Hot Water The Efficiency Challenge!€¦ · Blower Burner Water Outlet Water Inlet . High...
Transcript of Hot Water The Efficiency Challenge!€¦ · Blower Burner Water Outlet Water Inlet . High...
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Hot Water
The
Efficiency
Challenge!
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…and all restaurants
use hot water!
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…but how much hot water?
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How much hot water do you use?
Without this…
…you don’t know!
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What we see in the field…
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U.S. to Canadian
Translation:
1 U.S. gal (shown in subsequent graphs)
is equal to approximately 4 litres
Multiply gal x 4 to get Litres
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Daily Hot Water Consumption (gal)
Nu
mb
er
of
Oc
cu
rre
nc
es
Average = 2100 gal/day
Actual Daily Hot Water Consumption for a Full-Service Restaurant (FSR)
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Time
Ho
t W
ate
r F
low
(g
al/m
in)
5 min data 6 per. Mov. Avg. (5 min data)
3741 gallons
24 hour Hot Water Flow Rate Profile
After hours cleaning – 550
gal/h
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Actual Daily Hot Water Consumption
for a Quick-Service Restaurant (QSR)
0
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Hot Water Use (gal/day)
Days
Average = 500 gal/day
www.fishnick.com/publications/appliancereports/special/QSR_water_heater_report.pdf
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Restaurant Hot Water Use*
* EPRI Commercial Water Heating Applications Handbook, 1992
Steakhouse Quick Service
water heating load [gal/d] 3500 240
Full-Service ≠ Quick Service
&
Restaurant ≠ Residential
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Facility Hot Water Use Efficiency Notes
(gal/day) (%)
Corp. Cafeteria 1800 48 Large Recirculation
Supermarket 1100 45 Lg. Recirc + Eff.
Heater
Full Service 1 3700 65 Recirculation
Full Service 2 2500 71 Recirculation
Full Service 3 2300 73 Recirculation
Full Service 4 2100 68 Recirculation
Quick Service 1 1200 69 Small Recirculation
Quick Service 2 700 NA Recirculation
Quick Service 3 500 90 High-Eff. Heater
Quick Service 4 550 71 Simple Distribution
Coffee Shop 150 62 Simple Distribution
FSTC monitored facilities to date…
Facility Hot Water Use Efficiency Notes
(avg. gal/day) (%)
Corp. Cafeteria 1800 48 Large Recirculation
Supermarket 1100 45 Lg. Recirc + Eff.
Heater
Full Service 1 3700 65 Recirculation
Full Service 2 2500 71 Recirculation
Full Service 3 2300 73 Recirculation
Full Service 4 2100 68 Recirculation
Quick Service 1 1200 69 Small Recirculation
Quick Service 2 700 NA Recirculation
Quick Service 3 500 90 High-Eff. Heater
Quick Service 4 550 71 Simple Distribution
Coffee Shop 150 62 Simple Distribution
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Actual Daily Hot Water Consumption
for a Full-Service Restaurant
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Time
Ho
t W
ate
r F
low
(g
al/m
in)
5 min data 6 per. Mov. Avg. (5 min data)
3741 gallons
24 hour Hot Water Flow Profile
After Hours Cleaning – 550 gal/hr
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Actual Daily Hot Water Consumption
for a Quick-Service Restaurant
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Hot Water Use (gal/day)
Days
Average = 500 gal/day
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Let’s start at the beginning…
Types of Hot Water Heaters
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Standard Efficiency Water Heater
Flue Damper
Burner
Water Inlet
Water Outlet
Gas Inlet
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Standard Efficiency
Pros
• simple
• robust
• low cost
• industry standard
• easy to spec
• easy to fix
• easy to replace
Cons
• 80% thermal efficiency
• stand by loss (100 gal): 1000
– 1300 Btu/h
http://www.gamanet.org
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High Efficiency (Condensing) Water Heater
Exhaust
Air Inlet
Blower
Burner
Water Outlet
Water Inlet
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High Efficiency
Pros
• condensing
• 95%+ efficiency
• Standby loss: 600 –
1000 Btu/h
• potential lower cost
installation
Cons
• condensing
• more complex
• not the standard
• potential for repair delay
• higher first cost
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Tankless (Instantaneous)
Takagi Industrial Co. USA Inc.
