1) How do flowers get their colors? Why are roses red and violets blue? People always admire the beautiful colors of flowers in bloom but rarely does anyone know the perfect science that goes into the color production of one of the earths greatest natural beauties. The reason a flower has color is the same reason a person may be born with brown or blond hair, possess blue or green eyes, dress in colorful clothing or wear red lipstick.Color, when you boil it down to the simplest terms, exists solely to reproduce and procreate in plants and in humans. The Color Making Process The color of flowers, such as the red inrosesand yellow in marigolds, are found in pigments that are decided upon in the hereditary genome of the plant. Flower colors of red, pink, blue and purple come mainly from the pigments calledanthocyanins, which are in the class of chemicals called flavanoids (what gives plants their color). Other pigments are carotenoids, found in tomatoes and carrots, that provide yellow, red and orange in the plastids. Chlorophyll is the most well known pigment, providing all that green you see in leaves and foliage. All these scientific terms really mean that, similar to people, plants carry certain pigments in their genes that decide before they are born what color they will be.

Why are leaves green in colour?So, we know that sunlight is essential for the survival and growth of all plants. Though plants need fresh air, water and nutrients to grow, sunlight plays the most important role in preparing their nutrition. And leaves do thisprocess ofphotosynthesis.Leaves are green because they have a green pigment called chlorophyll. They have small pores called stomata. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed into these leaves through the stomata. And sunlight gives energy to the plant to convert water and CO2into sugar and starch, which is the food of the plant. Leaves also have small disk-like structures called chloroplast and theprocess ofphotosynthesis takes place inside these chloroplasts. Some plants like Cactus can survive even in dry regions because they can store their food for months.Why does chopping an onion make you cry?Onions produce the chemical irritant known as syn-propanethial-S-oxide. It stimulates the eyes' lachrymal glands so they release tears. Scientists used to blame the enzyme allinase for the instability of substances in a cut onion. Recent studies from Japan, however, proved that lachrymatory-factor synthase, (a previously undiscovered enzyme) is the culprit (Imani et al, 2002).The process goes as follows:1. Lachrymatory-factor synthase is released into the air when we cut an onion.2. The synthase enzyme converts the sulfoxides (amino acids) of the onion into sulfenic acid.3. The unstable sulfenic acid rearranges itself into syn-ropanethial-S-oxide.4. Syn-propanethial-S-oxide gets into the air and comes in contact with our eyes. The lachrymal glands become irritated and produces the tears!What is lightning?Water and ice move around inside the cloud; forced up by warm air currents, down by gravity, and compressed in the cloud. Just as rubbing a balloon can create static electricity, the particles in the cloud become charged. Its not clear how it happens, but charges separate in the cloud. Positive charges move up, and negatives move down.Once a significant charge separation has built up, the positive and negative charges seek to reach each other an neutralise. Streamers come up from the ground to form a pathway. Once a pathway is completed a spark forms, neutralizing the charge.As the negative charge races down, the air surrounding it heats up.The spark is very hot at almost 20,000 degrees Celsius, and it rapidly heats the air to create a shock wave.Considering light travels very fast about 300 million metres per second, and that sound only travels at 300 metres per second; light is a million times faster than the sound produced. To find out how far away the storm is, you can count how long you hear the sound after the lightning. For every 4 seconds between the flash and the rumble, the thunderstorm is 1 mile away.RainbowArainbowis anopticalandmeteorologicalphenomenon that is caused by bothreflectionandrefractionof light inwaterdroplets resulting in aspectrumoflightappearing in the sky. It takes the form of amulticolouredarc. Rainbows caused bysunlightalways appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun.Rainbows can be full circles, however, the average observer sees only an arc, formed by illuminated droplets above the ground.