How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Do Now: Why do you think...

How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the

mind?

Do Now: Why do you think we need to learn psychology?

In the beginning…

Psychology is as old as we are

Trephination

How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?

Plato and Democritus


Epistemology

What makes the way we study Psych now different?

Scientific Method


Wilhelm Wundt

Set of the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany


How does one study the structures of the mind?

Introspection


What is Introspection?

Experiments based in Epistemology

Wundt thought that is we train people to explain their thoughts in a scientific manner we may find truthCritics say it is like trying to examine a car by looking at all of its parts disconnected from one another.


Wundt and Titchener

Theory of Structuralism was developed from Introspection

What do you think Structuralism is?


Structuralism

Our consciousness

How it is organized into complex experiences

How these experiences are related to physical events


Time Out!!! Recap:

Structuralism:– Elements of the mind (analysis through

introspection)– Tear apart the elements of the mind and

study them individually


Beyond just the structures of the mind…

William James

The Principles of Psychology

Influenced by Charles Darwin


James and Functionalism

Can we separate the elements of the mind?

James believed in a stream of consciousness: our consciousness is ever changing, never the same and can not be divided into parts.

Behavior– Where does it fit?– What is its function?


Functionalism

How do people adapt to their environment?

The function of our behaviors is survival.

Our behaviors are significant.


Summary

Why did structuralism die out?

Is introspection a measurable process? Why or why not?

What is the significance of what Functionalism calls our Stream of Consciousness?


What is context?

Do Now:Paintings

How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?

1. How do these paintings makeyou feel?

2. Why do these paintings make you feel that way?

The ScreamEdvard Munch

Water LiliesClaude Monet

What is the difference?

Its not just the problem, but the context of the problem.

Do you agree with this? Why or why not?


Redefining “lab”

Wundt, the Father of Psychology, used a lab. What do you think Gestalt Psychologists used?

Gestalt Psychologist observe people in the “real world”


Max Wertheimer

Argued against dividing human thought and behavior into separate structures.

Gestalt Psychology

“The whole is different from the sum of its parts.”

Our understanding of objects is greater and more meaningful than the individual elements.



What do you see?

Summary

In one sentence, explain how Gestalt Psychology is different from Structuralism and Functionalism.

For Homework: Pick one perspective (Structuralism or Gestalt) and explain why you think it makes the most sense.


Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?

In pairs: Write a short story that involves a character who is trying to resolve a problem with a devil and an angel on his/her shoulder.

Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid

Freud and the Unconscious Mind

Through psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud believed he discovered the unconscious mind.


Well, what is Psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis is theory which explains human nature and is used as a method of treatment for psychological problems.


Psychoanalysis is multi-faceted


Psychoanalysis is multi-faceted

Elements of Psychoanalysis:Our personalities are unique, and were developed early in our livesOur unconscious mind influences our thoughts and actionsOur past shapes our futureWe are constantly developing throughout our lives


The Unconscious Mind

The Id

The Ego

The Superego


The Unconscious Mind

IDResponds to stimuli

Satisfies needsAggressiveImpulsive

EGO“Balancer”

SUPEREGOGuilt

Follows the rulesIs “the law”

Puts others above themselves


IdishFight all the time

Careless with money

Sexually aggressive

Whine if they don’t get what they want

Demanding

Never satisfied


Superegoed

Guilty

Paranoid

Follow “the rules”

Fearful

Withdrawn

Nervous


“Rugrats”

What the following episode and determine which baby is which part of our unconscious mind.

Id

Ego

Superego


Summary

In the cartoon “Rugrats”, which baby represented the Id? Ego? Superego?

Why?

Homework: Describe a time in your life that you were “idish” or “superegoed”.


Nature versus Nurture

Aim: Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?

Do Now: Describe the environment you grew up in.

Time to share!

Find a partner and share your Do Now answers.

Do you think you would be the same person if you grew up in your partner’s environment? Why or why not?

Do you think you would be the same person if you grew up during a different time period? Why or why not?

Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?

Nature versus Nurture

The Nature versus Nurture debate is multi-faceted and may never truly be answered.

Why do you think this is?


Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov’s Dogs


http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/pavlov.html



Classical Conditioning

The Unconditional Stimulus is unconditional, natural, and automatically triggers a response.

For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus.


Classical Conditioning continued…

The Unconditioned Response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response.



The Conditioned Stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.



The Conditioned Response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle.


Pavlov’s Dogs


Pavlov’s Dogs Summary

Unconditioned Stimulus = Food

Unconditioned Response = Salivation

Conditioned Stimulus = Bell

Conditioned Response = Salivation

Summary

Analyze one of your behaviors to determine if you have been conditioned to act that way (nurture), or if you were born that way (nature).


How can Conditioning Impact Human Behavior?

Do Now: Describe a time when you stop doing something because something bad happened when you were doing.

For example: I stopped eating strawberries because one time I was eating one and fell of the kitchen chair.

John B. Watson

Behaviorism: Our actions, thoughts, and emotions are all behaviors. We can observe these behaviors scientifically, and change them to treat psychological disorders.

Let’s read the article!

How can Conditioning impact human behavior?

Little Albert Experiment


Little Albert Experiment

Little Albert was given time to play with a rat. Little Albert enjoyed playing with the rat.

The next time Little Albert was given the rat to play with, a loud noise was sounded behind him.

From this point, each time Little Albert saw the rat, he would cry and turn away.


