How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse on the Use of Armed Force. Insights into European...

8/22/2019 How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse on the Use of Armed Force. Insights into European and US N

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H I L S PD U A FInsights into European and US Newspaper Debates between

1990 and 2005

Sj R

No. 13 | May 2010

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 13| May 2010

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T T P E

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How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse on the Use of Armed Force| 3

How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse

on the Use of Armed Force

Insights into European and US Newspaper Debates between 1990

and 2005

Sj R

F U B

A

F , b

(IR) z. Y, b q. IR

b b

. T . I

z bb b b ,

b

b b. T E US b

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x z.

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Contents

1. I 5

2. A R V Lz 7

2.1 Legimacy and IR Legalizaon Research 7

2.2 Media as Sengs for Public Legimacy Assessments of Law 7

2.3 Case Selecon, Data, and Methods 9

3. F U F 10

3.1 The Visibility of Internaonal Law in European and US Media 10

3.2 A Transnaonal Public Legimacy of Law in Media Debates? 14

4. C R 17

L 19

Ax 21


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1. I1

F , x (H/O

2006). Y, b - . F , IR

z () . I b

b, , (Abb . 2000;

Abb 2000; G . 2000; G/M 2000; K . 2000; Lz/S 2000;

S 2000).2 A IR

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x Iq 2003

(Ab/B-E 2005; M/Z 2006 W . 2008),

x . I , legimacy zz b IR z .

H,

b , .. x,

b b , , b b ,

.. b x (Hb

1996, 1988; F/T 2001: 748-50; H 1999: 387-389). Rz b

b b

z (F/T 2001).

B , IR .

I b . T E US

b b x, b

b W , ,

b across . B ,

,

1 T x b b x. I

b F U

B b T R C K. F , I G

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Z/Z (2004) , b C (2004); J (2004); L

(2004); Lb (2004) Ob (2004).3 T , , x b b

, .. Ab/B-E (2005); M/Z (2006), W . (2008).


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, (F 2003). T

: S b

b . T

, -- -, b

-. G b

b b ,

q, b b. G b

, b ,

b

- . A ,

E US x z

. O ;

- UN. P

b x .

F , IR b

z W E U S. U

Hb , I z bb

b b b

b . T x IR z , , b

b z (F/T 2001: 743). I

z

b .

T . S

x b . I , 2.1 x

b x x z .

U Hb , 2.2

(Hb 1996) . M b

b x b b . S 2.3 ; b z,

, . T

: I , b b

b x E US -C W

(1990-2005). T b 5,500

b 103,000 . I , 3.1 visibility b

W . S 3.2 b x

z W b . F, j

z .


7/23


2. A R V Lz

2.1 Legimacy and IR Legalizaon Research

A , Abb . (2000) z z z b : T b

b (Abb . 2000: 401, 408-412). T

b x

bj z (Abb . 2000:

401, 412-415). F, b

(Abb . 2000: 401, 415-418). W

b z z ,

b:

T j

. S b z

z z []

b b (F/T 2001: 744; R 2003). A

b b z ,

b . Y,

b . A, b

b b (F 1990)

(H 1999: 387; F/T, 2001: 748-750). A b Hb

- . O

b x ,

, b b,

(Hb 1996). A, .

H, x b

IR z . Y, b

W ?

2.2 Media as Sengs for Public Legimacy Assessments of Law

T Hb (1996, 1988) b,

b b z . A,

, b

- b b. O Hb x

b -

(Hb 1996: 153, 161, 172, 216, 228).

D b x

(Hb 1996: 172). D

- j . Y,


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z x (Hb

1996: 115, 161). A b b

; b

, (Hb 1996; 1988). I b

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b . Y,

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z , ,

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b (Hb 1996: 161-163).

T Hb b

,

b. T

. I

b

(M/O 1998). I b b, b j

x . T

b z -

, x b . T q

, b

; , b

. T b b b

(R/K 2004). N b b

z b b

, :

A b

. O ,

(.. F 2003) b

. F IR z (.. B/M 2002;

V B 2006; W 2006), b

. I

q . S b b

b b, b ,

b - . T

.


