How long have there been cells? Bacteria evolved about 3 billion years ago. Can be just a simple...
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How long have there How long have there been cells?been cells?
•Bacteria evolved about 3 billion years ago.
• Can be just a simple membrane filled with DNA.
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What allowed us to see What allowed us to see cells?cells?
The MicroscopeThe Microscope Robert HookeRobert Hooke
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CellsCells
The basic unit of life. The basic unit of life. The building blocks of all living thingsThe building blocks of all living things
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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells.All living things are made of cells.
Cells come from other cells (Cell Division).Cells come from other cells (Cell Division).
Cells are the smallest working units of living Cells are the smallest working units of living things. things.
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
Smallest is a cellSmallest is a cell
tissuetissue
organorgan
Organ systemOrgan system
Largest is an organismLargest is an organism
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ProkaryotesProkaryotes
A prokaryotic cell has A prokaryotic cell has no “true nucleus” and no “true nucleus” and lack membrane lack membrane bound organelles.bound organelles.
Still make proteins and Still make proteins and have DNAhave DNA
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EukaryotesEukaryotes
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and also Eukaryotes have a nucleus and also have all of the membrane bound have all of the membrane bound organelles.organelles.
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Plant CellPlant CellKey Feature?
Tough, rigid
CELL WALL
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Animal CellAnimal Cell
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CytoplasmCytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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CytoplasmCytoplasm
The “juice” of the cell.The “juice” of the cell. The “right” The “right”
environment for the environment for the chemical reactions of chemical reactions of the cell.the cell.
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Lipid BilayersLipid Bilayers
Cell Membrane
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Cell Membrane, a lipid Cell Membrane, a lipid bilayerbilayer
The barrier between the cell and the environment.The barrier between the cell and the environment. Controls what gets in and out of a cell.Controls what gets in and out of a cell. Building different Building different membranesmembranes is one way different cell is one way different cell
types are made.types are made.
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Plant CellPlant Cell
Cell Wall
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Cell WallCell Wall
Made of cellulose.Made of cellulose. Serves to give a firm Serves to give a firm
structure to plantsstructure to plants
Can’t poop? Eat Can’t poop? Eat more fiber (cellulose)more fiber (cellulose)
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Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
Membrane around Membrane around nucleus. nucleus.
Carefully controls Carefully controls what gets in and out.what gets in and out.
Protects DNA!Protects DNA!
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NucleusNucleus
Nucleus
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NucleusNucleus
Membrane Bound*Membrane Bound* Contains DNA (the Contains DNA (the
genetic instructions genetic instructions that make you… that make you… you). you).
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Nucleolus Nucleolus (Be careful to spell (Be careful to spell correctly)correctly)
Ribosomes (RNA and Ribosomes (RNA and proteins) assembled proteins) assembled herehere
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)(ER)
ER
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Endoplasmic Reticulum, Endoplasmic Reticulum, the ERthe ER
Membrane Bound*Membrane Bound* Smooth ER makes Smooth ER makes
lipids. lipids. (For Membranes)(For Membranes)
Rough ER Rough ER ((ribosomesribosomes)) makes proteins.makes proteins.
Sends proteins to Sends proteins to Golgi.Golgi.
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Golgi Body (Golgi Stack)Golgi Body (Golgi Stack)
Golgi
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Golgi BodyGolgi Body Sorts proteins. Sorts proteins. Sent to:Sent to:
Secreted (released Secreted (released from cell)from cell)
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane Membrane bound Membrane bound
organelles.organelles.
Pancreas?
Secretes INSULIN.
Not working? Diabetes.
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LysosomeLysosome
Lysosome
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Lysosomes and Lysosomes and peroxisomesperoxisomes
Membrane Bound*Membrane Bound* Store or destroy Store or destroy
waste.waste. Lysosomes are Lysosomes are
acidic, like your acidic, like your stomach.stomach.
