Horizontal Shale Well Refracs: The Next Evolutionary Step © 2010 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All...

$: Horizontal Shale Well Refracs: The Next Evolutionary Step © 2010 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. SPE Ft Worth Section Monthly Meeting March.$
Horizontal Shale Well Refracs: The Next Evolutionary Step

© 2010 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

SPE Ft Worth Section Monthly Meeting

March 26, 2015

© 2010 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 2

Enhanced Crude Oil Recovery Potential – An EstimateT. Doscher; F. Wise - Shell Oil Company; SPE #5800; 1976

“The foremost conclusion of this report, in common with many others, is that large, new domestic sources of crude oil need to be discovered and developed soon.”

“The API data leave little doubt that there is and will be a very large amount of oil discovered that will not be produced with the technology that we have developed to date.”

“In addition to the need for large, new domestic sources of petroleum to be discovered, there is a potential fora sizeable addition of domestic reserves if recovery efficiency can be increased.”


Historical Crude Oil Prices – 2014 DollarsFrom MacroTrends.net


Historical US Crude Oil ProductionFrom EIA


Horizontal Well InventoriesMajor US Shale Formations

Formation 2000-2005 2006-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014Bakken and TF 589 3178 3995 3980Barnett 1087 10027 2984 1289Haynesville 1 1289 1590 451Woodford 5 1392 956 987Marcellus 0 1299 2982 2174Eagle Ford 6 540 4562 6524Wolfcamp 46 526 758 1925

Total 1734 18251 17827 17330

Horizontal Well Completions by Year


Refrac Theory


Why Refrac?

• Reconnect to existing fractures that have closed or been damaged

– Unpropped frac area– Proppant Crushing/Embedment– Shale creep (Partial Monolayer? For how long?)

• Closing of natural fractures opened by original treatment or unpropped area

• Unpropped near wellbore restrictions

– Spalling and fines plugging• Bypassed Pay

– Unproductive Perforations– Some % of perfs do not contribute or are poor

performers?• Create more surface area

– Target perforated intervals previously under-stimulated

– Contact new reservoir rock if there is stress reorientation


Stress Reorientation

• Mechanical Stress Changes– The result of physically separating the rock and

permanently displacing it

• Poroelastic Stress Changes– The result of changing the pore pressure in the rock

matrix itself– Non-uniform depletion

• Helping Hands– Relatively low stress anisotropy– High pressure drawdowns


Stress ReorientationVertical Wells

Area of stress reversal

Original Frac

Refrac

Refrac


Stress ReorientationHorizontal Wells


Stress Reorientation and Natural FracturesHorizontal Zipper Fracs


Far Field Stress ReorientationSPE # 152224; ExxonMobile Upstream Research and XTO

Well #1

Far Field Offset w/ SR


Candidate Selection (Empirical/Statistical)

• Early completions where lessons were still being learned

• Prematurely terminated frac stages• Production Signatures

– Proxy for reservoir quality• IP and decline rates• Relative to completion variables such as stage count, #

proppant, gal fluid, etc.• Cross-Plots of completion efficiency, production response, and reservoir quality

• Time since original completion• Mechanical integrity

16

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Refracture Viability

PoorerCandidate Metric Better

candidate Measure

High Depletion Low Cum prod

Low Reservoir quality High High IP, phi*h

Low Distance from nearest neighbor High Distance

High Anomalous production relative to neighbors Low Cum prod

Low Effective reservoir contact High % well in zone

HighPast fracture intensity Low Lb/ft, ft/stage,

clusters/stage

GoodPast fracture job execution Poor No. of

screenouts

GoodPast fracture design Inadequate

Comparison to current

practicesPoor Annular isolation Good Completion

typeSmaller Available ID Larger ID

PoorWellbore condition Good Well age,

corrosion issues

Rese

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Consolidating the data together

Av 30 Days Flowing Gas

Av 30 Days Flowing Cond

Av 30 Days Flowing BOE

Peak Month Gas Rate

Peak Month Cond Rate

Peak Month BOE Rate 6 mo oil 6 mo gas Cum oil Cum Gas Cum MMCFe

Peak Mo BOE/ft 6 mo gas/ft Cum Mmcfe/ft Voidage Voidage/ft Voidage/prod mo Initial CGR

