HoSim User Guide

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Baker Jardine Baker Jardine Petroleum Engineering & Software PIPESIM PIPESIM 2000 2000 HoSim HoSim User Guide

Transcript of HoSim User Guide

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Baker Jardine Baker Jardine Petroleum Engineering & Software

PIPESIMPIPESIM 20002000

HoSimHoSim User Guide

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PIPESIMPIPESIM 20002000

© Copyright 1989-2001 Baker Jardine & Associates Limited Although PIPESIMPIPESIM 20002000 has been extensively tested, Baker Jardine and Associates accept no responsibility or liability arising from the use of this manual or the PIPESIMPIPESIM 20002000 computer program. All material is supplied without warranty of any kind.

Baker Jardine and Associates Limited

19 Heathmans Road Parsons Green

London SW6 4TJ ENGLAND

Phone: +44 207 371 5644 Fax: +44 207 371 5182

E-mail: [email protected]

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Index

INDEX ........................................................................................................3

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................5

2. PROGRAM OVERVIEW......................................................................7

2.1 MAIN SCREEN. ...................................................................................... 7 2.2 THE MODEL WINDOW ........................................................................... 7 2.3 THE MAIN MENU .................................................................................. 7 2.4 THE TOOLBOX ...................................................................................... 8

2.4.1 Model Editing Tools .....................................................................8 2.4.2 Model Component Tools ...............................................................9

2.5 THE TOOLBAR .................................................................................... 11

3. THE MAIN MENU COMMANDS ......................................................12

3.1 FILE MENU ......................................................................................... 12 3.2 EDIT MENU ......................................................................................... 13 3.3. SETUP MENU ..................................................................................... 14 3.4 OPERATIONS MENU............................................................................. 18 3.5 REPORTS MENU .................................................................................. 19 3.6 WINDOW MENU .................................................................................. 21 3.7 HELP MENU ........................................................................................ 21

4. LOCAL MENU COMMANDS ............................................................23

4.1 HORIZONTAL WELL SECTION............................................................... 23 4.2 GENERAL BRANCH .............................................................................. 23 4.3 SINK ITEM........................................................................................... 24 4.4 SOURCE ITEM...................................................................................... 24 4.5. NODE (MANIFOLD) ITEM..................................................................... 24

5. BUILDING A MODEL - DATA ENTRY SCREENS. ........................25

5.1 HORIZONTAL WELL SECTION............................................................... 25 5.1.1 IPR Specification..........................................................................26 5.1.2 Well Profile ..................................................................................28 5.1.3 Fluid Model .................................................................................29

5.2 GENERAL BRANCH .............................................................................. 29 5.3 SINK ITEM........................................................................................... 30 5.4 SOURCE ITEM...................................................................................... 30

6. EXAMPLE CASES ..............................................................................31

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6.1 CASE 1. BUILDING AND RUNNING A MODEL ......................................... 31 6.2 CASE 2. CHANGE (EDIT) THE MODEL ................................................... 43 6.3 CASE 3. MULTILATERAL HETEROGENEOUS CASE STUDY....................... 46 6.4 CASE 4. EXAMPLE OF WELL WITH DOWNHOLE EQUIPMENT .................. 50 6.5 CASE 5. DUAL LATERAL GAS FIELD..................................................... 54

APPENDIX A. ..........................................................................................59

BABU & ODEH HORIZONTAL WELL IPR .................................................... 59

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1. Introduction

HosimHosim is designed to model horizontal and multilateral wells in detail. The software uses a rigorous network solution algorithm (from PIPESIM PIPESIM 20002000 software) to solve horizontal and multilateral wells as gathering networks. The program enables detailed horizontal well models to be built quickly and easily through a graphical user interface. The user can define various IPR relationships, and specify a detailed well description. Certain equipment models, which are common to the PIPESIMPIPESIM 20002000 , are available such as chokes, gas lift, ESP’s and also separators, compressors, pumps etc. Fluid description can be either black oil or compositional and different fluids can be specified which are mixed together using appropriate mixing rules. The well model can be run by specifying either an outlet pressure or an outlet flowrate (or a range of values for a batch run). Results can be displayed either as text (point values) or graphically for any part of the model. This users guide gives a description of the menu commands, the operations and the reporting options available. Two case study examples are described and the user is encouraged to work through these examples to quickly learn the features and functionality of HosimHosim . The examples are the same as the demo cases “case1.hsm” and “case4.hsm” which are supplied with the software.

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2. Program Overview

2.1 Main Screen When you start up HosimHosim , the main window will appear as shown below. The main components within this window are; the model window, the main menu, the toolbar and the toolbox.

2.2 The Model Window Upon initial entry to HosimHosim , a blank window appears inside the main window. This is the model window, and you build your model inside this window. All the menu options operate on the current model window. You may open as many model windows as you like, and build several models in one session.

2.3 The Main Menu Clicking with the mouse on any of the main menu options leads to a drop down menu of sub-commands. Commands and options from the main menu are fully described in section 3.

Model Window

Main Menu

Toolbox

Toolbar

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2.4 The Toolbox The toolbox is as shown opposite. The toolbox contains all the standard components for building and editing a model. This includes components such as horizontal well sections, nodes, general branches (containing tubing, flowlines, equipment etc), sources and sinks. A brief description of the tools available in the toolbox is given below.

2.4.1 Model Editing Tools Pointer

The first tool in the toolbar is the pointer. You should click on this tool to change the mouse cursor back to the normal Windows pointer, which then allows you to move any network components around your window. Magnifying Glass

The magnification tool allows you to magnify any part of your network. To magnify a certain area you must first click on the magnify tool and then move the magnifying glass shaped cursor to one corner of the area you wish to view. Then, press the left-hand mouse button and draw a dotted box around the important area. When you release the mouse button that part of the network that was contained in the box will be instantly magnified. If you wish to go back to your original view (i.e. zero magnification) then you must click on the Window option of the main menu, and choose Actual Size. See also section 3.6 for zoom in and zoom out commands. Results

Clicking on the results tool will cause the Output Data dialog box to appear, as shown below.