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Tankless
Pros
• smaller footprint
• outside installation
possible (some
climates)
• no standby loss
Cons
• 80 - 84% thermal efficiency
• low-flow limits
• may need multiple units
• special installation required
(stainless venting)
• maintenance may be higher
High efficiency condensing models (>94%) are now available in Canada!
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Quick Service Restaurant
Case Study
Avg. Hot Water Use = 550 gal/day
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Water Heater Configuration Set. Pt. Efficiency Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Gas Use* Gas Cost*
(°F) (%) (deg. F) (°F) (therm/yr) ($/yr)
Std. Eff. Tank 140 70.3 69.3 143.2 1977 $2,372
Std. Eff. Tank 130 71.4 65.2 135.5 1704 $2,045
Tankless Heater 130 73.6 65.1 124.9 1465 $1,758
Tankless Heater 140 75.6 62 132.8 1607 $1,928
High Eff. Tank 130 92.1 54.4 134.7 1354 $1,625
*Annual consumption/cost projection normalized for 550 gal/day, inlet temperature of 60°F and $1.20/therm
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Water Heater Configuration Set. Pt. Efficiency Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Gas Use* Gas Cost*
(°F) (%) (deg. F) (°F) (therm/yr) ($/yr)
Std. Eff. Tank 140 70.3 69.3 143.2 1977 $2,372
Std. Eff. Tank 130 71.4 65.2 135.5 1704 $2,045
Tankless Heater 130 73.6 65.1 124.9 1465 $1,758
Tankless Heater 140 75.6 62 132.8 1607 $1,928
High Eff. Tank 130 92.1 54.4 134.7 1354 $1,625
*Annual consumption/cost projection normalized for 550 gal/day, inlet temperature of 60°F and $1.20/therm
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Water Heater Configuration Set. Pt. Efficiency Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Gas Use* Gas Cost*
(°F) (%) (deg. F) (°F) (therm/yr) ($/yr)
Std. Eff. Tank 140 70.3 69.3 143.2 1977 $2,372
Std. Eff. Tank 130 71.4 65.2 135.5 1704 $2,045
Tankless Heater 130 73.6 65.1 124.9 1465 $1,758
Tankless Heater 140 75.6 62 132.8 1607 $1,928
High Eff. Tank 130 92.1 54.4 134.7 1354 $1,625
*Annual consumption/cost projection normalized for 550 gal/day, inlet temperature of 60°F and $1.20/therm
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QSR 1: Tank vs. Tankless Water Heater Outlet Temperature
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140
1606:0
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mp
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Water Heater Configuration Set. Pt. Efficiency Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Gas Use* Gas Cost*
(°F) (%) (deg. F) (°F) (therm/yr) ($/yr)
Std. Eff. Tank 140 70.3 69.3 143.2 1977 $2,372
Std. Eff. Tank 130 71.4 65.2 135.5 1704 $2,045
Tankless Heater 130 73.6 65.1 124.9 1465 $1,758
Tankless Heater 140 75.6 62 132.8 1607 $1,928
High Eff. Tank 130 92.1 54.4 134.7 1354 $1,625
*Annual consumption/cost projection normalized for 550 gal/day, inlet temperature of 60°F and $1.20/therm
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QSR 1: Tank vs. Tankless Water Heater Outlet Temperature
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1606:0
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mp
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ter
(GP
M)
Tank Temp_out (130° s.p.) Tankless Temp_out (140°F s.p.) Tank_GPM Tankless_GPM
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Water Heater Configuration Set. Pt. Efficiency Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Gas Use* Gas Cost*
(°F) (%) (deg. F) (°F) (therm/yr) ($/yr)
Std. Eff. Tank 140 70.3 69.3 143.2 1977 $2,372
Std. Eff. Tank 130 71.4 65.2 135.5 1704 $2,045
Tankless Heater 130 73.6 65.1 124.9 1465 $1,758
Tankless Heater 140 75.6 62 132.8 1607 $1,928
High Eff. Tank 130 92.1 54.4 134.7 1354 $1,625
*Annual consumption/cost projection normalized for 550 gal/day, inlet temperature of 60°F and $1.20/therm
Store is saving $750 with high-efficiency heater in operation over the
as-installed standard efficiency tank heater.
