How Do Others Affect the Individual?
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Transcript of How Do Others Affect the Individual?
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How Do Others Affect the Individual?
Social Psychology
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ConformityChanges in attitudes or behaviors to be
consistent with those of othersMay lead to positive or negative behaviors
Video
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ConformityWhich of the lines below is the same as the one
to the left?
• What if 6 other people answered line 1 before it was your turn to answer?
• Some participants conformed and gave the wrong answer!
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Findings….Conformity increases when the following factors are applied:
Feel insecure or do not know what you are doingThe group is made up of 3 or more peopleRest of the group is unanimous in their opinionYou are impressed by the status of the groupFeel other people in the group are watching and
judging you
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Social Influence Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
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Social InfluenceNormative social influence causes a person
to conform, or change a behavior for the purpose to either gain approval or avoid disapproval from a group
When someone refers to being part of the norm or the crowd, it is implied as doing some behavior or sharing some thought that everyone else is displaying or thinking.
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ObedienceObedience is the tendency to follow a person’s
orders or requests because he or she is seen as an authority figure
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Stanley MilgramStanley Milgram was a
social psychologist who studied the effects of obedience on a person’s behavior
Specifically he wanted to know if a person would deliver shocks to another person because they were told by an authority figure to do so.
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Milgram’s StudyThe experiment involved the: The Experimenter- person who worked
with Milgram and played the part of the authority figure by dressing in a lab white coat and looking intelligent
The experiment also involved two subjects: one was The Learner who knew the purpose of the study and was given instructions from Milgram on what to do.
The teacher, who was the subject being studied and was unaware of the intentions of the experiment
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Milgram’s Study Teacher delivers
increasing shocks to the learner (or so the teacher thought)
Learner protested Experimenter
ordered the teacher to continue
Would the teacher continue?
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Milgram’s Study
75% of the “teachers” gave
the highest shock 450 volts and no
one stopped before
administering the 300 volt level.
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Possible explanations…The teacher was told by the experimenter, who was
the authority figure, to administer the shocks resulting in the teacher justifying the shocks given to the learner- he or she was told to do it
The teacher believed and trusted that the experimenter, who was the expert and authority figure, would not allow any harm to happen to the learner.
The teacher could not see the learner receive the shocks, which could have made it easier to give the shocks. This effect was evaluated in subsequent studies
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Social Influence Milgram’s follow-up obedience
experiment
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Obedience to AuthorityFactors that
Facilitate/Inhibit ObediencePresence of someone
who refuses to obeyBackground authority
increases obedienceCulture does NOT have
much of an effect on obedience
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EthicsEthical concerns
of Milgram’s StudyDeceptionPotential for
psychological harm to participants
Video
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What are the effects of Identifying with a group?
Social Psychology
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Group PerformanceSocial Facilitation
Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
Occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
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Group PerformanceSocial Loafing
Worsened performance when part of a groupDue to decreased effort and motivationMore likely when individual performance is
difficult to identifyLess likely when
The task is rewarding
The group is cohesive
Individuals are identified
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Facilitation vs. Loafing
Presence of others
Individual efforts
evaluated
Evaluation apprehensio
n
Social Facilitatio
nIndividual
efforts NOT evaluated
No evaluation
apprehension
Social Loafing
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Group Decision MakingOften results in poorer decisions than those made by
individualsDue to Groupthink
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Group Decision MakingSometimes groups make more extreme
decisions than individuals would makeGroup Polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
Choice ShiftA choice shift occurs when, after a group’s
interaction on an issue, the mean attitude of group members differs from the members’ mean initial attitude.
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Social Influence
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions
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Group PerformanceDeindivuduation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Helps explain behavior of mobs
Loss of self awareness
Leads to behavior we typically would not doStanford Prison
ExperimentVideo
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Extra Credit???Ready to apply these concepts? Ready to earn
some extra points??!!Let’s do some Norm Violations!
Working with a partner (does not have to be in this class) violate a norm and document the reactions that occur.
Applying the concepts of social psychology (attribution theory, actor/observer, conformity, etc.) write a 1-2 page report of your findings