How Many Kingdoms? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi...

How Many Kingdoms?

Mul

ticell

ular

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trache

ophy

tes

Bryop

hytes

True F

ungi

Slime M

olds

Red al

gae

Brown A

lgae

Green A

lgae

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Archez

oans

Archae

bacte

ria

Bacter

ia

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Animal Features

• Multicellular Eukaryotes• Heterotrophic Ingestion• Collagen Protein Connections• Nerve and Muscle Tissues• Diplontic (Gametic) Life History• Gametes Oogamous with Flagellated Sperm• Zygote to Blastula, perhaps Gastrulation• Larval metamorphosis into Adult• Ontogeny Recapitulating Phylogeny

Animals

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Nematoda

http

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/nem

atod

e/ne

m_f

ig1.

jpg

http://www.ua.es/dpto/dcarn/fitopatologia/Images/Celegans1.jpg

Nematode Body Organization

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/ecdysozoa/nematodexssm.gif

http://www.esa.int/export/images/Ce_400.jpg

Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacteriovorous soil nematode, feeds on E. coli in vitro, is a genetic model organism, its genome is sequenced.N=6

XX=hermaphroditeXO=male Life cycle: 3

days at 20°C

http

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/nem

map

/Ent

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nem

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.gif

vulva

anus

mouth

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tion

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G

embryo in shell of zygote

protandrous

http://nema.cap.ed.ac.uk/Caenorhabditis/C_elegans_genome/celeganslifecycle.jpg

meiosis syngamy

protandrous

Animals

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Annelida

http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg

Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm

This is an aquatic oligochaete annelidMouth feeds in sedimentsTail extends toward water surface for gas exchangeBody walls nearly transparent for easy observationFor example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel

http://iris.cnice.mecd.es/biosfera/alumno/1bachillerato/animal/imagenes/nervio/lumbricus.jpg

Lumbricus terrestris: Canadian nightcrawler or Earthworm

mouth

clitellum

edge of ventral reproductive structures

anus

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/142003_Annelida.jpg

The earthworm body is fundamentally segmented. Here is a typical segment:

The segments near the head are specialized for other physiological functions.

Each segment is filled with coelomic fluid, under some pressure, which provides “stiffness.”

http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab__12_annel_arthro/images/lumbr_diagr_dissection.jpg

Dermal: Gas Exchange

Nervous: Sensory and Coordination

Muscular: Movement

Digestive: Food Intake Nutrient Absorption

Reproductive: Male

Female

Circulatory: Gases,

Nutrients, Wastes

Excretory:

Major Organ Systems in an Earthworm

http://myhome.naver.com/c65hoi5/c3/c33236.jpg

Characteristics • More than 100 segments • Segments separated by partitions that divide coelom • Segments identical except when specialized and fused • Anterior and posterior ends • Cephalization specialized for burrowing • Head contains sense organs • Circular and longitudinal muscles

http

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um_a

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htm

http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20external%20form.htm

1 Mouth 2 Prostomium 3 Segment 4 Spermathecal openings 5 Female (oviduct) opening 6 Male (vas deferens) opening 7 Sperm groove 8 Papilla 9 Clitellum (saddle) 10 Paired setae (ventro-lateral) 11 Anus 12 Dorsal surface 13 Ventral surface

Movement • Setae anchored during movement • Circular muscles contract • Hydrostatic pressure increases in anterior coelomic cavities • Body elongates pushing head forward • Anterior setae grip ground • Longitudinal muscles contract--posterior pulled along • Coelomic divisions allow simultaneous contraction and expansion of segments

http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20muscle%20system.htm

http

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A External view B Section through segment 1 Coelom 2 Circular muscle 3 Cuticle 4 Intestine 5 Dorsal blood vessel 6 Typhlosole 7 Epidermis 8 Nephridium 9 Longitudinal muscle 10 Seta 11 Protractor muscle 12 Retractor muscle 13 Ventral nerve cord 14 Subneural vessel 15 Ventral vessel 16 Septum

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http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20digestive%20and%20nervous%20systems.htm

1 Anus 2 Intestine 3 Cerebral ganglion 4 Prostomium 5 Mouth 6 Nerve collar 7 Segmental ganglion 8 Pharynx 9 Esophagus 10 Segmental nerve 11 Crop 12 Gizzard 13 Ventral nerve cord

Nervous • Sensitive to tough, light, moisture, chemicals, temperature, and vibrations • Light receptors on head and tail--sense direction • Most sense organs and nerves control muscle contractions in individual segments • Pair of ganglia in each segment coordinate movement with adjacent segments • Cerebral ganglion in head controls total body • Ventral nerve cord connects brain with ganglia