Classical Conditioning and Little Albert

Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise

Unconditioned Response: Fear

Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat

Conditioned Response: Fear


Can we reverse it?

Desensitization: when a subject is reintroduced to the Conditioned Stimulus without the Unconditioned Stimulus in order to remove the Conditioned Response


Um…is there a problem here?

Why do you think the Little Albert Experiment is controversial?


In Pairs

In our “experiment” earlier, tell me what the Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response


Summary

How can Classical Conditioning potentially help a patient?


How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?

Do Now: Define the following words:

1. Positive

2. Negative

B.F. Skinner

Used Positive and Negative Reinforcement to develop his theory of Operant Conditioning.


Reinforcement

B.F. Skinner developed Operant Conditioning which uses positive and negative reinforcement in order to get a desired behavior.


Positive Reinforcement

When a reward is given after a desired behavior.

• Example: a child makes his bed and his mom gives him a piece of candy.

• The child making the bed is the desired behavior and the candy is the positive reinforcement


Negative Reinforcement

• Taking away an adverse stimulus to increase a desired behavior.

• Example: There is always heavy traffic when I leave at 6:10, but if I leave at 5:55 there is no traffic.

• The heavy traffic is the adverse stimulus and my leaving at 5:55 is the negative reinforcement.


Another example for Negative Reinforcement

• A student has a hard time taking a test in a crowded and noisy room, so the teacher moves the student to another room.

• The crowded and noisy room is the negative stimulus, and the student doing well on the test is the desired behavior.


Punishment

• Negative Reinforcement is NOT a punishment.

• A punishment is when you add an undesirable stimulus in order to get a desired behavior.


Extinction

• When a behavior is weakened by lack of either a Positive or Negative Reinforcement.

• Example: When a student keeps raising their hand and the teacher does not call on her, or anybody else.


The Skinner Box

By shocking the rat until it pushed the bar, the rat was conditioned to perform a desired behavior using Negative Reinforcement.


Summary

• Exit Slip: Answer the following questions:• A police officer gives me a ticket for

driving to fast. This is an example of what?

• How could the police officer use Positive Reinforcement to get me to drive the speed limit?


Waves of Psychology

• Wave One: Introspection

• Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology

• Wave Three: Psychoanalysis

• Wave Four: Behaviorism

• Wave Five: Multiple Perspectives– Humanism, Psychoanalytic, Biopsychology,

Evolutionary, Behavioral, and Cognitive

What are our Basic Human Needs?

• Do Now: With a partner fill in the following triangle with what you think are our basic human needs. The most basic and important need goes on the bottom.

__________________________

___________

Group Activity

Examine the needs on the handout, and determine the hierarchy of these needs.


Our most Basic Human Need

• Physiological Needs

• Air

• Water

• Food

• Rest

• Human Touch


Safety

• Security

• Structure

• Free from fear


Belonging and Love

• Intimate love

• Fitting in a group

• Give love

• Receive love


Esteem

• Self respect

• Respect from others

• Success

• Recognition from others


Self Actualization

• Ideal Self

• The realization of one’s potential

• Creativity

• Self-understanding


Summary

Did Maslow get it right? Why or why not?


According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?

• "The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism” Rogers, 1951

• Do Now: Answer the following questions:– What does it mean to “self-actualize”?– What needs need to be met in order to

get there?

Carl Rogers

• 1902-1987

• Client Centered Therapy

• Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with national inter-group conflict in South Africa and Northern Ireland


Self-Concept

• Composed of three concepts:

1.Self Worth

2.Self Image

3.Ideal Self


Self Worth

• What we think about ourselves.

• Our esteem is formed from our childhood and relationship with our parents/guardians.


Self Image

• How we see ourselves.

• Body image.

• Whether we see ourselves as “good” or “bad” or “beautiful” or “ugly”


Ideal Self

• The person we would like to be.

• This may be continually changing.


Self Worth and Positive Regard

• Children have two basic needs:

1.Positive Regard from other people

2.Self-Worth


Self Worth

• Continuum

Very HighVery Low


Positive Regard

How other people evaluate and judge us in the real world


Unconditional Positive Regard

• Parents, guardians, significant others and the humanist therapist, accept the person for who they are.

• It does not matter if you do something wrong or make a mistake.


Conditional Positive Regard

• Is dependent on the child

• For example: the child has to behave the way the parents want him/her to.

• The child is not loved for who they are, but for what they do.


What do you think?

How can Conditional Positive Regard affect a child’s development. Give examples.


Congruence


Incongruence

When a person’s Self Image and Idea Self are not in line


Congruence

When a person’s Self Image and Ideal Self are similar.


Individual Activity

• “Lay it on the Line” handout will determine your Self-Worth

• “Name Game” handout will determine your Self-Esteem

• “How I See It” handout will also determine your Self Esteem”

• “I Am” handout will help you determine your Ideal Self.

Homework

• Self Actualization mini project

• “Teen Spotlight” handout will help us reach actualization. Your completed mini project should be on poster board.

Summary


Are we Congruent or Incongruent?

• In pairs, examine your “self actualization” poster as well as the self concept handouts.

• Is your partner congruent or incongruent? How do you know?

• Be sure to use examples from the handouts and poster.

Homework

• Write a reflection on our Congruency Project.

• Should be at least one page, typed.

How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Do Now: Why do you think...

Documents

Transcript of How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Do Now: Why do you think...