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This dialog box is only of use after you have completed a run and it allows you to view data for chosen branches or nodes. Once the Output Data dialog box has appeared you are able to click on any nodes or branches in the network (including horizontal well sections) and instantly view pressures, flowrates, temperatures, GLR’s and watercuts. The user can then look at the flowline input or output data by selecting from the check buttons under the View data at... option. This data can be viewed in terms of mass; liquid or gas flowrates by using the check buttons on the right of the dialog box. If the Report button is selected, then the data shown is output to a text file using the BJ-EDIT text editor, which can then be printed out.

2.4.2 Model Component Tools To introduce any particular component into your network you must first click the left-hand mouse button on the desired toolbox button. You will then notice that the mouse cursor changes from the standard Microsoft Windows arrow into an arrow with an extra part attached. This new shape will be dependent on the toolbox button that you pressed. General Branch Tool

If you wish to specify a branch connecting two components together then you must not simply point and click but rather drag your mouse from the branch start to finish. This involves initially positioning the mouse cursor where you wish the branch to start, depressing the left mouse button and then moving the mouse to the branch end, keeping the left mouse button pressed. Then when you are over the branch end, release the left button. If you are not accurate in your tracing from start to finish then the branch will not appear and you should try again. This general branch should be used to define items such as tubings, flowlines (or blank sections of a horizontal well), equipment such as chokes etc. Specification of the items within a general branch is described in section 5.2

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Horizontal Well Section Tool

If you wish to specify a horizontal well section between two nodes then you must first position the nodes in the model window and then select the above tool and drag your mouse from one node to the other. This involves initially positioning the mouse cursor on the node where you wish to start, depressing the left mouse button and then moving the mouse to the node where you wish to end, keeping the left mouse button pressed. Then when you are over the end node, release the left button. If you are not accurate in your tracing from start to finish then the well section will not appear and you should try again. Specification of the items within a horizontal well section is described in section 5.1. Node (manifold) Tool

If you wish to introduce a node or manifold into your model, then all you need to do is select the node tool and then move the new mouse cursor over to the active window, and click where you wish the component to appear. As you click the selected component icon will appear in your model window. These nodes are used to define the start and end points of branches and horizontal well sections. Source Tool

If you wish to introduce a general source into your model, then all you need to do is select the source tool and then move the new mouse cursor over to the active window, and click where you wish the component to appear. As you click the selected component icon will appear in your model window. These items are then connected with the branch tool. Sink Tool

If you wish to introduce a sink into your model, then all you need to do is select the sink tool and then move the new mouse cursor over to the active window, and click where you wish the component to appear. As you click the selected component icon will appear in your model window. These items are then connected with the branch tool. You must have at least one sink in your model to define the outlet end, which maybe at the heel of the well the wellhead for example.

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2.5 The Toolbar The toolbar contains buttons to perform many of the more common menu driven functions. All the functions that the buttons perform can be found in the various options of the main menu.

These three buttons are shortcuts to the “File New” , “File Open” and “File Save” dialog boxes respectively.

These three buttons are shortcuts to the operation commands to “Run Model”, “Abort Run” and “Restart Model” respectively. Restart Model uses the results of a previous run as the initial guesses for flowrates and pressures, which may enable a much faster solution if conditions in the model have not changed by much from a previous run.

These three buttons are shortcuts to the operation commands to “Reports - View Graphs”, “Reports - View Output File” and “Edit - Boundary Conditions” respectively. Edit - Boundary Conditions is very useful in that it enables you to easily view all the boundary conditions and the status of all model items.

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3. The Main Menu Commands This section describes the commands and operations available from the main drop down menus.

3.1 File Menu 3.1.1 New Select this option to define a new HosimHosim model. If selected, an empty window appears and all settings are returned to their initial defaults. 3.1.2 Open If you want to open an existing model (to continue working on it or to copy it to another place) then choose this option. A file menu will appear allowing you to choose the file that is to be opened 3.1.3 Close Choose this option to close the active HosimHosim model. HosimHosim will give the user option to save the file before exiting a particular model. 3.1.4 Save The Save command allows the user to save your current work to disk. If the active model has not yet been saved then the user will be prompted for a location and filename after executing this option. You should add the extension ‘.hsm’ to your network files to avoid confusion with other files. 3.1.5 Save As The Save As command is used to save the model in a new location, copy the model, give the model a new name, etc. The user must specify the filename and location of the model file. This can also be used as a shortcut to creating new models since you can open an existing file, save it as a different file and then edit the new version. The saved model should have a ‘.hsm’ extension. 3.1.6 Export Files Choose this option to download specific data files for the active model. This may be required if you wish to check through all input data, for debugging purposes or for advanced use of the program engine. 3.1.7 Purge Export Files

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Choose this option to delete engine related files for the active model. 3.1.8 Choose Printer Select this menu choice to choose which of the available printers you wish to print any output for the current HosimHosim session. 3.1.9 Print Setup This option accesses the Microsoft Windows print settings for the currently selected printer. You can configure individual printers through this environment. 3.1.10 Print Network This option sends a copy of your model directly to the currently selected printer. 3.1.11 Exit Choose the Exit option to terminate HosimHosim . The software will prompt the user to save any models that are open and have had changes made and then remove itself from your computer’s memory. 3.1.12 Last Accessed files HosimHosim keeps a record of the last four models that you accessed and displays this list at the bottom of the File menu. Clicking on one of these opens the file and hence saves having to use the standard Microsoft Windows file opening dialog box.

3.2 Edit Menu 3.2.1 Copy As Bitmap This option allows you to copy the model picture as a bitmap for pasting into a document for example. 3.2.2 Boundary Conditions This option allows the user to find any of the branches, wells, sinks, sources and/or junctions in the active network whether they are active or inactive. This is very useful in that it enables you to easily view all the boundary conditions and the status of all model items. 3.2.3 Delete Object This option deletes a highlighted item in the HosimHosim model, when editing a model. Alternatively, you can jut hit the “delete” on the keyboard.

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3.2.4 Hide Toolbox This option allows the user to select between having the toolbox visible on screen or to have it hidden. The first menu option of the Edit menu changes between Show Toolbox and Hide Toolbox.

