Hot Topics in Dyslexia & Literacy From Editor's Desk (CDL Conf. 2015)
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Transcript of Hot Topics in Dyslexia & Literacy From Editor's Desk (CDL Conf. 2015)
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From the Editors Desk
Carolyn D. Cowen Feb. 10, 2015
HOT TOPICS In Dyslexia & Literacy:
#PlainTalkNOLA Cowen
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Boston: Brrr
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NOLA: Ahhh
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Happy!
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Not Happy
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Boston NOLA
Krewe of
Barkus
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Boston
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NOLA
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NOLA Feb 10!!
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Map of This Talk
1:30-2:55Hot Topics: Dyslexia & Literacy
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5 HOT TOPICS
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
From the Editors Desk
Cowen
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5 HOT TOPICS
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
From the Editors Desk
Cowen
{ {
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SURVEY How many of you are familiar with these issues?
Cowen
Poll #1
From the Editors Desk
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
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Cowen
AIMS: Explore complex topics shaping the dyslexia-literacy landscape Get perspectives on this shifting terrain Follow paths to deeper exploration
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Cowen
Well use several dierent lenses to get various perspectives
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5 HOT TOPICS 2 lenses
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Two PublicaQons International Dyslexia Association Examiner
Literate Nation Catalyst
Cowen
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Interna,onal Dyslexia
Associa,on Examiner
Social Media Editor/Strategist
Cowen
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Literate Nation Catalyst Executive Editor
Cowen
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INTERNATIONAL DYSLEXIA ASSOCIATION (IDA)
Venerable Promotes eective teaching & interventions for students w/ dyslexia Promotes research Disseminates research-based knowledge
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LITERATE NATION
Young Promotes evidence-based reading instruction for SEEDS students Supports eorts to enact/ implement state literacy/dyslexia legislation
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LITERATE NATION
Struggling Readers Economically disadvantaged youth English language learners, and students w/ Dyslexia and other Specic learning disabilities
Cowen
SEEDS
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LITERATE NATION
Young Promotes evidence-based reading instruction for SEEDS students Supports eorts to enact/ implement state literacy/dyslexia legislation
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Evidence-based reading instruction for every child in every classroom
across the nation
OVERLAP
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Literacy Dyslexia
Concerns about dyslexia & literacy go hand in hand
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DISCLAIMER Drawing from my experiences as: Social Media Editor/ Strategist for IDAs Examiner
Not necessarily views of IDA or LN
Executive Editor of LNs Catalyst
Cowen
Poll #2
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STAGE-MODEL LENS
PARENT
EDUCATOR
Poll #3
PARENT EDUCATOR
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PARENT STAGES
Cowen
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GRIEF
STAGE-MODEL LENS Parents of children w/ learning dierences (e.g., dyslexia) often travel through stages similar to grief stages.
Cowen
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Kbler-Ross
Stages of Grief
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Kbler-Ross
Stages of Grief
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When our children are born, we tend to imagine scenes more like this
Above Average
Cowen
LAKE WOBEGONE EFFECT
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Cowen
School
than scenes like this!
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My Child has Dyslexia!
Stages: Parenting Kids w/ Dyslexia
Cowen
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Search for answers
Diagnosis
Relief
@school
My Child has Dyslexia!
Stages: Parenting Kids w/ Dyslexia
Crisis
Worries/Doubts
Cowen
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Search for answers
Diagnosis
Relief
@school
Fight
for my kid!
Find community
& support
Learn rights/responsibilities
Nurture my kids strengths
My Child has Dyslexia!
Stages: Parenting Kids w/ Dyslexia
Crisis
Worries/Doubts
Learn to advocate
Cowen
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Search for answers
Diagnosis
Relief
@school
Fight
for my kid!
Fight
for kids like mine
Find community
& support
Learn rights/responsibilities
Nurture my kids strengths
Learn more about dyslexia
& related issues
My Child has Dyslexia!
Stages: Parenting Kids w/ Dyslexia
Crisis
Worries/Doubts
Learn to advocate
Forge strategic alliances/partnerships
Cowen
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Search for answers
Diagnosis
Relief
@school
Fight
for my kid!
