How do we study the Universe?
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How do we study the Universe?
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SPECTROSCOPY
• Uses visible wavelength split into colors
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Doppler shift
• Wavelengths change when object is moving
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Red/ Blue Shift
• RECEDING (moving away) objects show a INCREASE in WAVELENGTH- red shift
• APPROACHING objects show a DECREASE in WAVELENGTH- blue shift
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• Star Approaching
• Star Receding
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RED-SHIFTING STAR (Moving Away From Us)
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BLUE-SHIFTING STAR (Moving Towards Us)
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sun
Red or blue shift?
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Star MOVING AWAY from us.(RED-SHIFTING)
REFERENCE SPECTRUM
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Mauna Kea Observatory
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Mauna KeaAug. 2011
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Optical telescopes
• Need clear weather• Away from city lights (light pollution)• Above clouds (mountain tops)
– Less distortion
• Many in AZ and HI
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Kitt Peak, Arizona
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REFRACTING TELESCOPES
Use multiple lenses to focus light and magnify images.
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The USNO 26-inch Refracting Telescope
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REFRACTORS• Lenses are expensive• Chromatic aberration (halo affect;bad)• good for observing solar system objects
• See details (good contrast)
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Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff AZdiscovered Pluto
24” refractor
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REFLECTING TELESCOPES
Uses a series of mirrors to gather and focus light.
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Reflectors
• Mirrors are cheaper • See farther than refractors
– Lose detail
• Can build larger (10 meters vs. 1 meter)• “Coma” problem
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“coma problem
• Stars need edge of field have “tails”
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8” REFLECTOR
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Keck Observatory10 m reflector
largest in world
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LBTLarge Binocular Telescope
• Two 8.4 m mirrors
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CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPEScombines the best features of refractors and reflectors
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Dobsonian telescope
• Cheap • Reflector• need dark skies• Only azimuth mount• Good beginner telescope
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Radio telescopes
• Gather incoming radio waves• Convert waves to colors• Produce false color images
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Radio telescopes
• Best for out of solar system objects– Galaxies– Supernovas– quasars
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Very Large ArraySocorro, NM
• Arrays use many telescopes that act as one telescope
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Very Large Baseline Array Sites
Kitt Peak, AZ
New Mex. Texas New Mex. Virgin Islands
Hawaii California Washington Iowa New Hampshire
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40 meter radio telescope
Green Bank, WV
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305 meterArecibo Radio Telescope
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Signal is received by telescope
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Signal is amplified
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Jan
skie
s
Minutes
Signal is converted to false colors
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SUPERNOVA REMNANT
All declinations combined make a picture
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THE MOON
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A GALAXY
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Jupiter
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Planet forming
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Advantages of Radio Telescopes
• Use anytime (day, clouds, etc)• No dome needed• Detect object much further away
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Infrared
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Advantages of Space Telescopes
• No atm. Interference– See clearer
• NOT CLOSER• Can detect wavelength
that atm. blocks
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Hubble
• reflector• Last service mission (2010) will keep
operating to at least 2014
• In 2018 Hubble will be replaced by James Webb telescope (IR)
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James Webb telescope
• Mission length: 5 years • Remain stationary above Earth
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Hubble vs. Webb
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Other space telescopes
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Spitzer infrared telescopelaunched 2003
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GLAST- gamma ray telescope
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Chandra X-ray telescopelaunched 1999
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HUT (HOPKINS UV TELESCOPE)
Clumpy universe
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COBEmicrowave
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