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2.3 Case Selecon, Data, and Methods

T x x b b

b . T

b b b . T

, z , b b b

b . F , I U

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T - b

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b x , US

E j , b b 1990

2005. I , b 103,000 . I b,

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(1990-2005),

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q.

T x b . F

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. T b

b b .

4 I x. S q b , , b I T, I. F

, Tb 1 Ax.


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3. F U F

3.1 The Visibility of Internaonal Law in European and US Media

T , , j b

W b. B , E US

, I x

b , b b

b. I , I x b

b (M . 1997).

A b I L , b

I L q b b . I

I L , , ,

b b b b b (P

. 2003: 307). I , b ,

j . Vb b . T

q b b

: D I L b

b ? T b b

b x . F W G (1992),

b b; b , x ,

( ) b

( ).5

H, G b b . I b

b ,

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b

. S , b ,

b j

, b .

B ,

. Tb 2 b. I

( )

b (x: US , J

B, S H

U N ).6 T Tb 2 b, b

1990 2005. M , Tb 2 b E US

b b

b 2001 2005.7 A

5 T b G (1992) x q

b; b.

6 Guardian, 25 J 1992.

7 T b q b -


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49 ( b q). 8 T

I L b

W b , z . Ab

b

.

Table 2: Mean Table Displaying Descripve Stascs for Law Framing in Countries, 1990 to 2005

N: - b b ; F=F, GER=G,

IRL=I, NL= N; UK=U K, US=U S.

T x b , I z

x. I , . Nx

, ,

. A q . O

b . O

x , 1990 2005,

.

8 M , Tb 2 b x ,

. T b

3,309 E US . F , - - q -

.

`90 `91 `92 `93 `94 `95 `96 `97 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05 Total

F Mean 0.56 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.36 0.38 0.58 0.51 0.44 0.38 0.70 0.72 0.52 0.06 0.57

Std.Dev. 0.51 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.51 0.24 0.50

N Main Issue 17 9 31 40 24 15 10 15 47 44 15 52 75 114 22 17 548

GER Mean - 0.00 0.36 0.40 0.35 0.45 0.37 0.43 0.54 0.35 0.46 0.20 0.62 0.45 0.44 0.33 0.42

Std.Dev. - 0.00 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.41 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.48 0.49

N - 2 13 72 40 45 22 19 50 68 12 50 60 88 25 25 591

IRL Mean - - 0.64 0.52 0.43 0.19 0.64 0.36 0.59 0.46 0.33 0.31 0.76 0.63 0.47 0.25 0.55

Std.Dev. - - 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.40 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.59 0.48 0.43 0.49 0.52 0.47 0.50

N - - 20 21 19 15 13 10 41 24 3 15 39 81 14 7 322

NL Mean 0.67 0.70 0.43 0.56 0.46 0.42 0.27 0.86 0.63 0.52 0.50 0.33 0.58 0.70 0.57 0.43 0.55

Std.Dev. 0.49 0.47 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.45 0.36 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.48 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.51 0.50

N 12 20 42 36 26 39 31 14 100 67 16 49 98 81 43 14 689

UK Mean 0.45 0.55 0.54 0.65 0.50 0.44 0.30 0.28 0.51 0.34 0.20 0.06 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.50 0.47

Std.Dev. 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.51 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.48 0.42 0.24 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50

N 50 42 70 49 49 26 10 17 41 45 10 31 67 76 28 19 630

US Mean 0.35 0.48 0.44 0.42 0.50 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.09 0.46 0.42 0.17 0.25 0.39

Std.Dev. 0.48 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.29 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.45 0.49

N 54 44 50 57 40 15 20 7 34 26 8 23 54 69 18 12 529


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b b . I q, b , ,

b ( F 1 x). L

--b, x x

b . Pb

b E US . L

b . T

b ,

.9 A,

b . B b E

US ?

T x b , b-,

b , .. (jus ad bellum)

UN C. T b b . U, b .

I - , b b b

q . T

UN C

(1) b 10, (2)

11, (3) 12, (4) UN S C

z 13, , (5) -

14. C,

; , b b?

A b, .

F, b . S, ,

. L ,

q b b. T b

F 2

. W I L,

q UN

b , .

T -b , F 2 q z, . T , b

-, . O x

,

b F 2 .