3.3. Setup Menu 3.3.1 General Data If you click on the Setup/General option the Network Setup dialog box will appear. This dialog box allows the user to name and describe the HosimHosim model, change the error tolerance and limit the maximum number of iterations. By default the tolerance for HosimHosim simulations is set to 0.01. Mathematically this means that the simulation will terminate when the junction node having the greatest root mean square error for pressure is less than 0.01. If you decrease this value then HosimHosim is forced to do more calculations to produce the more accurate results. HosimHosim will by default complete a maximum of 100 iterations per simulation. Most systems should converge in less than 20 iterations. If after 100 iterations no solution meeting the tolerance has been found then HosimHosim will stop and display existing results. It is recommended that for a first pass on a complex network the user reduces the maximum number of iterations to 25 and increases the tolerance to 0.03-0.05 in order to determine whether the system will converge. The tolerance can then be reduced to the desired accuracy and use the Restart Model operation. 3.3.2 Define Output HosimHosim offers the user a wide choice as to the amount of printed output that is sent to the detailed output file. The Define Output dialog selects the type of information being sent to the output file (i.e. system profiles, gaslift data, heat transfer data, slug data). 3.3.3 Choose Paths HosimHosim allows the user to configure program and path options through the BJCONFIG.INI and BJA.INI configuration files. The Choose Paths dialog box allows some of these program path options to be edited directly. Any selections made through the Choose Paths dialog box are recorded for future sessions in

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the BJA.INI file and will override any settings in the BJCONFIG.INI file. It is advised not to use this option. 3.3.4 Show PQT Values This allows the user to see input boundary conditions for all sources, sinks and horizontal well sections, on screen, within the model window. 3.3.5 Units Choosing the Units option of the Setup menu will make the Model Units dialog box appear. This is where you can select an overall units system and/or select individual units for certain quantities. To select individual units for each parameter click on each drop-down menu and select the units that is required. Different input units are available in some of the data entry dialog boxes. Checking the appropriate box under the Output Units section selects the output units (SI or Engineering). 3.3.6 Flow Correlations HosimHosim allows you to select from a range of industry standard flow correlations. Furthermore, you are able to choose different flow correlations for vertical and horizontal flow and you can choose different correlations for each branch. To select flow correlations click on the Flow Correlations option of the Setup menu. This will cause the Flow Correlation Data dialog box to appear. To set global vertical and horizontal flow correlations simply choose from the lists. Local flow corrleations can be set for each branch by clicking the right mouse button over the branch and selecting Flow Correlations from the menu. The same dialog box will appear but the flow correlations will only apply to the selected branch. For detailed description of multiphase flow correlations in HosimHosim , refer to the PIPESIM for Windows manual (Volume-1, section 12). 3.3.7 IPR The IPR menu option displays the IPR Dialog that can be used to enter multiple reservoir descriptions. Those descriptions can then be matched to the horizontal sections present in the model. A general PI will be calculated for each section, taking into account that more than one section can share the same reservoir

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description. This option is especially useful for multilateral configurations. The user can also obtain a PI for individual sections by accessing the section’s dialog and clicking on its IPR… button. See Case 3 in section 6.3 for a guide on how to use this feature

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3.3.8 Fluid Model Baker Jardine’s HosimHosim allows you to simulate wells flowing just about any possible type of liquid or gas or both liquid and gas together. This flexibility is available to the user through the Fluid Model... menu option. It allows the fluid to be modelled by a black oil or a compositional model. A formatted '.pvt' file may be specified for the fluid model. Black oil fluids are generic fluid models that can be calibrated to match your experimental data. Compositional fluids are defined as consisting of quantities of basic constituents (methane, ethane, glycols, water etc.) with known properties and modelled with an equation of state. Using a black oil model often requires less computation time than running a fully compositional model but does not usually model the fluid as well. HosimHosim allows you to mix different black oil or compositional fluid streams, but you can not mix a black oil with a compositionally specified fluid.

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The fluid model type is selected with a check box in the Fluid Model dialog box (below) and the data is input to the appropriate dialog box after selecting the Edit Blackoil/Edit Composition button. If the PVT File option is selected then a formatted '.pvt' file must be available within the computer’s files. For detailed description of fluid modelling in HosimHosim , refer to the PIPESIM for Windows manual (Volume-1, sections 13 and 14). 3.3.9 Estimates. This feature has been added so that an initial guess for flowrate and pressure can be specified. The Global Estimates will be applied to all of the branches in the network and will then be used to initialise the iteration algorithms.

3.4 Operations Menu The Operations menu allows you to start and stop a simulation 3.4.1 Restart Model The Restart Model command instructs the engine to restart calculations using previously calculated results. These are stored in a restart file (.RST) which is created upon successful completion of a previous simulation. Iteration calculations are displayed in the engine window and once the model has converged you will be able to view and plot results. 3.4.2 Run Model Choose Run Model to begin the simulation of a system. HosimHosim will first check to ensure that you have entered enough, sensible data and then, if all seems to be OK, the simulation will start. Iteration calculations are displayed in the engine window and once the model has converged you will be able to view and

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plot results. This option will run the model using the boundary conditions specified in the model window. 3.4.3 Create PQ Curve This option opens the following dialog box which sets up a series of batch runs to enable generation of a PQ curve. This curve is basically a performance curve for the well showing the relationship between outlet pressure and outlet flowrate (e.g. at the heel or at the wellhead). Firstly select whether you want to define outlet pressure or flowrate for the Variable. Then select Min, Max and Step (interval) values and the list of values will be added to the table. You can now edit these values within the table if desired. Selecting Run from this screen will start off the batch run of simulation cases. The values specified in the table will override the variable specified in the model window. (Note: Selecting Run Model from the Operations menu will run using the variables defined in the model window, not the values in the PQ curve table). 3.4.4 Abort Run You might occasionally wish to stop a simulation before it has finished. This you can do by choosing Abort Run from the Operations menu.

3.5 Reports Menu 3.5.1. View Output File Choosing this option will take you into the BJ-EDIT text editor and automatically load the detailed HosimHosim (network) results file. This detailed text file contains all network solution results including pressures, temperatures, flowrates, compositions, enthalpies, slugging data and a whole lot more for all the sub-branches created by HosimHosim . This output data is useful for de-bugging model

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problems, however, it is probably not very useful for normal output reporting - see note below: Note: It is recommended that the user use the Results display button in the

toolbox as described in section 2.4.1 Results. This facilitates much easier viewing and printing of important results data.