Feeding • Feed on organic matter in soil • Digest organic matter • Wastes and undigested soil eliminated as casting • Loosens and aerates soil Digestion • Soil sucked in by pharynx -> esophagus -> crop (storage) -> • gizzard (grinds soil releasing organic matter) -> • intestine (nutrients absorbed)

http

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http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20digestive%20and%20nervous%20systems.htm

1 Anus 2 Intestine 3 Cerebral ganglion 4 Prostomium 5 Mouth 6 Nerve collar 7 Segmental ganglion 8 Pharynx 9 Esophagus 10 Segmental nerve 11 Crop 12 Gizzard 13 Ventral nerve cord

Circulation • Transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes • Flow of blood toward posterior via ventral blood vessel • Flow of blood toward anterior via dorsal blood vessel • 5 pair of aortic arches link vessels near anterior • Smaller vessels branch into segments • Contraction of ventral vessel and aortic arches forces blood through body

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http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20circulatory%20system.htm

1 Anus 2 Dorso-subneural vessel 3 Intestine 4 Dorsal vessel 5 Hearts (aortic arches) 6 Mouth 7 Ventral vessel 8 Subneural vessel

Gas Exchange • Lack gills or lungs--oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across skin • Requires moist skin, thin cuticle, mucus secretion…limits habitat! Excretion • Elimination of nitrogen wastes • Long tubules (nephridia) excrete wastes • Coelomic fluid enters nephridium through ciliated funnel opening • Some water reabsorbed by blood • Remaining fluid excreted through ventral pores

http

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http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20excretory%20and%20reproductive%20systems.htm

A External view B Excretory system (nephridium) C-D Reproductive system C Lateral view D Dorsal view 1 Nephrostome 2 Septum 3 Ciliated tube 4 Bladder 5 Nephridiopore 6 Body wall

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Reproduction • Hermaphrodites--cannot self fertilize • Worms join head to tail • Form mucus coat around bodies--each inject sperm into mucus • Sperm move to seminal receptacle • Eggs move through oviducts to female genital pore • Clitellum secretes mucus and chitinous sheath • Worm wiggles to slip off sheath • Eggs and sperm join

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http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20excretory%20and%20reproductive%20systems.htm

A External view B Excretory system (nephridium) C-D Reproductive system C Lateral view D Dorsal view 1 Nephrostome 2 Septum 3 Ciliated tube 4 Bladder 5 Nephridiopore 6 Body wall 7 Seminal vesicle 8 Testis 9 Egg sac 10 Male opening 11 Female opening 12 Oviduct 13 Ovary 14 Sperm duct (vas deferens) 15 Opening to sperm-receiving sac 16 Sperm-receiving sac (spermatheca)

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm

http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/worm_stuff/worm_ventral.html

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/worms_mating.jpg

http://192.171.163.165/pil/Choanoflagellate_spp..jpg

Animals probably evolved from a flagellated protist similar to the choanoflagellates

flagellum

collar

cell body



http://ebiomedia.com/downloads/sponges.pdf

One step in this evolution is to become colonial. Here are the choanocytes of one of the simplest of sponges. Basically the most primitive animals.

Of course the other required step is to eliminate the chloroplasts of the choanoflagellate (Chrysophyta!).

Sponge, Cnidarian

EctodermEndoderm

spongocoel

Acoelomate

Mesoderm

2-layered

Planarian

3-layered

gastrovascularcavity

Nematodepseudocoelomdigestive tract

Pseudocoelomate

Annelid

Coelomate

coelom

Evolution of Body Organization




are needed to see this picture.zygote

cleavage

blastula

Development or Evolution?

2-layered acoelomate body plan



Cnidarians



Protostome Phyla



Deuterostome Phyla(except vertebrates)

Origin of MesodermPlatyhelminthesNematodaAnnelidaMolluscaArthropoda Echinodermata

HemichordataChordata

mouth

anus

blastocoel

blastoporemouth

archenteron

The Animal Clade

Chord

ata

Ancestral Choanoflagellate

Cnida

ria

Hemich

orda

ta

Echin

oderm

ataExtant

deuterostomia

Arthro

poda

Anneli

da

Mol

lusc

a

protostomia

coelomates

Nemato

da

Rotife

ra

pseudo-coelomates

Platyh

elmin

thes

acoelomates

radiatabilateria

eumetazoa (true tissues)

Porife

ra

parazoa

loss of chloroplast, colonial organization

This cladogram omits several smaller animal phyla!

How Many Kingdoms? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi...

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