How might a reduction in transportation costs increase poor people’s effective income?
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HOW MIGHT A REDUCTION IN TRANSPORTATION COSTS INCREASE POOR PEOPLE’S EFFECTIVE INCOME?Michael Giangrande GEOG 596A Capstone Peer ReviewAdvisor: Dr. Lakshman Yapa 3/26/2012
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Geography of Poverty
Traditionally mapped using US Census data
Data collected at place of residence High correlation between poverty and
“usual culprits” Race Employment Family Structure
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Income Production 4.3 % of Americans work from home
(McKenzie & Rapino)
Traditional income “Consumption” vs. alternate income “Production”
Random distribution without correlation to traditional poverty measures
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Motivation
Can we reduce the cost of living for poor people?
Transportation cost associated with commuting
Working poor can spend up to 21% of their income commuting (Bureau of Transportation Statistics)
Reduce transport costs = Increase effective income
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Process Overview Origin-destination data for poor
commuters from West Philadelphia Modes of transportation used by
poor commuters Calculate costs by mode for all
analysis routes Cost savings summed over all
destinations will give us an estimate of the magnitude of poverty reduction
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Goals and Objectives To examine the standard way in which
poverty is defined (i.e. US Census) Explore the non-traditional, income
production poverty mapping Discuss why transportation to work with
respect to poverty can be important Make an argument the poor’s effective
income can be increased by reducing transport cost
Offer information about the cost savings
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Library of Congress image
Methodology
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Methodology - Origin
Weighted Mean Center Formula from The Esri Guide to GIS Analysis Volume 2: Spatial Measurements and Statistics
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Source - http://onthemap.ces.census.gov/
Methodology - Destination
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Methodology - Mode ACS Modal Categories
Automobile alone Automobile carpooled Public Transportation Walked Other (Taxicab, motorcycle, bicycle, other
means) Worked at home
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Methodology - Cost Automobile Alone
Esri Network Analyst Network dataset (e.g. NAVTEQ streets) POV Reimbursement Rates Automotive Aftermarket Expenditure
Carpooling RideShareOnline.Com
Public Transportation Google Transit
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Methodology - Cost
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Methodology - CostGoogle Transit URL format:http://www.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&f=d&dirflg=r&hl=en&saddr={LATo}%2C+{LONo}&daddr={LATd}%2C+{LONd}&ttype=dep&date={month}%2F{day}%2F{year}&time={hour}%3A {min}{am/pm}
Where: {LATo} = Latitude of the origin in decimal degrees{LONo} = Longitude of the origin in decimal degrees
{LATd} = Latitude of the destination in decimal degrees{LONd} = Longitude of the destination in decimal degrees{month} = numeric month{day} = numeric day{year} = 2-digit numeric year{hour} = numeric hour (EST){min} = numeric minute{am/pm} = ‘AM’ or ‘PM’
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Methodology - Cost
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Methodology - Cost Walked (ZERO cost) Other
Bicycle (ZERO cost) Taxi Motorcycle
Worked from home (ZERO cost)
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Anticipated Results Increase of effective income if a
transition is made from driving alone to the other options
Carpooling and public transportation will be less expensive than driving alone
ACS modal category ‘Other’ will cause incomplete results
Time as an ancillary factor in “savings”
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Acknowledgments/References Dr. Lakshman Yapa and Michael Stryker
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Questions?Contact Information:Michael [email protected] Telephone 301.610.5107WestatRockville, MD 20850