3.5.2. View Summary Data Choosing this option will take you into the BJ-EDIT text editor and automatically load the a summary of the network results file. Output is similar to the main output file but summarised. Again, the user is recommended to use the Report button in the toolbox. 3.5.3. View Graphs This option opens the following dialog box for plotting of output data. Two types of graph are available. (i) A PQ Graph which shows as default outlet flowrate vs. outlet pressure for any selected branches. The user can change the x and y variables from the Series option in the graphical main menu. (ii) A Profile Graph which shows as default pressure vs. distance for any selected branches. Again the user can change the x and y variables from the Series option in the graphical main menu. The user must also select a Run Type since the output file generated from the Run Model operation (single case) is different from the output file generated from the Create PQ Curve batch run operation (multi case). The user must select which branches are to be plotted by clicking and highlighting them. If several branches are selected, the plotting routine attempts to concatenate the branches in the plot.

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3.6 Window Menu 3.6.1 Tile, Cascade, Arrange Icons, Close All. These are standard windows operations on the model windows. 3.6.2 Actual Size, Zoom In, Zoom Out, Refresh. These options are useful for zooming in or out etc. when viewing large or complex models.

3.7 Help Menu The help screens for HosimHosim have not yet been finalised. The user will find however, some help screens which are common to PIPESIMPIPESIM and PIPESIMPIPESIM --NetNet, which may be useful for certain common subjects (eg. fluid modelling routines etc.). Some help screens are also available for specific dialog boxes through the on-line help.

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4. Local Menu Commands This section describes the local menu screens, which are found by clicking the right hand mouse button on a model branch or item.

4.1 Horizontal Well Section Clicking the right hand mouse on a horizontal well section shows the user 2 options: (i) General: this opens the general data entry screen for the horizontal section. The same screen can also be obtained by double clicking the left mouse button on the branch. (ii) Switch Flow: this option allows the user to reverse the specified flow direction for the branch (as specified by the direction of the black arrow). This is very important since the well model will only solve if the horizontal well sections have the correct flow direction specified - i.e. the direction of flow must be towards the sink. The user must ensure therefore that the flow directions are correct before running the model. The default flow direction will be determined by the direction in which the user draws the horizontal well section in model window when constructing the model.

4.2 General Branch Clicking the right hand mouse on a general branch shows the user 6 options : (i) General: Allows user to rename branch, specify user estimates (provided global estimates have been specified), and specify flow blocks. (ii) Active: Allows user to make branch active or inactive. Inactive branches do not allow any flow through (analogous to shut in a branch). Inactive branches are shown in red. (iii) Import: Allows import (copy) of a previously specified branch, with all input data, into the present branch. (iv) Plot Data: Allows plotting of results for the specific branch. (v) Edit Components: this opens the branch window to allow editing and data entry for the branch components. The same screen can also be obtained by double clicking the left mouse button on the branch. (vi) Flow correlations: Allows the user to change and specify a local flow correlation to apply to this branch only. Otherwise the global flow correlation, as defined in the Setup Menu, is used.

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4.3 Sink Item Clicking the right hand mouse on a sink item shows the user 2 options: (I) Active: Allows use to make sink node active or inactive. Inactive sinks do not allow any flow through. Inactive sinks are shown in red. (ii) General: this opens the general data entry screen for the sink. The same screen can also be obtained by double clicking the left mouse button on the sink.

4.4 Source Item Clicking the right hand mouse on a source shows the user 3 options : (i) Active: makes source node active or inactive. Inactive sources do not produce fluid. Inactive sources are shown in red. (ii) General: this opens the general data entry screen for the source. The same screen can also be obtained by double clicking the left mouse button on the source. (iii) Fluid model: specifies a local fluid model to apply to this source only. Otherwise the global fluid model, as defined in the Setup Menu is used.

4.5. Node (Manifold) item Clicking the right hand mouse button on a source shows the user 1 option: (i) Edit data: the user is only allowed to rename a node. There is no other

data input associated with nodes. The same screen can also be obtained by double clicking the left mouse button on the node.

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5. Building A Model - Data Entry Screens

5.1 Horizontal Well Section A horizontal well section is defined by selecting a horizontal well item from the toolbox and drawing the item with mouse between two pre-defined nodes. Note the flow direction is defined by the direction in which the section is drawn. This can be reversed by selecting Switch Flow from the local menu (right mouse button). (This is very important since the well model will only solve if the horizontal well sections have the correct flow direction specified - i.e. the direction of flow must be towards the sink. The user must ensure therefore that the flow directions are correct before running the model). By double clicking on the horizontal well section, the data entry screen is opened as shown below. The branch name and flow block (check valve) can be specified. (it is recommended to leave this set to NONE. HosimHosim creates a sub-network of injection points and well segments for each horizontal well section that the user defines. The default Number of Injection Points for each well section is 10, which the user can update depending on how accurately he wants to model the well section. 10 injection points are probably adequate to model a well section of about 1000 ft. (i.e. 10 segments of 100 ft. each). The injection points are represented in the model item as dots (see above figure). Although there is no limit to the number of injection points that can be specified, it is recommended not to use more than about 10. If more detail is required, then it is recommended to create more sections.

Horizontal Well Section

Node NodeInjection Points

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5.1.1 IPR Specification If the IPR button is selected, the IPR data entry screen is opened. The user has a choice of selecting whether to use Horizontal Well IPR Models or specific Conventional Well IPR Models by checking the tick box. Choosing conventional IPR Models gives the choice of several conventional IPR specifications as shown by the screen opposite. The user can select between various IPR specifications such as a simple P.I. or a Vogel relationship etc. If the Use Conventional IPR Models check box is not ticked (default), then the following IPR input screen is shown.

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This screen allows calculation of a horizontal well P.I. based on either steady state (Joshi) or pseudo steady state (Babu&Odeh) relationships for oil or gas. Note: the user should take Care when entering reservoir parameters in this screen. The calculated PI from this screen applies only to the particular horizontal well section. If several sections are joined in series, or more generally, if a multilateral model has been created, it is advisable to calculate the PI’s by means of the generalised IPR Dialog (see Section 3.3.7)

The skin value can be entered manually or calculated from skin model Options if data is available for either or all of damaged zone, crushed zone and gravel pack properties. Note also that in this release of the software, the user must also enter oil or gas

volume factor and viscosity in this screen. For further details on the horizontal well IPR description, refer to Appendix A.

