How do I correctly use source material both within the paper (parenthetical citations) and on the works cited page?

How do I use quotes, paraphrasing and summarizing appropriately?

YouYou can QUOTE me on can QUOTE me on thatthat

Quotes printed word for word exactly as Quotes printed word for word exactly as the author wrote them are the author wrote them are direct direct quotes.quotes. These words appear inside These words appear inside quotation marks. quotation marks.

Direct QuotesDirect Quotes

Examples:“I am thrilled to be representing the great State of Texas at the Free Spirit Conference,” Joe Mama, newspaper adviser said.

“I’m just glad I didn’t have to spend any more time with my adviser than I did,” said Casey Deeya, who added that she enjoyed riding the subways more than attending the conference.

Partial QuotesPartial Quotes

Sometimes it might work better to Sometimes it might work better to use a use a portion portion of a quote to convey of a quote to convey the information than to use an entire the information than to use an entire quote. To do this, put only the quoted quote. To do this, put only the quoted words inside quotation marks.words inside quotation marks.

Use partial quotes when you need to Use partial quotes when you need to use a speaker’s exact words but the use a speaker’s exact words but the entire direct quote might be too long entire direct quote might be too long or too confusing for the reader.or too confusing for the reader.

Examples of a Partial Examples of a Partial QuoteQuote

In his novel, In his novel, Styles at LCCStyles at LCC, author , author Harry Skaulp states that spiked hair Harry Skaulp states that spiked hair is ais a “part of our cultural heritage, “part of our cultural heritage, not merely a symbol of rebellion,”not merely a symbol of rebellion,” adding that he thinks nose piercing adding that he thinks nose piercing should be mandatory.should be mandatory.

According to Gene, the faculty at According to Gene, the faculty at Devon treated the boys differently Devon treated the boys differently during the summer session because during the summer session because “We reminded them of what peace “We reminded them of what peace was like… of lives which were not was like… of lives which were not bound up with destruction” (10).bound up with destruction” (10).

Indirect QuotesIndirect Quotes

Information from a source which is not made Information from a source which is not made up of the author’s exact words is not placed up of the author’s exact words is not placed inside quotation marks. This is an inside quotation marks. This is an indirect indirect quotequote, which is a , which is a paraphraseparaphrase or a or a summarysummary of of the meaning of the direct quotation.the meaning of the direct quotation.

Indirect quotes are used to:Indirect quotes are used to:

• Express a fact stated by the sourceExpress a fact stated by the source

• Clarify a quote that is too long, confusing Clarify a quote that is too long, confusing or dullor dull

• Condense the ideas of several direct Condense the ideas of several direct quotesquotes

Example of an Indirect Example of an Indirect QuoteQuote

Direct Quotation Example: It seems like not too many people think about what they're doing every day. In fact, most people seem to agree with Henry Ford, who once said, “Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is probably why so few people do it.”

Indirect Quotation Example - It seems like not too many people think about what they're doing every day. In fact, most people seem to agree with Henry Ford, who once pointed out that people don't like hard work, and that's exactly what thinking is.

Never Never changechange the the meaning of a quote meaning of a quote when you when you paraphrase!paraphrase!

You will still need You will still need to to cite your source!cite your source!

BEWARE!BEWARE!

Integrating Integrating QuotationsQuotations

Never just drop a Never just drop a quotation into your quotation into your paper. Always paper. Always introduce introduce it and it and explain explain it with your it with your own words.own words.

A well-integrated quote is a lot like a sandwich:

•On top you have a sentence that is your own thought and summary, setting the context for the quote that you intend to use to prove illustrate point.•Then you have the quote (with author tag/signal phrase) to back up your thought•Then on the bottom you have a sentence of your own that reflects back on the quote

1. 1. Incorporate the quotation into your Incorporate the quotation into your sentencesentence..

As Bob is being beaten, he hopes heAs Bob is being beaten, he hopes he “will “will become unconscious but can’t.”become unconscious but can’t.”

Bob appraises Mrs. Harrison derisively, Bob appraises Mrs. Harrison derisively, stating thatstating that “she looked so complacent, “she looked so complacent, sitting there in her two-hundred dollar sitting there in her two-hundred dollar chair. . .bought with dough her husband chair. . .bought with dough her husband had made overcharging poor hard-working had made overcharging poor hard-working people for his incompetent services, that I people for his incompetent services, that I had a crazy impulse to needle her.”had a crazy impulse to needle her.”

2. 2. Introduce the quotation by using an Introduce the quotation by using an attributive tagattributive tag like like he writeshe writes, , she claimsshe claims, , and so on.and so on.