Fight
for kids like mine
Find community
& support
Learn rights/responsibilities
Nurture my kids strengths
Learn more about dyslexia
& related issues
Learn about EBP, Implementation
Science, ed-policy, legislation, etc
(sustainable change)
Improve system for ALL kids
My Child has Dyslexia!
Stages: Parenting Kids w/ Dyslexia
Crisis
Worries/Doubts
Learn to advocate
Forge strategic alliances/partnerships
Cowen
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Parents: What stage(s) are you in?
Poll #4
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PROFESSIONAL GROWTH
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EDUCATOR STAGES
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PROFESSIONAL GROWTH
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EDUCATOR STAGES
IDAs KNOWLEDGE & PRACTICE STANDARDS: Absence of substantive content & rigor Few tests aligned with current research
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Poll #5
Were you adequately prepared/trained
at the start of
your career to...
Recognize early signs of risk? Prevent reading problems? Teach students w/ dyslexia?
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STAGE MODEL LENS Sharpen Focus/Eorts
PARENT STAGES
Cowen
Pair/Share #1
EDUCATOR STAGES
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Cowen
1:30-2:55Hot Topics: Dyslexia & Literacy
1. Dyslexias Upside
2. DSM5 & Dyslexia
3. The Dyslexia Debate
4. Teacher Preparation
& Dyslexia
5. Dyslexia Legislation
1
3 2
Aims Perspectives Scope
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5 HOT TOPICS
Cowen
From the Editors Desk
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
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Does Dyslexia have an upside?
Oct 2014 Mar 2012 Jan 2014
Cowen
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HEADLINES
Sparked by media attention Reviews science & oers CD framework to understand upsides & decits
Upside of dyslexia? Science scant, but intriguing Mar 2012
Cowen
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Small neural dierences leading to cognitive strengths/weakness that dier from person to person
Humanitys collective neural heterogeneity
Adaptive advantage, enabling the human species to capitalize on individuals strengths
Cerebro diversity
Cowen
CD
Dr. Gordon Sherman
Poll #6
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Dr. Ken Pugh
Reviews various perspectives/ hypotheses
Dyslexia & Visuospatial Processing Strengths: New Research Sheds Light
HEADLINES
Reports new Haskins research
Conducts Q&A w/ Dr. Pugh
Jan 2014
Cowen
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HEADLINES Behaviorally, subjects with dyslexia showed a visuospatial advantage
FMRI activation patterns suggest neural tradeo
Impossible Figures
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CAUTIONS The advantage in Impossible Figures appears reliable nonetheless a small dierence in speed.
Not a major dierence ... Thus, we dont want to overstate the impact of this speed advantage in real world contexts.
Cowen
Dr. Ken Pugh
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Cannot determine from this study why dyslexic brain processes Impossible Figures more eciently
Cannot rule out this advantage is a consequence of less reading experience compared to controls ... Do not know if cause or consequence
Cowen
CAUTIONS
Dr. Ken Pugh
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Why Study Dynamic Visual-Spatial Thinking in Dyslexia?
HEADLINES
Dr. Je Gilger
Conducts Q&A w/ Dr. Gilger Reviews various perspectives, hypotheses, debate Reviews 3 new UC Merced studies
Oct 2014
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HEADLINES STUDY #1: Gifted adults w/ dyslexia performed similarly to gifted normal readers on behavioral tasks but used dierent neural processes to solve spatial problems
Gihed adults w/ dyslexia
Gihed normal readers
Similar performance; Dierent neural
processes
Cowen
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HEADLINES STUDY #2: Adults w/ dyslexia process complex, dynamic spatial information dierently than those without dyslexia
Adults w/ dyslexia
Normal readers
Dierent neural processes for solving dynamic 3-D spaQal
problems
Cowen
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HEADLINES STUDY #3: Adults w/ dyslexia and are gifted resemble adults w/ dyslexia who are NOT gifted in behavioral tests & activation patterns
Dyslexia Gihed
Control group
Gihed No dyslexia
Reading compensaQon changes how adult brains process text & spaQal
info?
Dyslexia only
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Sample small, although involved four groups of carefully selected & matched subjects.
