hormonal• ghrelin

• Cck+pyy

nuropeptides

• NPY

• a-MSH

nurotranssmitt

ed

• serotonin

• dopamin

For

short

time

FOR LONG TIME

Leptin

Insulin

REGULATION

By hypothalamus

By centers of brain stem ( amygdala, prefrontal cortex)

By gland (thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic islet cell)

HYPOTHALAMUS

Ventromedial nuclei : (satiety center)

Latral nuclei: (hunger center)

Paraventricular; satiety

stimulation

Dorsomedial; Hunger

stimulation

Arcuate nuclei; regulated by

hormons relase from the

gastrointestinal, adipose tissue,

energy expenditure and

cerebral cortex (sight, smell,

taste)