How do you read a nutrition label?. Four Organic Compounds.
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Transcript of How do you read a nutrition label?. Four Organic Compounds.
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How do you read a nutrition label?
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Four Organic Compounds
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There are four main groups of organic compounds in living things…
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids
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What does “organic” mean?
• Organic refers to compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
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What does “organic” mean?
• Organic refers to compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. – Examples: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)
• Examples of Inorganic Molecules:– Water, salt, hydrogen peroxide
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Why carbon?
• Carbon is a VERY versatile element – it has four electrons on it’s outer shell, which means that it can make bonds with up to four other atoms.
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What’s a “macromolecule”?
• Macromolecules are very large molecules made from many smaller molecules– Monomers are the small building blocks of these
molecules– Monomers join together to form polymers– Polymers are formed by polymerization
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bioweb.wku.edu
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Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids
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CARBOHYDRATES…
• Carbohydrates are used by organisms as a main source of energy, and the breakdown of glucose supplies quick energy for our body.• Glucose is C6H12O6
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CARBOHYDRATES…
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Ex: C1H2O1 OR 1 : 2 : 1Glucose is C6H12O6
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CARBOHYDRATES…
• Small carbohydrate monomers are called monosaccharides. – These simple sugar molecules usually end in the
letters O - S - E:• Example: glucose, fructose, lactose
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CARBOHYDRATES…
• Many monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides. – Extra sugars are stored as starch. – In plants, large carbohydrates form cellulose (used
for structure in plant cell walls) – In animals, large carbohydrates are stored as
glycogen.
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Testing for Sugars and Starches
• Starches: Lugol’s Reagant (Iodine Solution)• Sugars: Benedict’s Solution – Both turn blue/black
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bbc.co.uk
Potato contains starch so it has a positive Lugols test.
webexhibits.org
positive test
negative test
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Color change (cloudy, yellowish) indicates that sugars are present
No color change (clear, light blue) is a negative test (no sugars present)
Benedict’s solution – Test for Sugars
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Why are carbs important?
• Carbohydrates are our main source of energy.• Glucose supplies quick energy for our body.
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Where do we get carbs in our diet?
Potatoes, bread, pasta, rice, fruit, some vegetables, honey, milk
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LIPIDS…
• Lipids re used for storing energy and they make up biological membranes (like cell membranes). Lipids are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
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LIPIDS…
• Lipids are made up of monomers called fatty acids which are then joined to a glycerol molecule.
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faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu
TriglycerideFormed from a glycerol and three fatty acids.
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When fats join, water is kicked out. This is why the process is called condensation (polymerization)
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/
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faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu
Triglyceride
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Where do we find lipids?
• Lipids are always found in the form of fats, oils, and waxes.
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Testing for Lipids
BrownPaper
BagTest
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Where do we find lipids?• Where do we get lipids from in our diet?
Cooking oils, butter, animal fat, lard
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats --- What’s the Difference?
• A saturated fatty acid chain has only single bonds between carbons while an unsaturated fatty acid chain has at least one double bond.
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The more hydrogens there are, the more saturated a fat becomes.
www.realfitnessblog.com
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats --- What’s the Difference?
• Unsaturated fats take more work to digest (it takes more energy to break the double bonds, which means unsaturated fats are better for your body than saturated fats.
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PROTEINS…
• Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• They are used for everything!
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Proteins are used for everything!
• For example:– Control rate of cell processes (enzymes)– Help form bone and muscles– Transport substances within cells– Help fight disease– Aid in regulation (hormones)
• Examples: hemoglobin, insulin
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PROTEINS…
• Proteins are made up of many monomers called amino acids that link together in chains.
• There are 20 amino acids that the human body needs to make proteins.
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2OAMINO ACIDS
www.teachersparadise.com
Amino acids are cool! Any amino acid can be joined to any other amino acid and they can form any combination.
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Side Note: Amino Acids
• There are so many combinations of amino acids, and each combination folds up in a different way – this is why we have so many different proteins.
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Protein Shape and Function
• The shape of the protein affects its job inside the body, thus
***STRUCTURE*** DICTATES ***FUNCTION.***
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As the protein chain is made, it begins to fold into a
three dimensional
structure.www.yellowtang.org
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cnx.org
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What happens when a protein doesn’t fold correctly?
• When protein isn’t folded correctly, it is said to denatured. That means it won’t work or function properly because it is deformed.
Ex: sickle cell disease
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What happens when a protein doesn’t fold correctly?
• When proteins don’t fold up in the right way, bad things can happen to our cells and bodies – things don’t work the way that they should.
Ex: sickle cell disease
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Biuret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present
Positive result
glossary-chemistry.blogspot.com
Testing for Proteins
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Where do proteins come from?
• Meat, eggs, cheese, nuts, soy
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NUCLEIC ACIDS…
• Nucleic acids are used for storing and transmitting hereditary and genetic information.
• They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
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NUCLEIC ACIDS…
• Examples:– DNA– RNA
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NUCLEIC ACIDS…
• NUCLEIC ACIDS are made of monomers called nucleotides.– There are five different nucleotides: cytosine,
guanine, adenine, thymine, and uracil.
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What does a nucleotide look like?
• A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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What does a nucleotide look like?
• A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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What does a nucleotide look like?
• A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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Indicator Testing
How do we test food to figure out which types of organic molecules they contain?
• Starches – Lugol’s solution (Iodine)• Sugars – Benedicts solution• Proteins – Biuret solution• Lipids – Brown Paper Bag Test
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bbc.co.uk
Potato contains starch so it has a positive Lugols test.
webexhibits.org
positive test
negative test
Lugol’s (Iodine) solution – Test for Starches
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Lipids cause the brown
paper to look shiny
and translucent
Testing for Lipids – Brown Paper Bag Test
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Biuret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present
Positive result
glossary-chemistry.blogspot.com
Testing for Proteins