How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True...
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How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellul ar Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Long Time with Prokaryotes only 0.5 1 2 3 4 BYBP Origin of Life Cyanobacterial Oxygen First Eukaryotes Multicellular Plants Land! cyanobacteria l endosymbiosis
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Transcript of How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True...
How Did We Make This Chart?
Mult
icellu
lar
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trach
eoph
ytes
Bryop
hyte
s
True
Fungi
Slime
Mold
s
Red a
lgae
Brown
Algae
Green
Alga
e
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Arche
zoan
s
Archa
ea
Bacte
ria
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
0.5
1
2
3
4 BYBPOrigin of Life
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
First Eukaryotes
Multicellular
PlantsLand!
cyanobacterial endosymbiosis
unique flagellum, phycoplast
open spindle, phragmoplast
-eyespotoogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmataembryo, cuticle, apical growth
stomata
protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores
true vascular, branching
true root, true leaf
heterospory
monopodial branching
pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds
vessels
reduced gametophyteflowers, fruits
-flagella
heterospory
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
heterospory
The Plant Kingdom Clade
How do we know the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics
Inferences from comparison of extant organismsCharacters-Attributes of the organism
»Anatomy»Morphology»Development»Physiology»Macromolecule Sequences
Polarizing Character States•Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants•Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
»Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms»Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
•Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup
OG A
B
C
D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals
2. Petals
3. Petals
4. Petals
5. Sepals
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
OG A
B
C
D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
ABCDE
2
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
BCDE
2
4
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
CDE
2
4
1
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
CDE
2
4
1
Problem: Sepals would be naturally next, but this will not resolve easily!
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
DE
2
4
1
Solution 1: Could evolve sepals twice on lines to B and C… a homoplasy!
*5
*5
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
DE
24
1
Solution 2: Could evolve sepals once before B and reverse it after C… a more biological parsimonious homoplasy!
5*
5R*
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
24
15*
5R*
autapomorphy
3
Problem: Taxa are not arranged by complexity
OG A
B
C DE
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
24
15*
5R*
autapomorphy
3
Problem: It is more parsimonious if homoplasy is for a simple character.
OG A
B
CDE
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
24 1*
5
1R*
autapomorphy
3
Solution: Look to make homoplasy in pigmentation or a growth character.
OG A E D C B
1 GrayR*
5 Sepals Present
3 Pointed Petals
1 Gray Petals*
4 Long Petals
2 Six Petals
This cladogram has six steps and one reversal homoplasy in a simple character
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1* 1*1*2* 2* 2* 2*2*
34*4*4* 4*
5*5*
This cladogram has fifteen steps and ten homoplasies!
Special creation is not parsimonious.