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5.1.2 Well Profile If the Well Profile button is selected, the following screen is shown.

This allows the user to enter data relating to the horizontal well section (profile). Note that the elevation difference relates to the direction of flow – i.e. a positive elevation difference implies that the downstream end is elevated above the upstream end of the section. The user can also specify whether the Flow Type in the defined section is either: Liner (within the liner only), Annulus (between the liner and the borehole only) or both Liner+Annulus (within the liner and also in the annulus).

A detailed profile of the horizontal section in terms of tvd vs. md information can be specified by clicking on the Detailed Profile button on the upper right corner of the dialog. A default heat transfer coefficient of 0.2 btu/hr/ft2/F is provided.

This is generally a good default value for heat transfer from the borehole to formation.

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5.1.3 Fluid Model

If the Fluid Model.. button is selected, then the user is prompted to select whether they wish to use the (default) globally defined black oil or compositional model. (This is defined under the Setup main menu option) or they may wish to define and use a local fluid model which will only apply to this particular horizontal well section. Each defined horizontal well section can have its own specific local fluid model or use the global default. For compositional models, the user can point to a pre-defined ‘*.pvt’ file. For detailed description of fluid modelling in HosimHosim , refer to the PIPESIMPIPESIM 20002000 Volume-1, sections 13 and 14).

5.2 General Branch A branch is defined by selecting a general branch item from the toolbox and drawing the item with mouse between two pre-defined nodes.

By double clicking on the branch centre (or using the right mouse button for local menu) a new PIPESIMPIPESIM window is opened showing the components of the branch and a new toolbox of PIPESIMPIPESIM components also appears - See below. (By default, the branch window contains a length of pipe).

General Branch

Horizontal Well Section

NodeNode

Sink

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Using this new toolbox, the user can select and add new components such as lengths of pipe, tubing descriptions (including gas lift or ESP artificial lift), chokes, separators, pumps and compressors. For details on adding and editing branch components, the user is referred to the PIPESIMPIPESIM 2000 2000 manual (Volume-1, section 2).

5.3 Sink Item The HosimHosim model requires at least one sink. Double clicking on the item opens the sink data dialog box, where the user must enter either outlet pressure or flowrate.

5.4 Source Item A generic source can be introduced using the source item. Double clicking on the item opens the source data dialog box. The source can be specified as an inlet pressure, or flow rate or even a pressure vs. rate curve. Note that a source temperature must be specified for heat balance calculations.

General Branch Sink

Horizontal Well Section

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6. Example Cases

6.1 Case 1. Building and Running a Model The following is a step by step guide to demonstrate: • how to build a simple HosimHosim horizontal well model • how to run the model and • how to view the results. The model is provided in the software package as demo Case 1. The user is advised to work through this example as an effective way to learn the software. 6.1.1 Define the Model Components. Open a new model window. Using the toolbox, select two nodes and a sink as shown below in figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1

Join the two lone nodes with a horizontal well section and then join the second node to the sink with a general branch as shown below in figure 6.2. Note you can rename any of the nodes or branches within the data entry dialog screens. Note that it is very important to make sure the flow direction for the horizontal well section is correctly specified - draw the well section from toe to heel. (For details see section 5.1).

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Figure 6.2

6.1.2 Data Entry - Horizontal Well Section Double clicking on the horizontal well section opens the data entry dialog as shown below in figure 6.3.

Figure 6.3

If necessary, uncheck the Use Conventional IPR Models box, and click on the IPR button. The following dialog box will appear - figure 6.4. Select PSS (pseudo steady state) Oil and enter the following data (figure 6.4).

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Figure 6.4

Click on the Calculate PI button to show the calculated PI value. Click on the skin Options button and enter the following data - figure 6.5.

Figure 6.5

Click on the Calculate button to show the calculated skin value. When clicking the OK button and returning to the previous screen, the skin value and PI will be updated. Click OK on the Horizontal Completion Data dialog box and return to the main data entry screen (figure 6.3). Note on this window, the default number of injection points for a horizontal section is 10. The user could update this value (if required).

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Now click on the Well Profile and enter the data as shown below in figure 6.6

Figure 6.6 Note the well length and hole ID should correspond (not mandatory) with what was entered in the IPR dialog box (figure 6.4). The flow type is set to Liner since we expect the flow in the wellbore to be inside the liner and not the annulus (between liner and hole).

Next, we will enter a tvd vs md table to specify a detailed profile for the horizontal completion. Open the Detailed Profile window and fill the table with the data shown in Figure 6.7. Figure 6.7

Click OK to return to the main data entry screen (Figure 6.3). We do not need to enter the Fluid Model screen since we shall not be defining any local fluid models, only a global fluid model which will be defined in the main Setup menu. Click OK again to return to the model window (Figure 6.2).

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6.1.3 Data Entry - Branch Data Double click on the branch (centre section of branch). The following window and tool box will appear - Figure 6.8

Figure 6.8

We wish to select a tubing element for this branch. Therefore, we need to delete the default flowline element, then pick a tubing element from the PIPESIM toolbox and connect it between the two nodes (heel and sink) as follows: (i) Highlight the flowline element (click on it and the ends turn red colour). (ii) Press the Delete button on the keyboard.

(iii) Click on the tubing item in the toolbox (iv) Click once in the model window to introduce the tubing item. (v) By clicking, holding and dragging, drag the two nodes (called heel and sink in this case) to the ends of the tubing item. Be sure to put the heel node at the bottom and the sink node at the top. Make sure that the nodes match up and connect to the tubing item. When finished, the model window should look as shown in Figure 6.9.

