Hospital Procedures TM1 Hospital Procedures. Hospital Procedures TM2 Spay/Neuter Neuter –...

Hospital Procedures TM 1

Hospital Procedures


Spay/Neuter

• Neuter – Orchiectomy (castration)– Removal of the testes


Spay/Neuter

• Spay – Ovariohysterectomy– Removal of the ovaries and the

entire uterus

– “spayed” not “spade” or “spaded”.


Spay/Neuter

• In the past, was done when the animal reached six months of age.

• Today the operation can be performed as early as six weeks.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

1. It’s cruel to spay or neuter.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

2. My pet will become fat and lazy.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

3. It costs too much money.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

4. I have a male.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

5. It’s better for her to have one litter.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

6. I have a purebred animal.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

7. I want my children to witness the miracle of birth.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

8. I will sell the puppies/kittens and make money.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

9. My pet’s personality will change.


Spay/Neuter

The Excuses:

10. I am concerned about my pet undergoing anesthesia.


Spay/Neuter

The Truth:

1. Spaying and neutering contributes to a longer and healthier life.


Spay/Neuter

The Truth:

2. Spaying and neutering prevents overpopulation.


Spay/Neuter

The Truth:

3. An altered pet is better for your family.


Spay/Neuter

The Truth:

4. An altered pet is cleaner – no spraying or bleeding.


Spay/Neuter

The Truth:

5. Spaying and neutering may prevent pets from roaming and getting into fights.


Bandaging

• Bandaging methods are designed for specific areas of the body or specific purposes.


Bandaging

• The two areas most commonly bandaged are the abdomen and the legs.


Abdominal Bandage

• commonly called the bellyband.


Abdominal Bandage

• used after abdominal surgery to prevent the animal from licking the incision and to keep it clean.


• also used if an injury has occurred in the abdominal area to:

1) control fluid leakage

Abdominal Bandage



2) keep medication on the wound

Abdominal Bandage



3) keep the wound as sterile as possible

Abdominal Bandage


• The bellyband consists of four layers:

1) a sterile non-stick pad2) a layer of absorbent cotton3) a layer of gauze4) a final layer of adhesive bandage

Abdominal Bandage


• The main goal when applying a bellyband is to keep it snug and smooth so that it is comfortable and less likely to slip loose.

Abdominal Bandage


• It is important not to apply it too tightly since this will cause patient discomfort.

Abdominal Bandage


• To apply a bellyband:

1) Start at the front of the abdomen and wrap towards the back overlapping the edges of the bandage.

Abdominal Bandage



2) When you reach the back, wrap the bandage towards

the front, continuing to overlap the edges.

Abdominal Bandage



Each layer should be wrapped front and back at least one time.

Abdominal Bandage


Leg Bandages

• generally applied for the purpose of:

1) covering an open wound


Leg Bandages


2) lending support to the leg


Leg Bandages


3) securing a catheter


Leg Bandages

• usually have four layers for wounds or catheters :

1) a non-stick pad


Leg Bandages


2) absorbent cotton


Leg Bandages


3) gauze


Leg Bandages


4) adhesive bandage


Leg Bandages

• Support leg bandages are mostly used on horses.


• consist of a cotton or quilt layer and an elastic bandage

Support Leg Bandages


• Whenever a bandage is applied to a horse’s leg it should be started on the outside of the leg and wrapped towards to back of the leg.



• will support the tendons and ligaments of the leg



Vaccinations

• an important part of every animal’s health care program


Vaccinations

• a large part of all veterinary practices


Vaccinations

• lessen the chance that an animal will contract a disease


Vaccinations

• When and how often an animal is vaccinated will vary from vet to vet and their location within the country.


Causes of Disease

• Diseases are divided into two categories, infectious and non-infectious.


Causes of Disease

• Infectious diseases can be passed from animal to animal or from animal to human.


Causes of Disease

• Diseases that are passed from animal to human are called zoonotic.


Causes of Disease

• Non-infectious diseases cannot be passed from one animal to another or to humans.


Infectious Diseases

• caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, helminthes, protozoa, and arthropods


Infectious Diseases

• disease-causing agents can enter an animal through the skin, mouth, mucous membranes, lungs, or reproductive tract.