First such study interpretations and extensions need to be made cautiously.
Cowen
CAUTIONS
Dr. Je Gilger
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Theres a drive to consider people w/ dyslexia as one homogeneous group. They are not! Each has unique
strengths/weaknesses.
Important to look at individual & not make assumptions about what someone can/cant do based on summaries of research.
Cowen
CAUTIONS
Dr. Je Gilger
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Does Dyslexia have an upside?
Oct 2014 Mar 2012 Jan 2014
Cowen
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TAKE-AWAYS
Be cautious about over interpreting upside results BUT keep an open mind about dyslexias unanswered questions & complexities & possibilities
Cowen
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UPSIDE DEBATE HEPTAGRAM 1. Disability Paradigm is incomplete; myriad examples of upsides/ high talent exist
2. Still not enough
research; its just an
illusory correlation
3. Illiteracy so damaging, teaching reading is
THE priority
4. Technology is rendering print literacy less vital
5. Literacy will remain gateway for participation in society
6. High prole success stories oer lifelines of hope for those struggling
7. Upside stories can disappoint; for every celebrity success story, thousands struggle
Cowen
4 5
3
2 7
6
1
DYSLEXIA
Poll #7 Pair/ Share #2
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5 HOT TOPICS
Cowen
From the Editors Desk
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
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DSM-5 & Dyslexia What are the implications?
May 2012 Jan 2014 Cowen
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DSM-5 Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Published by American Psychiatric Association (APA) Includes codes for all recognized mental health disorders
Cowen
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HEADLINES Alerted dyslexia community DSM5 would NOT include proposed new language incorporating dyslexia. (Included CTA petition)
May 2012 May 2012
Cowen
Poll #8
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HEADLINES Dr. Tannocks Q&A delves into DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of Specic Learning Disabilities
Jan 2014
Cowen
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TANNOCK New SLD diagnostic criteria reects
Elimination of IQ-achievement discrepancy requirement; replaced w/ 4 new criteria
Overarching SLD category w/speciers diculties in reading, writing, math
Dr. Rosemary Tannock
Cowen
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TANNOCK SEES 3 POSITIVE IMPLICATIONS
1. DSM5 facilitates understanding that increasing learning demands trigger developmental changes in SLD manifestations AND helps increase awareness that dyslexia encompasses more than decoding/encoding diculties
Cowen
Dr. Rosemary Tannock
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2. Eliminating IQ-Achievement Discrepancy means lengthy/costly neuropsychological assessment no longer required for diagnosis (BTW: robust evidence shows Discrepancy Formulas conceptually/statistically awed)
Cowen
Dr. Rosemary Tannock
TANNOCK SEES 3 POSITIVE IMPLICATIONS
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3. New criteria calls for evidence of symptom persistence & wider array of data to conrm/quantify low academic achievement which may encourage educator-clinician-parent collaboration to compile formal/informal data
Cowen
Dr. Rosemary Tannock
TANNOCK SEES 3 POSITIVE IMPLICATIONS
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May 2012 Jan 2014 Cowen
DSM-5 & Dyslexia What are the implications?
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TAKE- AWAYS
Dyslexia not diagnostic category in DSM4 either Speciers might enhance diagnosis & treatment Bears watching; time will tell
Cowen
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MORE TAKE-AWAYS
Dyslexia often more than decoding/encoding
Parent-school-psychologist collaboration yields deeper understanding, better outcomes Psychometric data incomplete
Increasing demands compound developmental manifestations
Cowen
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5 HOT TOPICS
From the Editors Desk
Cowen
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
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The Dyslexia Debate Worth learning about!
April 2014 June 2014
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HEADLINE (Winter/Spring 2014)
Argues dyslexia NOT a scientically rigorous construct for research or educational/clinical practice
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Does NOT dispute existence of biologically-based reading diculties
Proposes term reading disabilities instead
HEADLINES
Drs. Julian Elliol & Elena Grigorenko
Cowen
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HEADLINES
Many states incorporating dyslexia & IDA-NICHD denition into dyslexia laws
IDA President Hal Malchow
IDA RESPONSE
April 2014
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At IDA, we understand science behind reading disorders
Also understand power of common language & mission/purpose it provides
IDA RESPONSE CONT.