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Secretory PathwaySecretory Pathway Proteins are coded for Proteins are coded for
by by DNADNAmade on made on rough ERrough ER by by ribosomesribosomessent to sent to GolgiGolgi for sorting for sortinggo go to to LysosomeLysosome NucleusNucleus Cell MembraneCell Membrane or or releaserelease out of cell. out of cell.
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VacuoleVacuole
Vacuole
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VacuoleVacuole
Large in plants.Large in plants. Stores water Stores water
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Chloroplast
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Membrane Bound*Membrane Bound* Sunlight energy is Sunlight energy is
converted to sugar.converted to sugar. Filled with Filled with
chlorophyll, making chlorophyll, making plants GREEN!plants GREEN!
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MitochondriaMitochondria
Mitochondria
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MitochondriaMitochondria
Membrane Bound* Membrane Bound* (double membrane)(double membrane)
Sugar is BURNED, Sugar is BURNED, making ATP making ATP (Energy).(Energy).
PLANTS and PLANTS and ANIMALS get their ANIMALS get their ENERGY HERE!!ENERGY HERE!!
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CentriolesCentrioles
Centrioles
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CentriolesCentrioles
During Cell Division During Cell Division separate separate chromosomes into chromosomes into the daughter cells.the daughter cells.
Plants organize their Plants organize their spindles, but lack spindles, but lack centrioles.centrioles.
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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
Supports the cell:Supports the cell: ActinActin MicrotubulesMicrotubules
Molecules are also Molecules are also transported through transported through the cytosol along the cytosol along these skeletal these skeletal “tracks” with tiny “tracks” with tiny motors.motors.
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ChromosomesChromosomes
DNA, instructions for DNA, instructions for making proteinsmaking proteins
Proteins manage the Proteins manage the chemical reactions chemical reactions that are YOU!that are YOU!
Plant or Animal Cell?
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RibosomesRibosomes
Make proteinsMake proteins In cytoplasm or In cytoplasm or
studding the surface studding the surface of the rough ER.of the rough ER.
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Plant Cells Animal Plant Cells Animal CellsCells
ChloroplastsChloroplasts CentriolesCentrioles
Cell WallCell Wall
Larger VacuoleLarger Vacuole
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Composition of Cell Composition of Cell MembraneMembrane
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Phosphate heads
Lipid tails
Phospholipid Bilayer
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DiffusionDiffusion
Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
When molecules spread out to an even concentration
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Concentration GradientConcentration Gradient
Concentration difference on two sides of Concentration difference on two sides of a barriera barrier
High
Low
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EquilibriumEquilibrium
An even concentration on both sides of An even concentration on both sides of the membranethe membrane
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ExamplesExamples
PerfumePerfume GasGas Dye in waterDye in water
Ultimately the molecules want to create a Ultimately the molecules want to create a balance or EQUILIBRIUMbalance or EQUILIBRIUM
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Try ThisTry This
In a diffusion situation:In a diffusion situation:
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OsmosisOsmosis
Movement of water from a high to a low Movement of water from a high to a low concentration, in an attempt to even out a concentration, in an attempt to even out a concentration gradient of solute particles.concentration gradient of solute particles.
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ExamplesExamples
Water in a damWater in a dam WaterfallsWaterfalls
Wants to create an EQUILIBRIUMWants to create an EQUILIBRIUM
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Solve:Solve:
10 % Iodine90% H2O
100 % Water
5 % Iodine95% H2O
95 % H2O5% Iodine
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PlasmolysisPlasmolysis
A special case involving osmosis and A special case involving osmosis and plantsplants
When water is drawn out of the cell When water is drawn out of the cell causing the cell membrane to shrink.causing the cell membrane to shrink.
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Selectively PermeableSelectively Permeablehttp://http://
www.indiana.edu/www.indiana.edu/~p~p
hys215/lecture/hys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecnotes/lecgraphics/lecgraphics/diffusion2.gifdiffusion2.gif
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Passive transport – takes NO Passive transport – takes NO energy. (like flowing energy. (like flowing downhill)downhill)
Only works from High to Low Only works from High to Low concentrations!concentrations!
