How green is Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires?

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RIO DE JANEIRO / BR BUENOS AIRES / AR HOW GREEN IS A CITY? Group: Angélica Vidal, Cadu Canto, Caio Ramiro, Hugo Lopez, Ricardo Comin, Ricardo Shoji, Marcelo Figueiredo.

Transcript of How green is Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires?

RIO DE JANEIRO / BR

BUENOS AIRES / AR

HOW GREEN IS A CITY? Group: Angélica Vidal, Cadu Canto, Caio Ramiro, Hugo Lopez, Ricardo Comin, Ricardo Shoji, Marcelo Figueiredo.

OVERVIEW RIO:

Since 1565

Population : 6.323.037

Area (km2) : 1.264,296

Density (inhabitants/km2) : 5.002

GDP/capita : R$ 28.405 (2009)

Greater Rio de Janeiro

Pop.: 13.000.000 (Latin America 2nd) [2010]

BAIRES:

Since 1536

Population : 3.050.000

Area (km2) : 203,000

Density (inhabitants/km2) : 14.826

GDP/capita : ARS$ 40.482 (2008)

Greater Buenos Aires

Pop.: 11.812.482 (Latin America 3rd)

RIO DE JANEIRO

BUENOS AIRES

OVERALL RESULTS

INDICATORS CO2 and Energy

Land Use and Buildings

Transport

Waste

Water

Sanitation

Air quality

RIO DE JANEIRO >> ABOVE AVERAGE

BUENOS AIRES >> BELOW AVERAGE

CO2 and ENERGY

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

RIO

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

CO2 emissions from electricity consumption per capita

75% 1,9 2005 3,58 2012

Energy consumption per unit of GDP 25% 677,8 2007 677,8 2007

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

B.AIRES

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

CO2 emissions from electricity consumption per capita

75% 527,30 2008 527,30 2008

Energy consumption per unit of GDP 25% 535,30 2008 535,30 2008

11.351.700

metric tonnes CO2e

[2013]

9.813.933

metric tonnes CO2e [2013]

CO2 and ENERGY Law n. 5.248/2011 - Municipal Law on Climate Change: GHG anthropogenic

emissions reduction targets for City of Rio de Janeiro:

2012: 8% reduction;

2016: 16% reduction;

2020: 20% reduction. Based on emissions recorded in Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Rio de Janeiro City, published in

2011.

Target Plan for Energy Efficiency:

Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente – SMAC

Office of Climate Change;

Eletrobras;

COPPE / UFRJ;

C-40;

Rio-light;

CET-Rio

Secretaria Municipal de Fazenda - SMF.

RIO

de

JAN

EIRO

CO2 and ENERGY Rio de Janeiro Low Carbon City Development Program:

Rio +20 – June 2012

ISO

World Bank

DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability

RELUZ Program:

Eletrobras;

RIOLUZ;

development of efficient systems of street lighting;

replace 32,480 luminaires;

Reduced consumption of 33.243,32 MWh.

RIO

de

JAN

EIRO

CO2 and ENERGY Climate Change Action Plan:

Reduction target: 30%

Target date: 2030

First target period to achieve in 2015: awareness and training

campaigns in order to encourage the use of clean energy while offering

subsidies and financial incentives.

Cleaner Production Program (P + L):

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA);

Agreements with 60 companies; designing, implementing, and

evaluating Environmental Improvement Programs;

Promoting energy efficiency to reduce consumption.

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CO2 and ENERGY Finance Clean technology funds:

Agencia de Protección Ambiental;

City of Buenos Aires Bank;

credits with subsidized rates to SMEs (small and medium enterprises)

working on environmental improvement projects.

Environmental Education Law (N°1687)/2007:

Students study the environment and its complex interactions with

political, social, cultural, economic and ethics aspects.

The Program Green Schools acts:

Energy efficiency;

renewable energy;

climate change.

BU

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IRES

LAND USE and BUILDINGS

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

RIO

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Green spaces per capita 50% 58 2001 58 2001

Population density 50% 5234,1 2009 5265,81 2010

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

B.AIRES

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Green spaces per capita 50% 6,1 2008 3,9 2014

Population density 50% 15013,4 2009 14307,6 2010

LAND USE and BUILDINGS R

IO d

e JA

NEIR

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Strategic Plan of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro (2013-2016)

The strategic plan comprises several sectors and when it comes to land

use and buildings, it brings the following goals:

Reforesting 1100 ha until 2016;

Consolidate the maintenance of already reforested 2000 ha;

Implantation of ‘green corridors’ in 3 different regions of the city;

Refurbish 170000 m² of squares and parks

Elaboration of 15 ‘forest management plans’ to be followed in the city;

Achieve the eco-efficiency of the City Hall.