To describe his childlike consciousness, To describe his childlike consciousness, Wright explains,Wright explains, “Each event spoke with “Each event spoke with a cryptic tongue. And the moments of a cryptic tongue. And the moments of living slowly revealed their coded living slowly revealed their coded meanings.” meanings.”

After going to Memphis and boarding After going to Memphis and boarding with Mrs. Moss, Wright wonders,with Mrs. Moss, Wright wonders, “Was it “Was it wise to remain here with a seventeen-wise to remain here with a seventeen-year-old girl eager for marriage and a year-old girl eager for marriage and a mother equally anxious to have her mother equally anxious to have her marry me?”marry me?”

According to Jane Doe, "..."

As Jane Doe goes on to explain, "..."

Characterized by John Doe, the society is "..."

As one critic points out, "..."

John Doe believes that "..."

Jane Doe claims that "..."

In the words of John Doe, "..."

Ways to start your quote with attributive tags

3. 3. Introduce the quotation by writing a Introduce the quotation by writing a full sentence and a colonfull sentence and a colon to introduce the to introduce the quotation, which should itself be a full quotation, which should itself be a full sentence.sentence.

Bob’s description of Madge emphasizes Bob’s description of Madge emphasizes her fake appearance:her fake appearance: “She was a “She was a peroxide blonde with a large-featured, peroxide blonde with a large-featured, overly made-up face, and she had a overly made-up face, and she had a large, bright-painted, fleshy mouth.”large, bright-painted, fleshy mouth.”

Richard Wright explains his reasons for Richard Wright explains his reasons for writing:writing: “I was striving for a level of “I was striving for a level of expression that matched those of the expression that matched those of the novels I read.”novels I read.”

Author’s last name and page Author’s last name and page number(s) of quote must number(s) of quote must appear in the textappear in the textRomantic poetry is characterized Romantic poetry is characterized by theby the “spontaneous overflow of “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”powerful feelings.” (Wordsworth (Wordsworth 263)263)

Wordsworth stated that Romantic Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by apoetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”powerful feelings.” (263)(263)

Punctuating Punctuating QuotationsQuotations• The author’s exact words go inside The author’s exact words go inside

the quotation marks: the quotation marks: “I am super, “I am super, duper cool.”duper cool.”

• The end punctuation (period, question The end punctuation (period, question mark, exclamation point) goes inside mark, exclamation point) goes inside the last quotation mark. the last quotation mark. “Give me the “Give me the money!”money!”

• When the attribution comes after a When the attribution comes after a direct quote, use a comma to separate direct quote, use a comma to separate the quote from the attribution. the quote from the attribution. “Here “Here it is,”it is,” replied Bob.replied Bob.

• If a question mark relates to the If a question mark relates to the sentence and not the quote, place it at sentence and not the quote, place it at the end of the sentence outside the the end of the sentence outside the quotation marks: quotation marks: What kind of moron What kind of moron says, “I am super, duper cool”?says, “I am super, duper cool”?

Punctuating QuotationsPunctuating Quotations

• Use single quotation marks to Use single quotation marks to indicate a quote inside a quote. indicate a quote inside a quote. “And so I told her, ‘Fix your own “And so I told her, ‘Fix your own tire, Grandma!’”tire, Grandma!’”

• If a quote is a complete sentence, If a quote is a complete sentence, begin it with a capital letter. If it’s begin it with a capital letter. If it’s not, don’t.not, don’t.

Block a quotation if it is four lines or Block a quotation if it is four lines or longerlonger. Indent the quotation one half of . Indent the quotation one half of an inch on both sides, and punctuate it an inch on both sides, and punctuate it like the following example. like the following example.

Wright describes how his mother’s illness Wright describes how his mother’s illness

affected him:affected him:

My mother’s suffering grew into a My mother’s suffering grew into a

symbol in my mind, gathering to itself symbol in my mind, gathering to itself

all the poverty, the ignorance, the all the poverty, the ignorance, the

helplessness; the painful, baffling, helplessness; the painful, baffling,

hunger-ridden days and hours; the hunger-ridden days and hours; the

restless moving, the futile seeking, the restless moving, the futile seeking, the uncertainty, the fear, the dread.uncertainty, the fear, the dread. (Wright (Wright

29) 29)

• The intro generally will not have a quote in it – it will be entirely your own words

• After that, you’ll start every paragraph with your own words.

• Then, for possibly the second or third sentence of each paragraph, you can use a well-integrated quote to illustrate or prove the topic sentence of that paragraph

• And finally, you can close off each paragraph with a reflection of your own showing how that quote worked to support your point.

Writing your Paper

A couple of rules of thumb:•Do not start a paragraph with a quote•Do not end a paragraph with a quote•Just one or two fairly short quotes per paragraph•Keep your quotes short•Just quote the good stuff