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Figure 6.9 By double clicking on the tubing item, the tubing data input screen is opened. Enter the following tubing description data as shown in Figure 6.10. Entering a kick-off depth

Figure 6.10 and a MD and TVD depth sets up a default tubing profile, which can be seen and edited through the Detailed Profile window. The tubing ID is entered in the Tubing Configuration window. When finished, click OK. You will notice that the appearance of the tubing item will change in the model window once a deviated tubing is described. Note, either gas lift or ESP artificial lift could be specified as part of the tubing description. For further details on tubing specification refer to chapter 17 of the PIPESIMPIPESIM 2000 2000 (volume 1) manual. Once all the tubing data is entered, close the tubing item window and return to the

Tubingitem

Nodes

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main HosimHosim model window. 6.1.4 Fluid Model Next we need to define and setup the fluid model. From the main menu, select Setup and then select Fluid Model. We can select whether to use a black oil or compositional fluid model. in this case we will use a black oil fluid model, so we select the Edit Blackoil Data screen. This screen allows us to enter basic black oil data and calibration parameters to tune the black oil model. Enter the data values in the screens as shown below in Figure 6.11.

Figure 6.11 Note that in the Advanced Calibration Data screen, clicking on the Plot PVT Data button produces a plot of the calibrated black oil model data. For detailed

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description of fluid modelling in HosimHosim , refer to PIPESIMPIPESIM 2000 2000 (Volume-1, sections 13 and 14). 6.1.5 Save the Model Having entered all the model data, you should save the model. Using the File, Save As menu, save the model with name such as case_name.hsm. Note you give the model a *.hsm extension. Note also that the model must be saved to its own directory (you cannot save more than one model in a single directory). You can create a new directory from the Save As command screen. 6.1.6 Operations - Run Model In order to run the model we have built; we need to supply sufficient boundary conditions for a simulation. A sink pressure or flowrate must be specified.

Figure 6.12

Double click on the sink item. The following screen is opened - figure 6.12. Enter an outlet pressure of 1000 psia as shown. (Note that alternatively an outlet flowrate could be specified). Click OK to close the sink data screen. Now go to the Setup menu and select Show PQT Values. Note that all boundary conditions are displayed in the model window. From the Operations menu, select Run Model. You will notice that the network solution engine will start and show the progress of the iterative network solution. After approximately 3 iteration cycles, the simulation will finish with a message “Case_name finished OK”. Click OK on this message box. 6.1.7 Reports - View Output

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Output data can be viewed as either text or graphically.

1) Text Output. Click on the results tool in the toolbox . This brings up output data dialog box, as shown below in figure 6.13. Click the mouse on the toe node to view the results at that point. Click on any of the injection points (in horizontal well section) to view results and also on the heel node. Note the naming convention of the injection points in the horizontal well section (these are internally generated). Also click on the sink to view results at that point. If the Report button is selected, then the data shown is sent to a text file using the BJ-EDIT text editor, which can then be printed. Output data can also be viewed from the main menu under Reports and View Output File and View Summary File. However, these files contain very detailed output for all branches and all sub-networks within the horizontal well sections and are therefore not very easy to follow. It is recommended therefore to use the Results tool from the toolbox for viewing and printing text output.

Figure 6.13

2) Graphical Output. From the main menu select Reports and View Graphs. Alternatively select the graphs icon from the main toolbar. The screen as in Figure 6.14 is opened. Select Profile Graph and Single Case. Highlight the branch you wish to plot (horizontal well section) and click OK. A profile plot of the branch is shown in Figure 6.15.

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Figure 6.14 This shows the pressure profile from the toe to the heel (in direction of flow). From the Series option in the main menu, the user can select to plot any other variable from the displayed list. Note that if more than one branch is selected for plotting, the plot routine will attempt to concatenate the branch plots. These plots can be sent to the printer.

HoSiM Job

Licensed to: Juan Pablo (K-0001)PIPESIM Plot Nov 23 1998

PIPESIM for Windows © Baker Jardine & Associates, London

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Figure 6.15

6.1.8 Multi Case - Create PQ Curve. From the Operations menu select Create PQ Curves. The following dialog box will appear - Figure 6.16. Enter the following data: select the object as the sink and the variable to be (outlet) pressure. Enter a Min of 500 psia, Max of 1500 psia and a Step of 500 psia. Click Add to List. You will see that a list of sink pressures will appear in the table. This is the list of multi (batch) runs to perform.

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You can edit this list if required. Click on the Run button to start the batch run. When the batch run is finished click OK on the message box and then click OK again on the above dialog box to return to the main model window. To view the results again, you can use the 'results' tool from the toolbox as before. Note however, this will only show you the results from the last run of the batch run. From the Reports, View Graphs menu select PQ Graph and Multi Case and select the name of the branch which has the sink attached. This will show the P-Q curve generated by the batch run. This shows the relationship between outlet pressure and outlet flowrate (performance curve of the well) - see Figure 6.17.

Figure 6.16

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HoSiM Job

Licensed to: Juan Pablo (K-0001)PIPESIM Plot Nov 23 1998

PIPESIM for Windows © Baker Jardine & Associates, London

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utl

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(P

SIA

)

Tubing

Figure 6.17

You can also plot the profile plots for the horizontal well section from the batch runs by selecting Profile Graph and Multi Case and highlighting the name of the branch from the Select Plots dialog box.

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6.2 Case 2. Change (Edit) the Model We wish to change the model in Case 1 and introduce an extra well section which has annular flow between the formation and the liner (i.e. the liner section has no slots). The model is modified as shown in Figure 6.18. Again make sure the direction of flow for the new horizontal well section is correctly specified (for details see section 5.1). Add the new well section to the toe of the original horizontal well section as shown in Figure 6.18. Enter the following data for the new section: WELL PROF.. Elevation difference = 0 Horizontal length = 500 ft Hole ID = 8.5 inch Liner ID = 5 inch Liner thickness = 0.5 inch Roughness = 0.02 inch Flow Type = Annular (flow between hole and screen only). U Value = 0.2 (default). The IPR data for the two sections will need to be changed. The Ydim and Ywell values for the two sections should be changed to the values shown below. Note we assume that the two sections drain half the reservoir volume each. Ydim denotes the size of the drainage area for each section parallel to the well and Ywell denotes the position (centre) of each well section. The PI is calculated for each section independently.