[1]In a "primary rainbow", the arc shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side. This rainbow is caused by light beingrefracted(bent) when entering a droplet of water, thenreflectedinside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it.In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed, red facing toward the other one, in both rainbows. This second rainbow is caused by light reflecting twice inside water droplets.What do plants need to make food?Answer In a plant, the leaves contain many layers. The top layer is the waxy layer it prevents the leaf from losing too much water. The palisade cells contain alot of chloroplasts which contain a green substent called chlorophyll. The airholes allow gases to come in and out . The Spongy cells contain alot of air spaces. And finally the lower layer exchange gases through the stomata. The green substant in the chloroplasts are in the upper layer of the plant because it has the job to carture sunlight for photosynthesis. The roots down at the bottom absorbs water and nutrients in the soil. There are root hairs stuck to the roots. They are long and skinny this is becaus ethey have to provide a large surface area to absorb water. Once it absorbs all the water it was transport up the stem through a little tube called the xylem and then to the leaves. The chloroplasts carture the sunlight and the air holes allow gases to pass in and out, and the roots uptake the water. Now the plant can photosynthesise. They combine the carbon dioxide from the air with the water from the soil and the sunlight from the sun to make oxygen, glucose and energy. Carbon dioxide + Water = Oxygen + Glucose + energy. the oxygen which was made was wasted into the air. The food (glucose) that was made was transferred down the stem through a tube called pholoem and finally to the plant. The plant contain alot of water this is why it could stand up straight and the roots hold it in place. If there were no water in the plant it would go all floppy.WindWindis the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. Inouter space,solar windis the movement of gases or charged particles from thesunthrough space, whileplanetary windis theoutgassingof lightchemical elementsfrom a planet's atmosphere into space. Winds are commonly classified by theirspatial scale, theirspeed, the types of forces that cause them, the regions in which they occur, and their effect. The strongest observed winds on a planet in oursolar systemoccur onNeptuneandSaturn. Winds have various aspect, one important aspect is its velocity; another the density of the gas involved; another is the energy content orwind energyof a wind. Inmeteorology, winds are often referred to according to their strength, and the direction from which the wind is blowing. Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts. Strong winds of intermediate duration (around one minute) are termedsqualls. Long-duration winds have various names associated with their average strength, such asbreeze,gale,storm,hurricane, andtyphoon. Wind occurs on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, toglobalwinds resulting from the difference in absorption ofsolar energybetween theclimate zoneson Earth. The two main causes of large-scaleatmospheric circulationare the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet (Coriolis effect).What are clouds and how do they form?How do clouds form?Clouds form when the invisible water vapour in the air condenses into visible water droplets or ice crystals. There is water around us all the time in the form of tiny gas particles, also known as water vapour. There are also tiny particles floating around in the air - such as salt and dust - these are called aerosols.The water vapour and the aerosols are constantly bumping into each other. When the air is cooled, some of the water vapour sticks to the aerosols when they collide - this is condensation. Eventually, bigger water droplets form around the aerosol particles, and these water droplets start sticking together with other droplets, forming clouds.Clouds form when the air is saturated and cannot hold any more water vapour, this can happen in two ways:1. The amount of water in the air has increased- for example through evaporation - to the point that the air cannot hold any more water.2. The air is cooled to its dew point- the point where condensation occurs - and the air is unable to hold any more water.The warmer the air is, the more water vapour it can hold. Clouds are usually produced through condensation - as the air rises, it will cool and reducing the temperature of the air decreases its ability to hold water vapour so that condensation occurs. The height at which dew point is reached and clouds form is called the condensation level.Where Do Plants Come From?Plants come from seeds. Each seed contains a tiny plant waiting for the right conditions to germinate, or start to grow.What Do Seeds Need to Start to Grow?Seeds wait to germinate until three needs are met: water, correct temperature (warmth), and a good location (such as in soil). During its early stages of growth, the seedling relies upon the food supplies stored with it in the seed until it is large enough for its own leaves to begin making food throughphotosynthesis. The seedling's roots push down into the soil to anchor the new plant and to absorb water and minerals from the soil. And its stem with new leaves pushes up toward the light:The germination stage ends when a shoot emerges from the soil. But the plant is not done growing. It's just started. Plants need water, warmth, nutrients from the soil, and light to continue to grow.