IDA President Hal Malchow
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Dyslexia, a beauQful word. True, describes a category of learning disorders.
But, also describes community, body of knowledge, category of law, more positive sense of self, belief about progress we can achieve together.
IDA RESPONSE CONT.
IDA President Hal Malchow
Cowen
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HEADLINES WOLF RESPONSE
Much to learn from this book! Six insights
Dr. Maryanne Wolf
June 2014
Cowen
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1. Sciences search for parsimony has led to simplistic 1-dimensional explanations w/ various names 2. History of dierent explanations and names of dyslexia has origins in complexity of the reading circuit
SIX INSIGHTS
Dr. Maryanne Wolf
Cowen
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3. The brain can/does make dierent reading circuits! May be a dierent reading circuit in some children genetically based and that advantages the RIGHT hemisphere for normally LEFT hemisphere tasks
Dr. Maryanne Wolf
Cowen
SIX INSIGHTS
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4. All this dynamic complexity makes understanding dyslexia research dicult (Note: Hence, the challenge w/ a scien,cally rigorous construct of dyslexia)
Dr. Maryanne Wolf
Cowen
SIX INSIGHTS
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5. Grigorenko illuminates how geneQcs of dyslexia is connected to structural & behavioral research
6. Diers with authors conclusions asserts THREE addiQonal points .
Dr. Maryanne Wolf
Cowen
SIX INSIGHTS
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NOT UP FOR DEBATE Children w/ dyslexia best served w/ diagnosis & explanation of their reading diculties
No one w/ dyslexia should feel they are lazy, less smart!
That dyslexias construct (like reading) is complex, no reason to return to gen. termse.g., Reading Disabilities
Cowen
Dr. Maryanne Wolf
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The Dyslexia Debate Worth learning about!
April 2014 June 2014
Cowen
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TAKE-AWAYS The various hallmark
characterisQcs of dyslexia fall along
conQnuums of severity that are not xed can change
across lifespan & improve especially w/ good teaching.
Cowen
Dyslexia, like ADHD, auQsm spectrum disorder, is LESS a disQnct
syndrome w/ clear diagnosQc markers & obvious demarcaQons; MORE a developmental mulQdimensional-
spectrum condiQon.
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Therein lies one of the great challenges in dyslexias
MORE TAKE-AWAYS
construct thus, in how individuals with dyslexia are identied and, consequently, for whom treatments and resources are allocated and accommodated granted.
Cowen
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5 HOT TOPICS
Cowen
From the Editors Desk
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
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July 2014 June 2013 July 2014
Are teachers being prepared to teach vulnerable students?
Teacher Prep Reform
Cowen
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HEADLINES National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ) releases reports on how well US Schools of Ed. prepare teachers to enter classrooms. Also released in US News & World Report. hlp://www.nctq.org
Cowen
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HEADLINES Reported on 1st edition of NCTQs Teacher Prep Review evaluating 1,100+ colleges/universitys preparing elementary & secondary teachers. Which does best/weakest job preparing new teachers?
June 2013
Cowen
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HEADLINES Both Examiner & Catalyst reported release of 2nd edition of NCTQs Teacher Prep Review. Neither report positive (though 2nd mentions early evidence teacher prep programs making changes). Both controversial.
Cowen
July 2014
July 2014
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Teacher PreparaQon Another Approach
Cowen
Mar 2014 May 2012
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Teacher Prep Reform Two very dierent
approaches
Cowen
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July 2014 June 2013 July 2014
Are teachers being prepared to teach vulnerable students?
Teacher Prep Reform
Cowen
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Teacher prep reform & targeted PD are key, but HOT BUTTON issues that iname passions & get
TAKE-AWAYS
highly politicized. Watch for these to be even more contentious & central in dyslexia/literacy legislation.
