How Can We Explore Local Indonesian Bioethanol Sources

8/12/2019 How Can We Explore Local Indonesian Bioethanol Sources

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How can we explore local

Indonesian bioethanol sources?

Basic idea

Any such things contain polysaccharide

can be converted to bioethanol

(CH3CH2OH) using enzymes!!!

Where now we can get that

polysaccharide from???


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Banana

Banana


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Pepaya

Jeruk Components Total (%)Glucose 6,84%

Fructose 5,12%

Sucrose 1,05%

Wijana,1998


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Components Total (%)

Glucose 6,84%

Fructose 5,12%

sucrose 1,05%

Wijana,1998

orangeCitrus sp

NOT EFFICIENT

Degrading bacteria

working optimum

at pH5,58.Zymomonas mobilis

able to change glucose,

fructose, sucrose to be

ethanol

Able to live at pH

3,5-7,5

Zymomonas mobilis


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Sampah Rumah Tangga


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Ditimbun???

Municipal waste(common in Indonesia)


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Apa akan dibakar.??

Pembakaran?


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Burning Wastes

Mass burn incinerationMass burn incineration

Air

pollution

Air

pollution

Waste toenergy

Waste toenergy

Advantages

Reduced trash

volume

Less need for

landfills

Low water

pollution

Disadvantages

High cost

Air pollution

(especially

toxic dioxins)

Produces a

highly toxic ash

Encourages

waste production

Concept for the use of biomass

Biomass

fermentation

pyrolysis

gasification synthesis

ethanolethanol ,, chemicalschemicals

fuelsfuels,, chemicalschemicals

chemicalschemicals

transporttransport fuelsfuels


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(A) Typical fermentation products made by a

K12 E. coli fermenting glucose. Products are

in moles produced per 100 mol fermented

glucose (Dien et al. 2003; Gottschalk 1986)

with 91% of the carbon accounted for as

fermentation products.

Metabolism of ethanol

(B) Transforming E. coli with pet operon

diverts almost all glucose to ethanol.

This strain (KO11) also carries amutation that blocks succinate

production.

Lin Y, Tanaka S., Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources: current state and prospects.Appl Microbiol

Biotechnol., 2005, 69 (6): 627-42.

Dien BS, Cotta MA, Jeffries TW., Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: current status.ApplMicrobiol Biotechnol., 2003, 63(3): 258-66.

Metabolism of xylose to ethanol


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131275moderate temperature,

short residence time

Fast pyrolys is

85105high temperature ,long

residence time

Gasification

353530low temperature ,long

residence time

Carbonisation

GasCharliquid

yield, %Conditions

Biomass Pyrolysis Products

http://www.pyne.co.uk

Fast Pyrolysis LiquidBio-oil consists of many oxygenated organic

chemicals and is water miscible.

dark brown liquid

combustible

not miscible with hydrocarbons

heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg

density ~ 1.2 kg/l

pH ~ 2.5

pungent odour

viscosity increases with time


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Fast Pyrolysis Liquid

Bio-oil consists of many oxygenated organicchemicals and is water miscible.

dark brown liquid

combustible

not miscible with hydrocarbons

heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg

density ~ 1.2 kg/l

pH ~ 2.5

pungent odour

viscosity increases with time


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BIOMASSgas coke

oil aqueous

phase

Fractionation of Oils

Oil

Water solubles Water insolubles

HMWLExtractives,

LMW

K. Sipila, E. Kuoppala, L. Fagernas, A. Oasmaa, Characterization of biomass-based flash

pyrolysis oils, Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, 103113.


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Oreganum stalk, wheat straw andcorncob.

Oregano is an aromatic and medical plant.