9 O , G (1988: 165) b ,

.

10 C. A 2(4).

11 C. A 2(1) 2(7).

12 C. A 1(3), 13(1b), 55(), 62(2).

13 C. A 39 42.

14 C. A 51.


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Figure 2: Specic Law Framing in Naonal Debates

B b , , ..

UN z . T q

UN b

E US b?

100%

France Germany Ireland Netherlands

NO SPEC. 17

NO SPEC. 54

NO SPEC. 62

UN. 22,3

HUM. 10,3HUM. 11,5

HUM. 18,6

HUM. 11,1HUM. 9,6

HUM. 12,1

SOV. 7,1SOV. 3,2

SOV. 1,9

SOV. 12,0

SOV. 2,6SOV. 2,1

DEF. 2,1DEF. 1,7

DEF. 7,1

DEF. 3,1DEF. 3,5DEF. 1,3

BAN. 0,9BAN. 2,1BAN. 5,4

BAN. 1,5BAN. 3,5BAN. 3,3

UN. 28,3

UN. 39.6

UN. 36,4UN. 24,3

UN. 35,1

NO SPEC. 46

NO SPEC. 56

NO SPEC. 41

UK US

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

N: T -

. A b- . E b- b

( ). I , , b - .

P x b

(=3,309). T UN UN

, HUM ; SOV , DEF

- , BAN

b . A b

b (NO SPECIFICATION).


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3.2 A Transnaonal Public Legimacy of Law in Media Debates?

I b , b

b . S

b . I , b b b

q b . I ,

; b b

b b UN z. A b,

b b

. I b . I

b I

, , , :

-b

,

I L (F 2005). I

(GDP),

, q

.15 T b b

(, ) x b (

-) b b . I x

, I q b

3,309 , . T

z Tb 3.

15 A b S 10.0.


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Table 3: Inuences on the Frequency of Law Language in Media Reporng on Intervenons,

1990 to 200516

Explanatory Variables Model (1)

Law Generally

Coeff. S.E.

Model (2)

Human Rights

Coeff. S.E.

Model (3)

United Nations

Coeff. S.E.

Location

France ref ref ref

Germany -0.912+ 0.522 ns ns

Ireland ns ns ns

Netherlands 1.945* 0.845 0.931** 0.299 ns

United Kingdom ns ns ns

United States ns ns -1.135* 0.564

Temporal Effects

1990 ns ns ns

1991 ns 0.459+ 0.267 ns

1992 1.453* 0.639 1.230*** 0.318 ns

1993 1.629** 0.579 0.972** 0.291 1.043** 0.3761994 ns 0.369* 0.173 0.519+ 0.311

1995 ref ref ref

1996 .884* -0.369 ns ns

1997 ns ns ns

1998 2.589*** 0.584 0.765** 0.230 2.186*** 0.436

1999 1.559* 0.685 1.447** 0.499 1.041* 0.474

2000 ns ns ns

2001 ns ns ns

2002 3.761*** 0.969 ns 3.264*** 0.779

2003 5.256*** 1.451 0.649* 0.277 4.186*** 1.155

2004 ns ns ns

2005 .858* 0.420 ns ns

Economic ControlsGrowth rate GDP ns -0.096* 0.037 ns

Rate Inflation 0.319+ 0.183 ns ns

Rate Unemployment ns ns ns

Number of observations16 550 547 548

R 0.246 0.204 0.246

N: +=


16/23


b q). T b

E US . O x , ,

. M (1), b, M (2),

b b , D b

q , F . A

US b b UN

; E , , b b. A

D q

, b b

. T

US b E .

T , Tb 3 , x

(F 2005), . T GDP b (-0.096) ,

. T

b

b .

Y, b b b

.17 U , b x .

T R b (

b q).18 A Tb 3, b

. T b

1993, 1998, 1999, 2003. 2003, Iq W

b, b b b

UN z . I , b

b (1995). Db b

B x 1999 NATO K. I ,

b b,

x, ..

.

W b b . M j, , , q

, b x b

. I b

, ..

17 I z , I . T

q b, 1995

b .

18 T b b x,

b b . F , R2 7.3 . T b, b 24.6

, .


