How can we move financial privation to the museum?
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How can we move financial privation to the museum?
Listening to Ground Realities
Reetika Khera,
Centre for Development Economics,
Delhi School of Economics
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“Nutrition Emergency” in India
Proportion (%) of children aged under 3 years who are
1998-92005-6
Underweight 47 46
Stunted 45 38
Wasted 16 19
Not fully vaccinated 58 56
Anaemic 74 79
Source: Dreze, Khera and Narayanan (2007)
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The Legal Framework
o Directive Principles (Articles 39 and 47): The state shallo “in particular, direct its policy towards securing—
o (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood;”
o “..regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties”
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National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
A step towards the right to work, as an aspect of the fundamental right to live with dignity.
Employment on demand: within 15 days Legal right: entitlement to unemployment
allowance Universal entitlement Minimum wages within 15 days of working
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NREGA: Employment Generation and
Expenditure
2007-8* 2008-9
Total:
• Employment (crore person-days) 144 216
• Expenditure (Rs. crores) 15,857 27,250
• Expenditure on wage (% of total) 68 67
• Expenditure (as % of GDP) < 0.5 0.7
Employment per rural household
employed on NREGA (person-days): 42 48
* Data pertains to the 330 districts covered under NREGA at the time.
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Share (%) of Disadvantaged Groups in NREGA Employment
2007-82008-9
Women: 42 48
Scheduled Tribes (ST): 29 25
Scheduled Castes (SC): 27 29
SC/ST Combined: 56 54
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NREGA and “financial privation”
Social security for the able-bodied Women’s empowerment Asset creation in rural areas Financial Inclusion Distress migration Revitalizing Panchayati Raj institutions
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NREGA in the Hindi heartland
Findings from a survey in six states
(Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh)
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NREGA workers belong to the most disadvantaged social groups
Proportion (%) of sample workers who are:
Men Women
SC/ST 71 75 Illiterate 52 82 In “kachha” homes 81 81 Without electricity 77 62
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There is massive demand for NREGA work
Proportion (%) of sample workers who want
At least 100 days of NREGA work 98
NREGA work throughout the year 50
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Employment Generation: Big jump…
Average days of NREGA work per sample household in the past 12 months
All survey states 43Interstate variations
Pati (Badwani district) 85 Rajasthan 71 Bihar 23
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… but way below demand
Proportion (%) of sample households that got 100 days of NREGA employment
All survey states 14Interstate variations
Pati (Badwani district) 47 Rajasthan 36 Chhattisgarh 1
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Women’s participation: Highly unevenProportion (%) of women among sample workers
Rajasthan 71 Madhya Pradesh 44 Chhattisgarh 25 Jharkhand 18 Bihar 13Uttar Pradesh 5
All survey states 32
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Empowering women
Proportion (%) of sample women who:*
Collect their own wages 79 (92) Kept their own wages 68 (51) Had no other source of cash
income in the past 3 months 70 (44)
* In brackets, the corresponding figures for men.
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Minimum wages: getting there…
Men Women(Rs./day)
Agricultural wages 53 47 Other casual labour 71 53 NREGA wage* 85 85 Minimum wage* 88 88
* Unweighted average of worksite-specific figures.
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NREGA: Just “playing with mud?”
Proportion (%) of worksites where the work being done was considered “useful”:
by the labourers 70 by the survey team 81
Proportion (%) of worksites where asset being created was considered “useful” by the survey team: 87
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Financial Inclusion and NREGA Accounts opened* 8.84
Of which Joint 7.84 Banks 4.84
Proportion (%) of respondents who preferred accounts to cash payments 85
Concerns: “Business correspondent model” Transparency safeguards
* In crores. Source: www.nrega.nic.in
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Awareness levels are still very low
Proportion (%) of sample workers who were aware of their entitlement to:
100 days of work 52 Minimum wage 56 Timely payment of wages 56
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Wage Payments: Plenty of complaints
Proportion (%) of worksites where workers had the following complaints:
Delays in wage payment 57 Non-payment of minimum wage 47 Work is too hard 43
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“NREGA-2”: Politics vs. Labourers concerns
Issues Low levels of awareness Lack of work Delayed wage payments Poor/non-existent grievance redressal
Recent amendments to the NREGA Renaming of the Act Expansion of list of works
Works on private lands Rajiv Gandhi Sewa Kendras
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