Teacher Prep Reform
Cowen
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5 HOT TOPICS
Cowen
From the Editors Desk
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
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Dyslexia & Literacy LegislaQon Levers for change
Cowen
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OH Senate passed HB 96 & 157 Dec. 14
Dec. 2011
Watch the Bill pass
Cowen
Ohio Passes Dyslexia LegislaQon
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Ohio, New Jersey, Wisconsin, South Carolina
Jan 2012 Feb 2013
Examiner Reporting & Mobilizing
Aug 2013 Mar 2014 Dec. 2011
Cowen
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HEADLINES: LESSONS
Cowen
Deborah Lynam
Dr. Gordon Sherman
Dr. Charlole Andrist
Elenn Steinberg
Looking back at lessons from your states dyslexia legislation eorts as well as ahead at future challenges and opportunities, what ONE thing rises to the top of your mind as the most important consideration going forward in your state or for those who follow in your footsteps in other states?
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HEADLINES: LESSONS
Cowen
Using the IDA-NICHD denition of dyslexia made all the dierence in NJ. It was the science-based stepping stone to everything else .
Deborah Lynam
Dr. Gordon Sherman
Legislation is important, but the impact is in the implementation. Building coalitions is key. Schools, administrators, teachers need to buy in. Being mandated is a start; understanding WHY is most powerful. We have a big knowledge-practice gap to ll.
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Cowen
Too often, as parents we think dyslexia legislation will x a broken system. We cannot seEle for unfunded mandates and minimal programs to educate teachers. Make public your quest. Con,nue to push to get colleges of educa,on to produce teachers who know how to teach reading.
HEADLINES: LESSONS
Dr. Charlole Andrist
Elenn Steinberg
Its all about having a well-placed advocatefor example, a senator, congressman, or state school board member of a child with dyslexia. You must do your homework, educate, and network, but a strong and passionate advocate is a must.
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21 States Reported to Have Passed Dyslexia LegislaQon or Underway Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Hawaii Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana
Massachusetts Mississippi Missouri New Jersey New Mexico Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee
Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia Wyoming
Cowen
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Catalyst Tools/Support for Mobilizing June Launch 2014 Summer 2014 Fall 2014
Cowen
U.S. literacy pproblem
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State Literacy LegislaQon LESSONS FROM: Colorado Connecticut Minnesota
Cowen
literatenaQon.org
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Cowen
Model Legislation to Promote literacy Remediate dyslexia
literatenaQon.org Cinthia Colet
Elenn Steinberg
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April 2012
June 2012
Dyslexia Goes to Congress May 2012 Jan. 2014 July. 2014
Cowen
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Dyslexia Goes to Congress
Chair, Lamar Smith Hon. Bill Cassidy Hon. Julia Brownley
Dr. Sally Shaywitz Dr. Peter Eden Mr. Max Brooks Dr. Guinevere Eden Ms. Stacy AnQe
Cowen Dr. Rich Long
Poll #9
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HEADLINES
Cowen
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Dyslexia & Literacy LegislaQon Levers for change
Cowen
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Cowen
TAKE-AWAYS
Nothing like a Mom On a Mission (MOM), but parents need good information, resources and support to carry the load
A strong/important legislative movement is underway, but top-down mandates are not enoughnecessary, not sucient.
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Cowen
TAKE-AWAYS Colorados READ Act under re
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Cowen
TAKE-AWAYS Watch for coming Examiner & Catalyst articles on Implementation Science
nirm.fpg.unc.edu
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5 HOT TOPICS
Cowen
From the Editors Desk
1. Dyslexias Upside 2. DSM5 & Dyslexia 3. The Dyslexia Debate 4. Teacher Preparation 5. Legislation
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Dyslexias Upside
DSM5 & Dyslexia
The Dyslexia Debate
Teacher Prep & Dyslexia
Dyslexia LegislaQon
Cowen
& LITERACY DYSLEXIA 5 HOT TOPICS
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Can we integrate these TAKE- AWAYS into coherent picture?
Cowen
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Cowen
Can we integrate these TAKE- AWAYS into coherent picture?
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Dyslexia not only reects the underlying complexity of the reading circuit, but also is a byproduct of cerebrodiversity (CD), which may yield an atypical reading circuit that advantages right hemisphere for typically leh-hemisphere tasks.