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new section

new node

Figure 6.18

IPR Original Section New Section Static Pressure = 4000 psia Static Pressure = 4500 psia Type = PSS Oil (Babu & Odeh) Type = PSS Oil (Babu & Odeh)

Ydim = 4000 ft Ydim = 4000 ft Ywell = 3500 ft Ywell = 2500 ft Length = 1000 ft Length = 500 ft Oil Viscosity = 0.3 cp Oil Viscosity = 0.25 cp Skin = 12.01 Skin = 0 All other input values remain the same. The skin model should also be changed for the new section by removing the compacted zone; perforation and gravel pack data so that only a damaged zone skin is calculated (since we are flowing open hole in the new section). We do not need to enter the Fluid Model screen because we are using the default global fluid model. Close the completion data screens and return to the main model window. Select Operations and Run Model to start the simulation.

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When the simulation is completed, select Reports and View Graphs. Select Profile Graph and Single Case and select the two horizontal well section branches to plot. Click OK and you should see the plot in figure 6.19. This shows the pressure profile for the two sections of the horizontal well, first 500 ft from the toe end is annular flow and the second 1000 ft has flow only within the liner.

HoSiM Job

Licensed to: Juan Pablo (K-0001)PIPESIM Plot Nov 23 1998

PIPESIM for Windows © Baker Jardine & Associates, London

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Figure 6.19

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6.3 Case 3. Multilateral Heterogeneous Case Study This case study shows a multilateral model with different reservoir properties. The use of the general IPR dialog box is illustrated as an alternative to defining IPR’s individually for each section (see 3.3.7). 6.3.1 Building the Model Model Data Use the HosimHosim graphical user interface to build the model shown in Figure 6.20.

Figure 6.20 Multilateral model – Case 3

Enter the following data for pressures and temperatures in the sections: Lateral1: 2900 psia 250 F Lateral2 2950 psia 250 F Lateral3 3650 psia 280 F blank 3650 psia 280 F Lateral3b 3650 psia 280 F

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Wellhead 500 psia Configure casing1, casing2 and tubing as follows:

Casing1 RISER Height = 250 ft, ID = 4in, temp = 250 ft (leave other values as default) Casing2 same as Casing1 Tubing TVD perfs = 4000 ft, MD perfs = 4000 ft, T perfs = 250 F,

T Wellhead = 60 F, Tubing config- ID = 4 in

Fluid Model Click on the Fluid Model option on the Setup menu. Select a Blackoil model and set GOR = 690 scf/STB and API = 35. Leave other values as default. IPR’s The IPR dialog box will be used to create three reservoirs: res_1, res_2 and res_3. Lateral1 will be associated to res_1, Lateral2 to res_2 and the remaining sections will be associated to res_3. Select the IPR… option under the Setup menu. The IPR dialog is displayed. Click on the New button to create res_1. Click on the Edit… button and enter the following information for res_1: Res_1 Model = SS Oil (Joshi) Permeabilities: Kx = 80 md, Ky = 80 md, Kz = 8 md Size Rextn = 1500 ft, thick = 200 ft Well Properties Rw = 0.354 ft, Skin = 0 Fluid properties OFVF = 1.2 Oil Visc = 0.6 cp Repeat the above procedure for res_2 and res_3 with the following data: Res_2 Model = SS Oil (Joshi) Permeabilities: Kx = 85 md, Ky = 85 md, Kz = 7 md Size Rextn = 1500 ft, thick = 200 ft Well Properties Rw = 0.354 ft, Skin = 0 Fluid properties OFVF = 1.2 Oil Visc = 0.7 cp

Res_3

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Model = SS Oil (Joshi) Permeabilities: Kx = 70 md, Ky = 70 md, Kz = 5 md Size Rextn = 2000 ft, thick = 200 ft Well Properties Rw = 0.354 ft, Skin = 0 Fluid properties OFVF = 1.2 Oil Visc = 0.5 cp Next, select Lateral1 from the Horizontal Section combo box and click on the Well Profile button in the Well Data section of the IPR dialog. Set the following length and screen-id to Lateral1 Length = 500 ft Liner/Screen ID = 3 in (Leave other values as default) Repeat the above procedure for the other remaining sections: Lateral2 Length = 1000 ft Liner ID = 3in Lateral3 Length = 800 ft Liner ID = 3in Lateral3b Length = 100 ft Liner ID = 5in blank Length = 100 ft Liner ID = 5in Finally, sections and reservoirs must be linked. Select res_1 in the reservoirs combo and lateral1 in the sections combo and then click Add to List. Also, link the following reservoir-section pairs in the same way: res_2 à lateral2 res_3 à lateral3 res_3 à blank res_3 à lateral3b

Click on the Calculate button to perform a PI calculation for all sections added to the list (Figure 6.21)

Figure 6.21 IPR calculation Running the model

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The model is ready to be run. Go to the Operations menu and click on Run Model or alternatively press Ctrl+G. The model, due to its relatively big number of injection points in the sections will take several minutes to converge. Figure 6.22 shows the resulting pressure profile plot for the three laterals.

Multilateral Heterogeneous Study

Licensed to: Juan Pablo (K-0001)PIPESIM Plot Nov 20 1998

PIPESIM for Windows © Baker Jardine & Associates, London

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Figure 6.22 Pressure Profile for the three laterals in case 3

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6.4 Case 4. Example of Well With Downhole Equipment

6.4.1 Modelling ICV’s (inflow control valves)

Inflow control valves can be used to control or restrict the inflow from sections of a horizontal well or from certain laterals of a multilateral well. The example HosimHosim file, demo Case 4 is a model with ICV’s included.

Case 4 is a well with two laterals. The downhole configuration is shown in Figure 6.24. As shown, ICV_1 and ICV_2 control the flow from annular sections of the main lateral and ICV_3 controls the inflow from the second lateral (which is completed with a slotted liner).

The HosimHosim model representing this configuration (model Case 4) is shown in figure 6.25. The user is advised to examine the branches of the model in HosimHosim to view the components used to make up the model. The user will note that: The flow type in Sect_1a, Sect_1b, Sect_2a and Sect_2b are defined as Annular . The flow type in Sect_3 is set to Liner + Annulus for the slotted liner. The ICV’s can be modelled using one of the equipment models available. This could be with a short piece of pipe with an effective length and small i.d., or with a choke with a certain bean size.

6.4.2 Adding Downhole Separation

The example file in Case 4 is modelled to the wellhead. If we wish to add downhole separation to this model, we can add a separator model to any of the general branches in the model. For example if we wish to add a downhole water separator at the base of the tubing, we would add a separator icon in the Tubing branch as follows:

• Double click on the Tubing branch (centre).