Infectious Diseases

• can also be spread by either direct or indirect means.


Infectious Diseases

Direct transmission • occurs by skin contact,

ingestion of an infected animal, inhalation, and

sexual/reproductive contact


Infectious Diseases

Indirect transmission • uses vectors, vehicles, and

fomites


Infectious Diseases

Vectors

• mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, flies


Infectious Diseases

Vehicles

• equipment (brushes, buckets)

• instruments (needles, scissors)

• utensils


Infectious Diseases

Fomites

water, air, soil, food


Non-infectious Diseases

caused by:

– dysfunctions of one or more body systems



caused by:

– nutritional deficiencies



caused by:

– poisoning



caused by:

– physical injuries



caused by:

– stress



• Genetics and environment are also factors


Immunity

• a function of the lymph system and protects the body from infection, disease and foreign bodies


Immunity System

• produces antibodies

– specialized proteins designed to fight antigens


Immunity System

• Antigens

– any foreign substances that induce an immune

response.


Immunity

• can be established through passive or active means


Passive Immunity

• when an animal is given antibodies that have already been produced by another individual


Passive Immunity

• Antibodies passing from the mother through the placenta and in the colostrum.


Passive Immunity

• provides only short-term immunity because the body breaks down the antibodies


Active Immunity

• when an animal produces antibodies by natural or artificial means in response to an antigen


Active Immunity

• produced naturally when an animal is exposed to a disease and builds antibodies in response

Artificial


Active Immunity

• produced artificially when an animal is vaccinated and builds antibodies in response to the vaccine

Natural


Vaccines

• substances that upon injection into an animal, stimulate an immune response


Vaccines

Two main types:

1) modified-live

2) killed


VaccinesModified-live Vaccines

• altered forms of specific antigens that are similar enough to the original disease-causing agent to cause a strong immune response without causing the disease


Vaccines

Killed Vaccines

• disease-causing agents that are inactivated by heat, chemical or mechanical means


Vaccines

Killed Vaccines

• Immunity developed with this vaccine is generally weaker than a modified-live vaccine.


Vaccines

Killed Vaccines

• There is also a possibility that the animal is allergic to the compound used to destroy the disease-causing agent.


Diseases to Vaccinate For

• Bordetella

(Kennel cough)

• Coronavirus

• Distemper

• Infectious hepatitis

• Leptospirosis

• Lyme disease

• Parainfluenza

• Parvovirus

• Rabies

Dogs


Diseases to Vaccinate For

• Feline calicivirus

• Feline infectious peritonitis

• Feline leukemia virus

• Feline viral rhinotracheitits

• Panleukopenia

• Rabies

Cats


Dental Care

• just as important for pets as it is for humans


Dental Care

• both cats and dogs are susceptible to gingivitis and periodontal disease as well as other dental problems


Gingivitis

• an inflammation and infection of the sensitive gums surrounding the teeth


Periodontal Disease

• an advanced stage of gingivitis where the gingiva separates from the tooth and decay of the tooth sets in


Signs of Poor Oral Health

• Persistent bad breath

• Difficulty eating

• Loss of appetite


Signs of Poor Oral Health

• Inflamed or bleeding gums

• Tartar

• Excessive pawing at the mouth

• Loose or missing teeth


Keeping Teeth Clean

• Dentistry is most often performed by the technician.


Keeping Teeth Clean

• Dentistry is accomplished like human dentistry the teeth are:

1. cleaned,

2. polished, and

3. examined for abnormalities and disease


Keeping Teeth Clean

• The main difference is that the patients are anesthetized for the procedure.


Keeping Teeth Clean

• The technician is responsible for educating clients on the process of brushing their pet’s teeth.


Home Dental Care

• Begin by handling your pet’s mouth.


Home Dental Care

• Get them to accept a finger being rubbed along the teeth and gums.


Home Dental Care

• Next, use a small toothbrush or a specially designed finger brush to scrub your pet’s teeth.


Home Dental Care

• Only the outside of the tooth needs to be brushed.


Home Dental Care

• There are several types of flavored pet toothpaste that your pet will enjoy.


