Chapter 6 Multi-cellular Organisms Lesson 1 How are living things grouped?
How do we classify and group plants? What are the major divisions? How are they grouped and...
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How do we classify and group plants?
• What are the major divisions?
• How are they grouped and classified?
• How do you use a plant identification key?
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Plant Taxonomy
• Nonvascular Plants- have small reduced leaves, no vascular tissue( veins) no true roots, and reproduce by spores or flagellated cells that travel through water.
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Vascular Plants- have true roots, stems, and leaves with vascular tissue. Xylem- water and minerals. Phloem- transports carbohydrates
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Plant Divisions• nonvascular Bryophyta- mosses
• vascular seedless Lycophyta-club moss Pterophyta-Ferns seed plants Gymnosperms-naked seeds Angiosperms-flowering plants
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Gymnosperm Coniferophyta- needle or scale leaf, cones ( conifer)Anthophyta or Angiosperm Monocots- parallel veins, petals in 3’s Dicots- net veins, petals in 4’s or 5’s
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BryotphytesMosses
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Moses
• Non-vascular Plants- No tissues to carry water
• Spores used for reproduction
• No true roots, stem
• Reduced leaves
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Liverworts
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sporophyte
gametophyte
Mosses
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sporophyte
gametophyte
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In mosses the dominant stage of their life cycle they only have half of their total chromosme
number.
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Spore Producing
• Spores are reproductive stages that have only half the chromosomes or genetic material.
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VASCULAR PLANTS
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Lycopodium,Lycophyta
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Pterophyta
Ferns- reproduce with spores but have veins to carry water
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Gymnosperms
Naked seeds or seeds produced in cones.
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Angiosperms or Anthophyta
• Flowering plants
• Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes borne within a flower.
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Antheridium Archegonium
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Liliacea
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Taxonomy key\identification key
• You always have two choices in a description of the organisms characteristic
• Choose the correct choice and it takes you to a name or a number.
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dicot
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monocot
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Opposite Leaf arrangement
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Alternate leaf arrangement
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Botany
•Tissues, Organs, and Systems
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Vascular Tissue
Xylem (wood)
trachieds and vessel elements make up xylem. They are nonliving tubes with openings at the ends to carry water .
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Transport in Vascular Plants
• Water and minerals begin movement by osmosis.
through root and root hair
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Transport in Plants cont.
capillary action in xylem vessel element
Adhesion-water vessel wall
Cohesion- water to water
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Transpiration- water moves out through stoma in the leaf.
closed
H2O
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Loss of TurgorTurgor
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• Phloem carries carbohydrates
sieve tube elements-- connected by sieve plates
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Heart wood
Springwood
Summer WoodVascularcambium
phloemCork cambium
CORK
Phloem rays
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Vascular Tissue
• Xylem- wood, carries water
Spring wood- larger openings smaller ring
Summer wood – more compact rigs are wider
Phloem- carries sugar
phloem rays carry back and forth
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Growth Tissue
• Vascular Cambium- grows new xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside
• Cork cambium- grows new cork to the outside
BARK- is vascular cambium, phloem, cork cambium , and cork
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xylem
phloemCortex ( storage, support)(7,8)
11
4 & 5
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Merristematic Regions
• Apical Bud
• Root Tips
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Leaf PrimordiaApical Meristem
Axillary Bud
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Roots
primary
secondary
TAP
DIFFUSE
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Germination
• Seeds begin to grow as a result of cell division using much oxygen
seeds need warm temperatures, water, and oxygen to germinate but the seed supplies the food.
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hypocotyl
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Embryonic Tissue
Seed leaves of an embryo
Below the cotyledon
Above the cotyledon
Embryonic root
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cap
merristematicElongation
maturation
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Leaves- the main photosynthetic parts of a plant
• Types of
Simple
Compound
Pinnate
Palmate
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Leaf Cross Section• Epidermis- prevents water loss
protects from UV light
• Palisades- photosynthesis zone ( contains much chlorophyll)
• Mesophyll ( spongy layer)- storage of gases, water and sugar
• Veins – contain xylem and phloem
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• Abscision layer- cuts base of leaf off during defoliation
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Stomate
• Stomate- leaf opening for gas exchange and water loss
• Guard Cells- control opening of stomate
• Stoma - opening
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Photosynthesis
CO2+H2O light CnH2n0n+O2
Light- measured as an absorption spectrum, the wavelengths that are most important are different for different types of autotrophs
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Photosyntheis
• Plant takes in carbon dioxide\
• Plant takes up water
• Plant produces sugars
• Plant gives off oxygen
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petiole
Margin (serrate)
Pinnate veins
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Simple Leaf with Entire Margin and Pinnate Veins
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Angiosperms or Anthophyta
• Flowering plants
• Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes borne within a flower.
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Perfect Flower
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STAMEN- male part of flower
Filament
Anther
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stigma
style
ovary3n2n
Zygote is 2n
Endosperm -food for development 3n
Pollen tube
Ovules within the ovary contain an embryo
PISTIL or CARPEL
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Composite Family
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Flower Structures
• Stamen- male floral part
• Anther- produces pollen ( n) haploid
• Filament- stalk that supports stamen
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Floral Parts
• Pistil- female floral part
• Style- stalk that supports stigma
• Stigma- sticky part attracts pollen
• Ovary- eggs develop and are fertilized to become seeds
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Plant Response to Light –Photoperiodism
LONG DAY_ require 12 hr. daylight or more to flower
SHORT DAY-require less than 12 hr daylight
DAY NEUTRAL – flower according to maturity not light
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Plant Hormones
• Alter cell division
• Increase elongation
• Regulate gene activity
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Auxins
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Plant Auxin on Agar Block
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Auxin Mutants