Channels – only let certain things throughChannels – only let certain things through
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Active transport – Takes Active transport – Takes energy! (like walking energy! (like walking uphill)uphill)
proteins- Use energy (ATP) to move proteins- Use energy (ATP) to move substancessubstances
channels – May transport two molecules channels – May transport two molecules one is being concentrated while other is one is being concentrated while other is diffusing (flowing from High to Low)diffusing (flowing from High to Low)
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http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biolohttp://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpumA.gifgy107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpumA.gif
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Endocytosis (UPTAKE)Endocytosis (UPTAKE)
A “bubble” of membrane pinches off A “bubble” of membrane pinches off Moving large particles INTO the cell.Moving large particles INTO the cell.
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Exocytosis (secretion) – Exocytosis (secretion) – think opposite of think opposite of endocytosis (like EXIT)endocytosis (like EXIT) A “bubble” of membrane fuses with the cell A “bubble” of membrane fuses with the cell
membranemembrane Large particles move OUT of the cellLarge particles move OUT of the cell..
Inside Outside
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Phagocytosis - like Phagocytosis - like endocytosis but with very endocytosis but with very large particles (bacteria)large particles (bacteria)
http://gak.med.kagawa-u.ac.jp/~daigin/eng_info/Hisology_&_Cell_Biology/PIC2.jpghttp://gak.med.kagawa-u.ac.jp/~daigin/eng_info/Hisology_&_Cell_Biology/PIC2.jpg
Red Blood Cells being “eaten” by a disease fighting White Blood Cell
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TissuesTissues
What makes skin and muscle cells What makes skin and muscle cells different?different?
Skin and muscle cells make different Skin and muscle cells make different proteins, allowing different jobs to be proteins, allowing different jobs to be done!done!
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What makes cells What makes cells different?different?
Even though each cell has all your DNA, Even though each cell has all your DNA, different parts are “read” and used in different parts are “read” and used in different cellsdifferent cells..
This is called gene “expression” or gene This is called gene “expression” or gene useuse
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Muscle Tissue (myocytes)Muscle Tissue (myocytes)
Cell Job: MovementCell Job: Movement Cell parts: cytoskeleton, myosin, and Cell parts: cytoskeleton, myosin, and
ATP (energy)ATP (energy) Many cells fuse to form one long cell, Many cells fuse to form one long cell,
with many nucleiwith many nuclei Actin, Myosin and other proteins burn Actin, Myosin and other proteins burn
ATP to allow movement.ATP to allow movement.
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Myosin walks on Actin Myosin walks on Actin “tracks”“tracks”
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/movies/actin.gifhttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/movies/actin.gif
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Muscle Fibers shortenMuscle Fibers shorten
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Nervous Tissue (neurons)Nervous Tissue (neurons)
Cell Job: Relay messages through the Cell Job: Relay messages through the bodybody
Cell Parts needed: Cell Parts needed: various channels to relay “electrical” signalvarious channels to relay “electrical” signal Chemicals to send message cell to cell Chemicals to send message cell to cell
(neurotransmitters like dopamine, GABA, (neurotransmitters like dopamine, GABA, serotonin, acetylcholine)serotonin, acetylcholine)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SynapseIllustration.png
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Intestinal Tissue Intestinal Tissue (epithelial cells)(epithelial cells)
Cell Job: to absorb nutrientsCell Job: to absorb nutrients Cell Parts: Cell Parts:
Channels to let nutrients into cellChannels to let nutrients into cell Channels to pump nutrients into blood Channels to pump nutrients into blood
streamstream
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Concentrating nutrients Concentrating nutrients in bloodin blood
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Eyes (Retinal Tissue)Eyes (Retinal Tissue)
Cell Job: to sense lightCell Job: to sense light Cell Parts: various proteins that react to Cell Parts: various proteins that react to
light and others to deliver the message to light and others to deliver the message to the optic nervethe optic nerve
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Rod cells in eye sense black and whiteRod cells in eye sense black and white Cones sense colorsCones sense colors