Home Dental Care

NEVER USE HUMAN TOOTHPASTE! NEVER USE HUMAN TOOTHPASTE!

(It may make your pet sick if swallowed.)


Home Dental Care

• Brush your pet’s teeth at least twice a week.


Home Dental Care

• Develop a routine and make it fun for your pet.

(They will think they are getting a treat!)


Home Dental Care

• Feeding dry food and rawhide chews will cut down on the amount of tartar buildup.


Anatomy of a Tooth

Gingiva

Crown Dentin

Enamel

Periodontal ligamentRootPulp canal


Medication

Routes of AdministrationRoutes of Administration• Medication is administered in

different ways depending on the type of medication and how fast the animal needs to get it.


Medication

Routes of AdministrationRoutes of Administration• Example:

–a pill for preventing heartworm can be given orally


Medication

Routes of AdministrationRoutes of Administration• Example:

–a drug to prevent shock should be given IV (intravenously) since it is a life or death situation.


Medication

Routes of AdministrationRoutes of Administration• Common Routes:

– Oral IM – intramuscular– Nasal IP – intraperitoneal – Subcutaneous IV – intravenous

(Sub-Q)


Oral

Sub-Q

IM

Nasal

IP

IV

Routes of Administration


Medication

Routes of AdministrationRoutes of Administration• Most vaccinations are given

SubQ or IM.

• Some are given nasally.


Needles & Syringes

Come in many shapes and sizes.


Needles & Syringes

• Should be familiar with them so that the appropriate type and size are used for every procedure.


Needles & Syringes

• Needles come in several sizes that are referred to as gauges.


Needles & Syringes

The smaller the gauge, the larger the needle.


Needles & Syringes

• Common Gauges:

16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27


Needles & Syringes

• Large gauge needles (16,18,20) are used for horses, swine and cattle.


Needles & Syringes

• Small gauge needles (21,22,23,25,27) are used for cats, dogs, and exotics.


Needles & Syringes

• Syringes also come in various sizes.


Needles & Syringes

• The most common sizes are:

insulin, 1, 3, 6, 12, 20, 35, and 60 ml

1 ml syringes are called tuberculin syringes


Needles & Syringes

• Insulin syringes come with attached needles and are measured in increments called units.


Needles & Syringes

• Syringes also come with different styles of tips.


Needles & Syringes

• Luer-Lok tip

– has a threaded tip to hold needle securely


Needles & Syringes

• Slip tip

– this is the standard syringe tip


Needles & Syringes

• Eccentric tip

– used to get a straighter angle

for IV injections


Needles & Syringes

• Catheter tip

– used to administer oral medications and liquefied food


Needles & Syringes

Filling and Reading a Syringe

• It is important to know the proper way to fill and read a syringe.


Needles & Syringes


• Improper filling and reading could result in an over or under dose of medication.


Needles & Syringes


• A properly filled syringe should have no air bubbles and should be filled to the correct amount.


Needles & SyringesFilling and Reading a Syringe

• Air bubbles injected into a vein could potentially cause disturbances in blood circulation and even death.


Dispensing & Labeling Medication

• Dispensing medication requires knowledge of math and the laws that govern how a medication is packaged and labeled.



• It is critical that medication is given in the right amount and that the directions for the client are clear and correct.



• Every medication label is required by law to include:

1. Name of veterinarian, address, phone, clinic name




2. Patient’s name and species




3. Name of medication, concentration, and number of units dispensed




4. Directions for use, including route of administration, and dosing interval

ex. - 3x/day for 5 days




5. Date




6. Warning statement:

For Veterinary Use Only


Medication Labels

Wild Wood Veterinary HospitalMelvin Turner, DVM128 Clearbrook Drive

Colorado Springs, CO 75074(719) 954-1169

Client/Patient Name:___________________________________________ Species:___________

Beth Lowery – Fido

Canine

Medication:__________________________________________________ Amount:__________________________

Clavamox

25mls

Directions for use: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give 2 mls twice a day until gone

Date:_______________________11/28/02 For Veterinary Use Only.

Hospital Procedures TM1 Hospital Procedures. Hospital Procedures TM2 Spay/Neuter Neuter –...

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