17/23


b - . T b

G T T . I

b . W b b

, 2003 Iq W,19

. W, ,

b , , , A b A,20

. T . A b, b

W b

; ,

b . F (-)

b b

b bz .

4. C Rk

T z W

b, IR z. W

b

x , b, .

T q b

b b W

E US. T b IR x z

q . L b

. G b

b, b

b . T x b , b

b x b. N

b . T b

b

. N b , b

.

T x

. T b z.

W b US, UK, N, F, I, G

-C W ,

19 S G M F U S C S P (2003, b) A .

(2003).

20 S N (2008) G A b (2002-2008) US -

A.


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. O , - -, ,

. F, q

(.. UN S C

) (.. ). B

b . A - US

b UN E b -

W b

. T

b W . T

the

b and .

T b. F, x x

W . G x,

zb W . Y, I b

W , ,

b b. I ,

x b . F x

b z b W b I

C, . T W

. S,

x

. T , , . I j x x bj

,

E-US .

T , b b

z. I z

b, b x , z

bb b W . T

- b

. T b

x b

.


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L

Abbo, Kenneth W. 2000: NAFTA L W P. A C S, : I

Oz 43, 135-163. Abb, K W./K, Rb O./M, A/S,

A-M/S, D 2000: T C Lz, : I Oz

54/3, 401-419.

Asmus, Ronald/Everts, Philip P./Isernia, Pierangelo 2003: P, W Pb O: T

N S T- D. T T 2003, : .

.///2003__..

Auerbach, Yehudith/Bloch-Elkon, Yaeli2005: M F F P: T E P -- US

P B, 1992-95, : J P R 42/1, 83-99.

Boyle, Elizabeth Heger/Meyer, John 2002: M L Sz Gb M: I

S L, : Dz, Y/G, B G. (.): Gb P. T

P, Ex, I N L Ox, A Ab, 65-95.

Calliess, Gralf-Peter2004: T H: P O R,

: Z, B/Z, M (.): V B Gb G?,B, 160-178.

Ferree, Myra Marx2003: R R: F F Ab Db

U S G, : A J S 109/2, 304-344.

Finnemore, Martha J./Toope, Stephen 2001: A Lz: R V L P,

: I Oz 55/3, 743-758.

Fogarty, Brian J. 2005: D E N C, : I J Pb O

R 17/2, 149-172.

Franck, Thomas M. 1990: T P L N, Ox.

Gamson, William A. 1988: T 1987 D L: C A M M

Pb O, : Sb I 11/2: 161-174.

Gamson, William A. 1992: T P, N Y.

German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo 2003: T T

2003. K F. Ab : ..///2003__.;

17 M 2009.

German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo 2003b: T T

2003. T L D. Ab : ..///2003__.

; 17 M 2009.

Goldstein, Judith/Marn, Lisa L. 2000: Lz, T Lbz, D P: C

N, : I Oz 54/3), 603-632.

Goldstein, Judith/Kahler, Miles/Keohane, Robert/Slaughter, Anne-Marie 2000: I: Lz W P, : I Oz 54/3, 385-399.

Halliday, Terence C./Osinsky, Pavel2006: Gbz L, : A R S 32/1, 447-

70.

Habermas, Jrgen 1988: L M, : MM, S.M. (.): T T L H V

VIII, S L C, 219-279.

Habermas, Jrgen 1996: B F N: Cb D T L

D, N B.

Hurd, Ian 1999: L A I P, : I Oz 53/2, 379-

408.

Jackson, John H. 2004: E W Sb WTO, : Z,

B/Z, M (.): V B Gb G?, B, 99-

118.


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Keohane, Robert O./Moravcsik, Andrew/Slaughter, Anne-Marie 2000: Lz D R:

I T, : I Oz 54/3, 457-488.

Lehmkuhl, Dirk 2004: D S R: V S,

: Z, B/Z, M (.): V B Gb G?,

B, 179-197.

Leib, Volker2004: V I: M R b R ICANN, :

Z, B/Z, M (.): V B Gb G?, B,

198-219.

Lutz, Ellen L./Sikkink, Kathryn 2000: I H R L P L A, :

I Oz 54/3, 633-659.