Cowen
Dyslexia, CD, and Reading Circuit ComplexiQes Are Intertwined
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Dyslexia: A neurodevelopmental, language-based reading diculty thats less a disQnct syndrome & more a mulQdimensional spectrum condiQon w/ various hallmark characterisQcs falling along malleable conQnuums of severity.
MulQdimensional spectrum
Cowen
Dyslexia: Neurodevelopmental, MulQdimensional, Spectrum, Malleable
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Therein lies the CHALLENGE in dyslexias constructthus, in how individuals w/ dyslexia are diagnosed or idenQed & for whom treatment & resources are allocated & accommodaQons granted.
OUT OF THE BOX THINKERS
Therein also lies the PROMISE. Individuals w/dyslexia benet from appropriate intervenQons & do contribute to society, someQmes in extraordinary ways.
Cowen
Therein Lie Challenge & Promise
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FINALLY, key soluQons do lie in reforming teacher prep & PD and in enacQng/ implemenQng dyslexia/ literacy legislaQon.
BUT dyslexias complexiQes, poliQcs/challenges of ed. reform, principles of implementaQon science do NOT point to simple answers/xes.
x Our soluQons MUST be informed by dyslexias complexiQes, bolstered by legislaQon aligned w/ science-based reading research, grounded in the science of implemenQng change.
Cowen
NO SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
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Thats how it looks from where I sitfrom the vantage point of the editors desk
From the Editors Desk
Cowen
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Dyslexias Upside
DSM5 & Dyslexia
Dyslexia Debate
Teacher Prep & Dyslexia
Dyslexia Legislation
DYSLEXIA LITERACY LANDSCAPE
Cowen
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Cowen
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Cowen
DYSLEXIA LITERACY LANDSCAPE
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DSM5 & Dyslexia
Dyslexias Upside
Dyslexia Debate
Teacher Prep
Dyslexia Legislation
Dynamic, converging, colliding
Cowen
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Cowen
ESEA
Reauthorization
Elections
Economy
Pendulum Swings in Education
Education Reform
Testing backlash
Federal
Role in
Education
Federal Role in Teacher Education
Charter Schools
IDEA Funding
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Cowen
AIMS: Explore complex topics shaping the dyslexia-literacy landscape Get perspectives on this shifting terrain Follow paths to deeper exploration
-
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Stages: Parenting Kids w/ Dyslexia
Cowen
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Do I know what I need to know to teach my students what they need to succeed?
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Cowen
These & similar groups are vital
Cowen
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Cowen
Some of the groups helping to shape the dyslexia-literacy landscape in good ways
Find 2/Share 2
Pair/Share #3
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Cowen
Thank you!
1:30-2:55Hot Topics: Dyslexia & Literacy
1. Dyslexias Upside
2. DSM5 & Dyslexia
3. The Dyslexia Debate
4. Teacher Preparation
& Dyslexia
5. Dyslexia Legislation
1
3 2
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Dr. G. Reid Lyon 2013 PBIDA Conference
Kids in 3rd grade already were emotionally devastated. Id ask them to read out loud and saw fear in their eyes. By nine years of age, theyd already failed. How do we stop this before it starts?
Cowen
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These vulnerable learners are the canaries in educations coal mine
Cowen
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Humanitys adaptive advantage
Cowen
CEREBRODIVERSITY
Its in our interest to ensure that diverse thinkers can contribute to society
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NOLA Feb 10!!
Cowen
Questions?
The End!
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Cowen
Tomorrow: Boston
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NOLA Feb 10!!
Cowen
Questions?
The End!
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Dyslexias Upside DSM5 & Dyslexia Dyslexia Debate
Teacher Prep & Dyslexia Dyslexia Legislation And more!
Also see: scoop.it/t/dyslexia-diablogue-ida-examiner slideshare.net/carolyndcowen
FURTHER READING ON
Find me on Twitter: cdcowen
Follow links to Examiner & Catalyst on these sites interdys.org literatenation.org
CREDIT/DISCLAIMER: Images licensed from istock.com (unless otherwise stated). Images used for illustrative purposes only; any person depicted is a model (unless otherwise stated).
Cowen
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Cowen