Oreganum stalks are abundant agricultural wastes

from harvest

20 0.423 1.523 1.9Char

StrawCorncobOreganum

stalk

Feed

35 1.341 0.939 3.1Oil

6 0.56 1.36 0.3Aqueous phase

393032Gas*

* Calculated from mass balance ;

Comparison: Product distributions frompyrolysis of agricultural wastes, wt%

Oil yields----------- 13-17 wt% from rapeseed

14 wt% from sugarcane bagasse, coconut shell

57 wt% (containing 43 wt% waer) from rice straw

66 wt% (containing 20 wt% water) from pine sawdust


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1.250.031.300.661.450.13Furans

0.050.01ndnd0.04ndPyrans

0.590.220.200.290.500.42propanal, 3-hydroxy

5.121.897.375.546.892.46Nonaromatic ketones

4.404.63-0.822.231.94hydroxyacetaldehyde

Nonaromatic aldehydes

0.290.110.320.310.440.20propanoic

2.602.242.564.075.092.93acetic

Acids

WSAPWSAPWSAP

StrawOreganumCorncob

The compounds detected by GC/MS, wt.%

Characterization of pyrolytic oil

AP:aqueous phase; WS:water soluble fractions

13.500.0812.54nil0.660.18Total phenols, wt.%

1.292.491.303.051.702.04Methanol, v/v%

6.212.52n.dn.d1.223.15Formaldehyde,wt%

1.780.460.150.031.220.34Formic acid, wt.%

14.73.31.02.45.07.3Acetone, v/v %

WSAPWSAPWSAP

StrawOreganumCorncob

The concentration of some compounds detected

by HPLC and photometer, wt.%

Characterization of pyrolytic oil

AP:aqueous phase; WS:water soluble fractions


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200 nm200 nm

McCann et al. 1990McCann et al. 1990J. Cell Sci.J. Cell Sci. 9696,, 323323--334334

Molecular Architecture of Plant Cell WallsMolecular Architecture of Plant Cell Walls

((lignocellulosiclignocellulosicbiomass)biomass)

Most abundant in IndonesiaMost abundant in Indonesia(> 70 million(> 70 million tonnestonnesannually)annually)

Production of biomassProduction of biomassthroughout the yearthroughout the year

Main contributor of biomassMain contributor of biomasspalm oil industrypalm oil industry

Oil Palm Empty fruitOil Palm Empty fruitbunches (OPEFB)bunches (OPEFB)

Palm oil mill effluent (POME)Palm oil mill effluent (POME)

MesocarpMesocarp fiberfiber

Palm kernel shellsPalm kernel shells

Palm kernel cake (residue)Palm kernel cake (residue)

MainlyMainly lignoligno--cellulosiccellulosicmaterialsmaterials

Palm Oil

94%

Rice 1%

Sugarcane

1%

Wood

industry

4%

Biomass resources: Agricultural residuesBiomass resources: Agricultural residues


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Palm Oil Industry: BiomassPalm Oil Industry: Biomass

Biomass production (2007)Biomass production (2007)

Empty fruit bunch (EFB)Empty fruit bunch (EFB) 15 million15 million tonnestonnes

Palm kernel shellPalm kernel shell -- 8 million8 million tonnestonnes

MesocarpMesocarp fiberfiber 5 million5 million tonnestonnes

Abundant and concentrated in the millsAbundant and concentrated in the mills(business as usual)(business as usual)

3636

New Business and Products from Palm BiomassNew Business and Products from Palm Biomass

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch16 million t/yr

Palm Oil Mill Effluent50 million t/yr

Standardised biomass availablebusiness as usual

Sugars

Bioplastic (PLA)or Bioethanol

Pre-treatment andSaccharification

Fermentation inbioreactors

Biomass Energy

Bio-acids

Bioplastic(PHA)Biogas, CH4 (+Biohydrogen)

zero emissionzero emission

wastewaste--toto--wealthwealth

+ water recycling+ water recyclingCompost


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3737

Adding Value to Palm BiomassAdding Value to Palm Biomass

Paradigm shift towards biomassParadigm shift towards biomass Not wasteNot waste RenewableRenewable SustainableSustainable

UnderUnder--utilisedutilised resourceresource

Uncertainties of biomassUncertainties of biomass Technological provenTechnological proven ?? Economically feasibleEconomically feasible ??