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Water Heater Configuration Set. Pt. Efficiency Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Gas Use* Gas Cost*
(°F) (%) (deg. F) (°F) (therm/yr) ($/yr)
Std. Eff. Tank 140 70.3 69.3 143.2 1977 $2,372
Std. Eff. Tank 130 71.4 65.2 135.5 1704 $2,045
Tankless Heater 130 73.6 65.1 124.9 1465 $1,758
Tankless Heater 140 75.6 62 132.8 1607 $1,928
High Eff. Tank 130 92.1 54.4 134.7 1354 $1,625
*Annual consumption/cost projection normalized for 550 gal/day, inlet temperature of 60°F and $1.20/therm
Store would have saved $444 with the standard efficiency tankless
heater over the as-installed standard efficiency tank heater.
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Optimizing a hot water system
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Specify ultra low flow pre-rinse spray valves rated below 1.2 gpm
Design with short pipe drops or eliminate unnecessary pipe drops to fixtures
Minimize the length and diameter of pipe to reduce the volume of water in the pipes
Specify one-inch thick insulation on all hot water pipes
Mirror the men’s and women’s restroom lavatories on both faces of the same wall
Specify ENERGY STAR or better dishwashers rated below 0.75 gallons per rack
Position heater close to dishwasher and other sanitation equipment
Specify high efficiency condensing water heaters
Specify ultra-low flow aerators on hand sinks at 0.5 gpm or below
Design without continuous recirculation, use demand circulation as an alternative
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Increasing Overall Water Heating
Efficiency From 60-80% Will Lead to…
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$500
$1,500
$3,000
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
500 1500 3000
An
nu
al S
av
ing
s
Hot Water Use (gal/day)
Cost Savings Based on Efficiency Increase from 60-80%
@ $1.20/therm
($11.50 per GJ)
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4 Hot Water Heater “Must-Do’s”
initiate
control insulate
regulate
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Insulate all accessible hot water lines.
Example savings: $300 a year
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Turn on the automatic damper control.
Example savings: $200 a year
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Control the recirculation pump: use a
timer to turn it off for 10 h at night.
Example savings: $700 a year
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Regulate the tank temperature
by properly setting the thermostat. Example savings: $600 a year for 5°F turndown
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Intelligent Water Heaters?
• Easy to read and accurate
thermostats are needed
• Condensing water heaters with
central processing units
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Water Heating System Efficiency Strategies:
– Higher efficiency (condensing) water heater
– Increase distribution efficiencies (recirculation pump control time
clock, insulation, optimized piping layout)
– High efficiency (condensing) tankless heater
– High efficiency (condensing) boiler
– Refrigerant heat recovery
– Waste water heat recovery
– Exhaust air-to-water heat recovery
– Appliance flue gas-to-water heat recovery
– Solar preheating
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Refrigerant [Desuperheater] Heat Recovery
Therma-Stor
Mueller Fre-Heater
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Refrigeration
Fryers
Holding Cabinets Steamers
www.energystar.gov/cfs
Ice Machines Dish Machines
Specify Energy Star Dish Machines!
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Dishmachines with Integrated Heat Recovery
Waste Air
HR
Drain
Water
HR
Conveyor:
Door Type:
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Drain Heat Recovery ???
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Operating Cost Comparison
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These guys won’t even turn off!
73
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Even a small drip adds
up:
50,000 gallons/yr
water/sewer: $330
gas: $640
Total: $970!
$1.20/therm gas & $5.00 per unit water/sewer
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Typical Flow Rate:
0.13 gpm
51,246 gal/yr
water/sewer:
$340
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Coffee Chain removes a water waster!
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Recap…
• Reduce Hot Water Use – Spec Energy Star dishwashers
– Low flow pre-rinse valves
• Increase Water Heating System Efficiency – Higher efficiency [condensing] water heaters (tank type
or tankless)
– Distribution efficiencies (re-circulation pump control, insulation, optimized plumbing)
Lighting
13%
Food Prep
35%
HVAC
28%
Sanitation
18%Refrig
6%
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Design Guides
Saving hot water through
innovative design
strategies!
http://www.fishnick.com/publications/waterheating/