple is no longer the special-occasion fruit it was in my childhood. (If there is a pineapple in the fruit bowl, then it must be Christmas.) More recently, in the lush, tropical heat of Goa, the fruit became a daily ritual during a beach-bum holiday. Armed with a plump pineapple, chosen for its ripeness and stripped of its inedible skin by the stallholder’s fearsome machete, we would wander far along the deserted beach to make the most of the fruit and its sticky juice.
Six months later, in the frost-covered gardens of Versailles, the statues and urns wrapped up for the winter, such a fruit seemed even more welcome, cheering us up as our teeth chattered and we dripped juice into the snow as we walked. It is this fruit’s impeccable timing, turning up sweet and gold in the depths of winter, that probably makes it so popular.
Nigel Slater, Real Good Food
connectives
1 - Sentence types
2 -Modification
3 - Cohesion
GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS
SENTENCE LEVEL
WORD LEVEL
TEXT LEVEL