Quality and quantity ?Quality and quantity ?

Availability & distribution ?Availability & distribution ?

value chainvalue chainfine chemicalsfine chemicals

foodfoodfiberfiber

feedfeed

fuelfuel

Lignin and Cellulose Molecules

38

Average molecular composition, soft maple lignin: CH1.2O0.27

Cellulose composition: CH1.7 O0.83 Up to 30% of the mass of wood, and 40% of the energy content

Wood processing plants produce 50 million tons of lignin waste

annually

Holladay et al. Top Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass: Volume II- Results of

Screening Potential Candidates from Biorefinery Lignin. Pacific Northwest National

Laboratory. October 2007.


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Converting Biomass Using Biorefinery

Concept

R.R.AgrawalAgrawal and N. Singh,and N. Singh,AIChEAIChE JournalJournal, 2009, 55, 1898, 2009, 55, 1898

Biological Conversion of Cellulose toBiological Conversion of Cellulose to BiofuelBiofuel

McCann et al.McCann et al.


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Thermal Conversion of Lignin to Jet Fuel

41Huber, GW. Catalysis for Production of JP-8 Range Molecules from Lignocellulosic Biomass. 12 March 2009.

Thermochemical Transformation ofLignocellulosic Biomass

Traditional paths entail high temperatures and suffer from carbon

CPOX forms no carbon

Biomass

Pyrolysis

High T

Oil

Char

Tar

Fuel

Cat. upgrade

Syngas

CharGasification

Methanol

Synfuel

CPOX SyngasVery high T


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Sorbitol

HO

O

HO OH

OH

OH

GlucoseMannitol

Hydrolysis

isomerization

H2

Hydrogenation

OH

OH

Ethylene glycol

+other

polyols

OH

HO

OO

HOOH

O

OH

n

Cellulose

O

H2O

Fructose

CH2OH

OCH2OH

OH

OH

HO

H2

Hydrogenation

OHOH

OH

OH O H

OH

OHOH

OH

O H OH

OH

-H2O

Dehydration

H2

Hydrogenation

H2

Hydrogenolysis

Light alkanes

CO2, etc.

H+

C-C cleavage+oxdationOrganic acids(unidentified)

O

OH OO

OH OH

HMF DHM-THF

OH

Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose to Chemicals

Conversion of cellulose to ethylene glycol on Ni-WC & Ni-W2C:Na et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2008); Catalysis Today (2009)

Commodity chemicals from ethanolCH3CH2OH

CH2=CH2 CH3CHO CH3CO2H

Ethyl benzene

Ethyl bromide

Ethyl chloride

Ethylene chlorohydrinEthylene diamine

Ethylene dibromideEthylene dichloride

Ethylene glycolEthyleneimine

Ethylene oxide

Diethyl ketoneDiethylene glycol

Glycol ethers, estersMEA, DEA, TEA

Vinyl acetate

Polymers, copolymers

Acetic acid

Acetic anhydrideAldol products

Butyl acetate

Butyl alcohol

ButyraldehydeChloral

Ethyleneimine

Pyridines

Acetamide

AcetanilideAcetyl chloride

Acetic anhydride

Dimethyl acetamide

Cellulose acetatesEsters


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Microbial Fuel Cell1.

2.

Rabaey K, Verstraete W. Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends Biotechnol., 2005,

23(6):291-8.


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1

E. Nakada, S. Nishikat, Y. Asada, J.Miyake Photosynthetic bacterial hydrogen production combined with a fuel cell.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 1999, 24: 1053-1057.

2

Microbial Fuel Cell: High Yield Hydrogen

Source And Wastewater Cleaner

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050422165917.htm

How Can We Explore Local Indonesian Bioethanol Sources

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