LAND USE and BUILDINGS R

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Marvelous Port Project (Projeto Porto Maravilha)

Land use changes in the port area of the city

Increase density by replacing the main coastal roads and viaducts by underground

tunnels for cars and public transport (VLT/tram) and dedicating the resulting space

above of them to afforestation and pedestrian ways.

Increase arborization and green spaces

Re-urbanization of 70km of existing streets.

Construction of new networks of water, sewage and drainage and implementation

of selective waste collection in the region.

LAND USE and BUILDINGS B

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Green Buenos Aires Program (Programa Buenos Aires Verde):

The program, to be executed in 20 years, intends to make that each

resident have a public green space at a distance of at least 350 meters, and for

that aims:

The construction of 78 new squares;

Planting 400.000 trees;

The construction of spaces with pedestrian priority;

Embed 1 million square meters of public green area to the existing 750.000.

Energy Efficiency Program in Public Buildings:

The program aimed the reduction of 20% in the energy consumption of

100 public buildings (offices, schools and hospitals for instance) and

expected to eliminate 5000 tons of CO² emission by the end of 2012;

Currently, approximately 20 buildings undergo an energy audit and are

implementing recommended efficiency improvements;

New public buildings are required to meet certain environmental criteria.

TRANSPORT

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

RIO

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Length of mass transport network 70% 8,6 2009 8,6 2009

Stock of cars and motorcycles (vehicles/p)

30% 0,26 2010 0,32 2013

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

B.AIRES

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Length of mass transport network 75% 7,0 2008 7,0 2008

Stock of cars and motorcycles (vehicles/p)

25% 0,66 2008 0,66 2008

TRANSPORT

• BRT

• RIO OPERATION SYSTEM

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• TRANSOESTE

• TRANSCARIOCA

• TRANSOLÍMPICA

TRANSPORT

• METROBUS

• HYBRID BUSES

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WASTE QUANTITATIVE

INDICATORS

RIO

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Share of waste collected and adequately disposed (%) 40% 98,6% 2008 98,6% 2008

Waste generated per person (kg/person/year) 60% 525,2 2008 525,2 2008

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

B.AIRES

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Share of waste collected and adequately disposed (%) 40% 100% 2008 100% 2008

Waste generated per person (kg/person/year) 60% 606,1 2008 606,1 2008

WASTE Gramacho Landfill Gas To Energy System:

• Project to install a methane capture system in the landfill;

• Part of the methane is flared – reducing CO2 emissions – while some of

it goes through a purification system also capable of producing energy;

• Gramacho Landfill Gas Project might reduce by 5.96 tons the emission

of carbon dioxide, produce 90 million Nm³ of biogas on approximately

20 years and save $232 million by avoiding methane emission.

Municipal Recycling Collection Expansion:

• Nowadays only 1% of recyclable waste is adequately separated;

• Increase household separation and recycling programs through

education campaigns, increased recyclables pick-up frequency, new

processing points, EcoPontos, etc;

• Aims to increase overall recycling rates to 5% by 2015

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JAN

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WASTE Zero Waste, Cartoneros

• Redesign products so they last longer and its materials are recycled (or composted);

• Reduce use of landfills, improve recycling and ban incineration;

• Main cause is environmental: landfill and incinerators produce greenhouse gasses such as methane.

Gramacho Landfill Gas To Energy System, Recycling Collection Expansion

• Workers that search for recyclable materials in landfills before the trash is taken away;

• A former irregular profession that is now being regularized by Buenos Aires;

• Nowadays there are 5000 “cartoneros” that form a cooperative;

• They are provided with a living wage, health and pension benefits, transportation, uniform and gloves;

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WATER QUANTITATIVE

INDICATORS

RIO

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Water consumption per capita (l/hab/day) 40% 301,3 2008 312,2 2012

Access to potable water (%) 30% 98,4 2007 100 2013

Water system leakages 30% 57,7% 2008 32,8% 2012

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

B.AIRES

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Water consumption per capita (l/hab/day) 40% 669,2 2008 378 - 400 2009

Access to potable water (%) 30% 100 2008 100 2013

Water system leakages 30% 40% 2008 37% 2009

WATER Program to Control Water Supply Scams

• Since 2007, CEDAE have been conducting operations to combat

clandestine facilities and regularize them.