• Click on the separator icon in the toolbox.

• Click the mouse in the model window and attach the separator between the lower node and the bottom of the tubing.

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When finished the tubing branch should look as shown in figure 6.23. The separator parameters can be entered by double clicking on the separator icon and entering the required data. When the model is then run, the appropriate phase will be removed from the fluid stream at the point where the separator is placed.

separator

Figure 6.23

Liner_1 Liner_2

Liner_3

Sect_3

Sect_1a Sect_2a Sect_1b Sect_2b

Example Case 4 : multilateral with inflow control valves.

ICV_3

ICV_2 ICV_1

Slotted

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Figure 6.24

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Figure 6.25

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6.5 Case 5. Dual Lateral Gas Field 6.5.1 Introduction A HosimHosim model of the LAT_1 / LAT_2 dual lateral gas well was constructed based on the data supplied by a major operating company. LAT1 and LAT_2 are in separate reservoirs with different fluid compositions and rock properties. Fluid compositions, reservoir physical properties and geometry are given. Firstly the performance of each lateral is matched to the welltest data provided by the operator. The matched results are shown in section 4. The HosimHosim package is then used to model the performance of the dual lateral well. The resulting deliverability performance of the well is shown in section 5. The relative contributions from the individual laterals are also shown. 6.5.2 HosimHosim Graphical Model A snapshot of the HosimHosim graphical interface with the proposed model is shown below. The toolbox on the upper right corner is used to build the model by ‘dragging and dropping’ the building blocks: horizontal sections, branches, sources and sinks.

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6.5.3 Well Test Match Fluid Model: Fully compositional description Flow Correlations:

Vertical Flow (Multiphase): Baker Jardine Revised Horizontal Flow (Multiphase): Baker Jardine Revised

Horizontal Completion Profiles: LAT_A: Tubing i.d.= 5.5 in; Elev Diff=-20 ft; Roughness=0.001 in; Length=1600 ft LAT_B: Tubing i.d.= 4.5 in; Elev Diff=-40 ft; Roughness=0.001 in.; Length=2015 ft

Reservoir Data:

Profile LAT_1

8700

8800

8900

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8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500

MD

TVD

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Reservoir description and calculated PI for LAT_1

Reservoir description and calculated PI for LAT_2

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6.5.4. Well Test Match Output (test data shown in ‘( )’ ) LAT_A Location TEMP PRESS LIQ RATE GAS RATE GLR W/CUT (F) (psia) (stb/d) (mmscf/d) (scf/stb) % WellHead 208 3100 (3102) 2330 28 (28.61) 12014 12 Bottomhole 268 4407 2330 28 12014 12 LAT_B Location TEMP PRESS LIQ RATE GAS RATE GLR W/CUT (F) (psia) (stb/d) (mmscf/d) (scf/stb) ( % )

WellHead 206 2950 (2950) 1753.5 29.43 (30.85) 16784 4.97 Bottomhole 264 4099.8 1753.5 29.43 16784 4.97 6.5.5. Dual Lateral Deliverability Prediction The figure below shows the wellhead pressure versus gas flowrate performance for the dual lateral well as predicted by HosimHosim . Also shown on the plot are the relative contributions from the two laterals (in mmscf/d).

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Deliverability Curve – LAT_1 and LAT_2

Licensed to: Juan Pablo (K-0001)PIPESIM Plot Sep 07 1998

PIPESIM for Windows © Baker Jardine & Associates, London

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LAT_1:77 mmscfdLAT_2:22 mmscfd

LAT_1:96 mmscfdLAT_2:28 mmscfd

LAT_1:115 mmscfdLAT_2:34 mmscfd

LAT_1:134LAT_2:40

6.5.6 Gas rate Profiles (Gas Rate at Wellhead : 25 mmscfd) The figure below shows the flowrate profile for the two horizontal (lateral) sections. (for the case of gas flowrate of 25 mmscf/d).

Gas rate profile for LAT_1 and LAT_2

Licensed to: Juan Pablo (K-0001)PIPESIM Plot Sep 07 1998

PIPESIM for Windows © Baker Jardine & Associates, London

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Appendix A

Babu & Odeh Horizontal Well IPR

The Babu & Odeh pseudo steady state horizontal well IPR assumes a well in a rectangular shaped drainage volume.

The position of the well relative to the boundaries of the rectangle must be defined.

Below is a brief description of the of the HosimHosim input screens for “PSS Oil/Gas (Babu & Odeh)”.

Xdim: Dimension of the rectangle perpendicular to the well path. Ydim: Dimension of the rectangle parallel to the well path. Thickness: Thickness of rectangle (reservoir thickness).

Xwell : Position of the well (centre) relative to Xdim dimension. Ywell : Position of the well (centre) relative to Ydim dimension. Zwell : Position of the well relative to bottom of reservoir.

Kx, Ky and Kz are therefore the permeabilities in the x, y and z directions.

Multiple Well Sections

Note that the calculated PI for a horizontal well section in a model is calculated taking into account the position of the well section relative to its drainage volume.

If a model has two or more horizontal well sections attached in series, the user can obtain the PI for the sections by following one of the two available procedures:

• Individually for each section: in this case the user must be careful to define the drainage volume for each well section. It is advisable to divide the total drainage volume among the well sections by dividing the total Ydim value among the individual well sections. The Ywell value must also be correctly specified for each well section to correctly reflect the geometry (See attached figure). For this option the user must access the IPR data dialog for each section separately and perform a PI calculation in each case.

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• Defining general reservoir descriptions: this option is the recommended procedure to calculate PI’s in multilateral configurations. The user must choose the Setup item in the main menu and select the IPR… item. The displayed dialog allows the user to enter an arbitrary number of reservoir descriptions and then assign the horizontal well sections to the appropriate description. Sections connected in series and belonging to the same reservoir are transform internally to an equivalent unique section in order to produce an improved PI compared to those produced following the above option.

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Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

Heel Toe

Ydim total (drainage area)

Ywell 1 Ywell 2 Ywell 3

Thick Zwell

Xdim

Ydim 3 Ydim 2 Ydim 1