March, James G./Olsen, Johan P. 1998: T I D I P O, :

I Oz 52/4, 943-969.

Meyer, John W./Boli, John/Thomas, George M./Ramirez, Francisco O. 1997: W S N

S, : A J S 103/1, 144-81.

Meyer, Christoph/Zdrada, Adrian 2006: U C W: C A

N B P P Db Iq I, : E S 15/1,

23-45.

Mondr, Alea/Zangl, Bernhard2005: Jz I S. A T C

S P E, : T W P 27, U B, B, :

://..//zb/597.; 6 M 2010.

Newport, Frank 2008: A W E O Iq M I U.S., : ../

/109150/A-W-E-Iq-M-I US.x?=; 6 M 2010.

Oberthuer, Sebasan 2004: A W z W? Tz W

V U, Z, B/Z, M (.):

V B Gb G?, B, 119-139.

Risse, Thomas 2003: L P b N-S: A C C G,: E, C/H, A (.): L P L, B-B, 81-105.

Risse Thomas/Kantner, Cathleen 2004: A S R W. D

A- S E U (GASP/ESVP) L

Sb. Ub , F U

B, B.

Simmons, Beth A. 2000: T Lz I M A, : I Oz

54/3, 573-602.

The Guardian 1992: Iq W C S D: B C U T M, : T G,

25 J.

United Naons 1945: C U N. : ..///36b3930.;6 M 2010.

Vincent, Richard C. 2000: A N A US P C Sb M Sb

K, : E J C 15/3, 321-344.

Von Bogdandy, Armin 2006: C I L: C P G,

: H I L J 47/1, 223-242.

Wessler, Hartmut/Peters, Bernhard/Brueggemann Michael/Kleinenvon Koenigsloew, Katharina/Sit,

Stefanie 2008: Tz Pb S, B.

Wiener, Antje 2006: C: F A? A C C N b--

Cx, : J E Pb P 13/8, 1308-1313.

Zangl, Berhard/Zuern, Michael2004 (.): V B Gb G?, B.


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Ax

Table 1: Overview of Newspapers and Time Periods of Analysis

Country Newspaper Orientation Electronic

Availability

Missing Time Periods

France Le Monde L 02/01/1990 till

31/12/2005

No missing

years/months

Les Echos

Le Figaro

C 05/01/1993 till

30/12/1996

09/01/1997 till

31/12/2005

1990; 1991; 1992

1992; 01 till

04/01/1993

Germany Sueddeutsche

Zeitung

L 11/02/1991 till

31/12/2005

1990; 01/01/1991 till

10/02/1991

Frankfurter

Allgemeine

Zeitung

C 02/01/1993 till

31/12/2005

1990; 1991

Ireland Irish Times L 01/06/1992 till

31/12/2005

1990; 1991; 01/01/1992

till 30/05/1992

The

Netherlands

De Volkskrant L 02/01/1995 till

31/12/2005

1990; 1991; 1992;

1993; 1994

NRC

Handelsblad

C 08/01/1990 till

31/12/2005

01 till 06/01/1990

United

Kingdom

The Guardian L 01/01/1990 till

31/12/2005

No missing

years/months

The Times C 01/01/1990 till

31/12/2005

No missing

years/months

United States New York

Times

L 01/01/1990 till

31/12/2005

No missing

years/months

Washington

Post

C 01/01/1990 till

31/12/2005

No missing

years/months

N: L=b ; C= .


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Figure 1: Frequency Distribuon of Frames in Intervenon Debate

250

200

150

100

Date

AbsoluteCo

unts

50

0

IL

IDEN

UP

INT

N: S b

(=3,309 ). E ,

(I L=IL, I=IDEN, I=INT, U P=UP).

90Q1

91Q1

92Q1

93Q1

94Q1

95Q1

96Q1

97Q1

98Q1

99Q1

00Q1

01Q1

02Q1

03Q1

04Q1

05Q1


23/23

T K-F - E A Ex

I R

T K-F (KFG) -

b G R F 2008. I -

KFG

b b b j .

T K-F T T P E

b E B-B-

b z -

. I x EU -

, z

x :

I Pb S

C, C B

C R E Ex R

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