Support for Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Systems

Services in Low-income Areas

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JAN

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WATER

Improvement And Preservation Of Water

Quality

• 40% decrease in water consumption and

improve it’s quality;

• Prevent the discharge of pollutants into

waterways;

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SANITATION QUANTITATIVE

INDICATORS

RIO

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Population with access to improved sanitation 50% 83,4% 2007 78,3% 2010

Share of waste water treated 50% 85,3% 2008 86,8% 2012

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

B.AIRES

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Population with access to improved sanitation 50% 99,3% 2008 97,9% 2010

Share of waste water treated 50% 0 2008 0* 2010

* No values found regarding the city but only the whole country

SANITATION R

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e JA

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Municipality Approach on Development Projects and Policies

• Pact for Sanitation: universalization of sanitation within the whole

state

• Morar Carioca Program: urban reintegration in slums and irregular

areas through infrastructure improvement

• Porto Maravilha Program: revitalization of the harbor area

SANITATION B

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AIR

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• Desarollo del Milenio (Millennium

Development)

• In 2003: Argentinian Government adopts and suits the millennium

goals for attending the population

• Until 2015, reduce in two-thirds the amount of people without

access to sanitation, compared to 1990

• Buenos Aires City in 2010: Increase from 94,6% to 97,9% of

population with access to sewage system, since 1990

AIR QUALITY QUANTITATIVE

INDICATORS

RIO

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Nitrogen dioxide concentration levels 40% 57,5 2009 49,04 2015

Sulphur dioxide concentation levels 40% 3,5 2009 6,63 2015

Suspended particulate matter concentration levels

20% 24 2009 50,73 2015

QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

B.AIRES

(%)

VALUE (V)

V1 V2

Siemens Year Updated Year

Nitrogen dioxide concentration levels 40% 27 2009 22,9 2010

Sulphur dioxide concentation levels 40% 16 1997 20 2010

Suspended particulate matter concentration levels

20% 107 1999 50 2010

AIR QUALITY MonitorAR Rio

To monitor the air quality in the city;

Inform the results to population;

To empower the population with knowledge;

Finance.

Portaria Conjunta DETRAN-RJ/FEEMA nó 17. 21/03/2022

Emission tests every year;

CO indicator.

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AIR QUALITY Biodiesel B20

Based on a Federal law (11.097/2005);

80% diesel and 20% bio-diesel;

8500 buses by 2016;

148.000 tonnes of CO2 and 3300 tonnes of PM10.

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JAN

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AIR QUALITY Ecobus

Gradual replacement of circulating buses;

PM10 75%, CO 55% and 40% of other GHG;

Consumes 40% less.

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REFERENCES • Municipal Law on Climate Change, Municipal Law Noº 5.248, 27/01/2011.

• CDP Drivng Sustainable Economies 2013, Data provided for the CDP Cities 2013 Report City of Rio de

Janeiro, Available from: C-40 Cities. [20 January 2015].

• CDP Drivng Sustainable Economies 2013, Data provided for the CDP Cities 2013 Report City of Buenos

Aires, Available from: C-40 Cities. [20 January 2015].

• Secretaria do Meio Ambiente da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, 2013, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory of

the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2012 and updating the municipal plano f action for emission reduction.

• Diário Oficial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Decree Noº 43.216, 30/09/2011.

• Administração da prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro, Decree Noº 37.775, 10/10/2013.

• World Bank Institute, 2013, The Rio de Janeiro Low Carbon City Development Program.

• Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais & Núcleo de Estudos

de População da Universidade de Campinas, 2011, Megacidades, Vulnerabilidades e Mudanças

Climáticas: Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro.

• Latin American Green City Index: Assessing the environmental performance of Latin America’s major cities

REFERENCES • http://www.epa.gov/jius/policy/rio_de_janeiro/municipal_recycling_collection_expansion.html

• http://www.epa.gov/jius/projects/rio_de_janeiro/gramacho_landfill_gas_to_energy_system.html

• http://citiscope.org/story/2014/buenos-aires-embraces-cartoneros-push-zero-waste

• http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/ZerowastevictoryArgentina

• SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL: http://www.snis.gov.br/

• WWF REPORT: “Big Cities, Big Challenge”:

http://www.wwf.se/source.php/1390895/Big%20Cities_Big%20Water_Big%20Challenges_2011.pdf

• http://indicadores.cidadessustentaveis.org.br/static/user/user_675_programa_metas_planejamento_estrategico_13-16.pdf

• http://portomaravilha.com.br/web/sup/OperUrbanaApresent.aspx

• http://www.worldgbc.org/files/3014/0982/5868/Buenos_Aires_-_City_Market_Brief_Final.pdf

• http://www.rj.gov.br/web/sea/exibeconteudo?article-id=330838

• http://www.tratabrasil.org.br/trata-brasil-apresenta-pesquisa-sobre-necessidades-de-expansao-do-saneamento-no-rio-de-

janeiro-para-copa-2014

• http://www.epa.gov/jius/policy/rio_de_janeiro/pact_for_sanitation.html

• http://rioonwatch.org.br/?p=7342

• http://www.tratabrasil.org.br/datafiles/estudos/ranking/relatorio-completo-2014.pdf

• http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/rlc/utf017arg/estudio/aguasresiduales/REUSO_SEGURO_DE_AGUAS_RESIDUALES_EN_ARG

ENTINA.pdf

• http://www.vocesenelfenix.com/content/agua-y-saneamiento-un-objetivo-de-desarrollo-del-milenio-los-avances-en-la-

argentina