How important is the Virtual water debate in ensuring...
Transcript of How important is the Virtual water debate in ensuring...
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How important is the Virtual How important is the Virtual water debate in ensuring food water debate in ensuring food
security?security?
Paul van Paul van HofwegenHofwegen
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Why the debate?
Virtual water debate initiated to address
– Agricultural versus environmental water use
– Water productivity and agriculture in water scarce areas
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Match or mismatch 1?
IMPORT OR INVEST
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Undernourished People by Country (FAO-1998)
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Water Infrastructure
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Exporter volumes of virtual water in food trade (Oki, 2003)
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Global Water Saving (Comprehensive Assessment 2004
• All imports (214 Mton) would have required 433 km3 crop water and 179 km3 local irrigation water depletion.
• Global water saving: 163 km3 crop water and 112 km3 local irrigation water depletion (11%).
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Match or mismatch 1?• Awareness of the VW concept can result
in water savings
• Virtual water flows are going to those countries that can afford food imports.
• In these countries it can be considered an alternative for investments– Trade arrangement – agreements– Geo-political dimension
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Match or mismatch 2 ?
NATIONAL vs LOCAL
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Food insecurity in India (FAO 2004)
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Exporter volumes of virtual water in food trade (Oki, 2003)
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Match or mismatch 2 ?
Local Food Security• Virtual water trade can only improve local food
security – distribution makes food locally available– food is affordable– food is absorbable
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Match or mismatch 3 ?
LIVELIHOODS
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Nkya• Nkya can secure food for him and his family if:
– He has access to land and water, he is healthy and it is safe• Nkya can develop if:
– He has secured water and land rights– He has access to markets, affordable technology and inputs– He can cope with insecurity of water (droughts – floods)– He has access to finance for investments necessary
• Virtual water trade will affect his livelihood– Water rights are affected– Local market prices are affected– Production subsidies are affected
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Pak Syukri
• Virtual water policies will affect local food security if irrigation water allocation priorities are changed– Out of agriculture– Out of high water consuming – low
value crops (staple food)
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Some dimensions: viable farming - poverty
SURVIVALSURVIVAL
COMMERCIALCOMMERCIAL
SUBSISTENCESUBSISTENCE
MORE and betterMORE and better
LANDLANDWATER WATER -- iNPUTSiNPUTS
MARKETMARKETSERVICESSERVICES
MORE and betterMORE and better
LANDLANDWATER WATER -- INPUTSINPUTS
MARKETMARKETSERVICESSERVICES AlternativeAlternative
employment employment income income
generationgeneration
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Match or mismatch 3 ?
Virtual water trade policy may affect the livelihoods of the ‘survival’ and ‘subsistence’ farmers.
Matching policy on investments in creation alternative employment opportunities essential.
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Match or mismatch 4 ?
DIETS
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Virtual Water Content
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Menu
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Match or mismatch 4 ?
• Development towards meat based diets has an important impact on – Water resources required– Water pollution
• Awareness of Virtual Water content may contribute to lesser growth
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Does the debate contribute to food security?
• The debate informs decision makers on the potential and consequences of virtual water based policies.
• The debate allows for
Conscious Choices
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Thank you for your attention !