Lateral length Closest well Drainage area

Percentile Based on Peak

Month Gas6 mo pord

anomaly

Number of Wells within

3000 feet

2.3 38.9 418 2693 74 507 348220 9452 935974 993 0.13 86 0.25 3.16 0.78 0.09 25 4030 427 139 29 43 72.7 47.8 491 2991 87 562 418928 11873 1190638 1262 0.12 90 0.27 4.02 0.87 0.11 18 4630 616 86 78 100 93.3 74.6 618 2843 65 533 353916 7790 918806 966 0.12 80 0.22 3.10 0.70 0.09 23 4410 600 72 63 75 81.7 44.6 323 1792 50 349 227382 9581 633352 691 0.08 49 0.15 2.15 0.47 0.07 27 4620 572 72 0 0 102.5 64.5 482 2484 71 485 309116 11784 820569 891 0.10 63 0.18 2.79 0.57 0.08 27 4875 490 69 38 25 82.3 68.2 444 1981 59 388 256421 10260 695454 757 0.09 61 0.18 2.36 0.56 0.07 30 4192 572 67 10 10 103.6 95.9 699 3202 84 618 351447 12723 930193 1007 0.12 70 0.20 3.16 0.63 0.10 27 5010 490 84 100 63 82.8 84.5 548 2588 74 505 331572 12014 883199 955 0.10 67 0.19 3.00 0.61 0.09 29 4925 601 127 78 89 91.9 133.1 448 1731 126 387 1953 199559 15799 587907 683 0.07 38 0.13 2.03 0.38 0.07 66 5275 547 84 29 57 71.8 119.2 421 1677 92 359 1533 199087 13225 524101 603 0.08 47 0.14 1.80 0.42 0.06 59 4265 547 116 14 29 71.6 105.8 365 1456 104 315 924 146265 12150 469094 542 0.07 35 0.13 1.62 0.38 0.05 63 4230 289 59 0 13 83.0 189.4 694 2830 179 650 2397 261383 13371 745845 826 0.12 49 0.16 2.54 0.48 0.09 55 5320 600 167 100 78 92.9 177.5 662 2614 165 601 2978 297291 14372 791185 877 0.11 55 0.16 2.70 0.50 0.09 53 5380 300 212 75 88 82.7 134.9 586 2503 119 536 2196 261822 10916 526261 592 0.10 51 0.11 1.80 0.35 0.06 48 5170 289 62 50 75 82.7 136.5 592 2551 121 546 2336 265169 13268 595210 675 0.11 52 0.13 2.04 0.40 0.07 48 5065 592 80 80 80 102.7 130.2 576 2681 127 574 985 180837 11553 502878 572 0.11 35 0.11 1.73 0.34 0.06 48 5150 592 91 89 22 92.8 125.2 595 2338 77 466 6050 258087 11299 480245 548 0.10 55 0.12 1.65 0.35 0.07 43 4655 507 146 0 0 32.8 91.7 555 2721 89 543 7800 326479 14472 607805 695 0.10 61 0.13 2.09 0.39 0.08 33 5345 578 175 57 43 72.6 84.7 520 2451 80 489 7896 318470 12991 534877 613 0.11 74 0.14 1.84 0.43 0.07 33 4325 507 67 67 33.1 102.7 617 2998 98 598 8833 366805 16137 674362 771 0.11 69 0.15 2.32 0.44 0.09 33 5310 427 296 83 83 62.5 84.0 508 2434 80 486 6643 281595 12101 512135 585 0.11 62 0.13 1.76 0.38 0.07 33 4575 546 70 501.7 44.6 323 1895 121 437 14149 247180 24128 468615 613 0.08 47 0.12 1.67 0.32 0.07 60 5214 420 81 17 50 62.5 64.5 482 2116 136 489 15505 270427 25838 501262 656 0.09 51 0.12 1.78 0.34 0.07 60 5254 420 70 40 80 52.3 68.2 444 2160 133 475 15794 277134 23099 439085 578 0.09 55 0.11 1.56 0.31 0.06 60 5048 469 60 100 53.6 95.9 699 1616 104 373 12122 210989 20247 392691 514 0.08 45 0.11 1.40 0.30 0.06 60 4713 637 95 13 38 81.6 130.7 391 1839 110 393 12332 205266 19226 342159 458 0.15 77 0.17 1.22 0.46 0.05 70 2669 548 53 64 45 111.3 111.4 332 1509 74 322 9746 161918 15913 284888 380 0.11 57 0.13 1.02 0.36 0.05 70 2824 311 45 27 18 111.4 121.1 360 1248 80 267 8742 144908 14393 252171 339 0.09 51 0.12 0.90 0.32 0.04 72 2824 323 46 10 10 101.5 122.3 367 1641 77 351 10146 170337 17896 328148 436 0.11 55 0.14 1.17 0.37 0.05 68 3124 290 48 60 30 101.9 155.5 471 2512 147 537 16972 286831 27026 493314 655 0.16 88 0.20 1.76 0.54 0.08 68 3269 597 423 89 89 92.5 77.6 486 2488 79 494 9002 318750 13651 480989 563 0.10 62 0.11 1.66 0.33 0.08 31 5111 568 75 71 57 72.0 65.1 404 2106 67 418 7349 260282 11347 400106 468 0.10 59 0.11 1.38 0.32 0.07 31 4389 568 300 17 17 62.4 75.3 467 2472 76 485 9077 320999 13587 478743 560 0.09 61 0.11 1.65 0.31 0.08 31 5304 529 78 57 71 73.1 98.0 610 3110 99 618 9401 331269 14808 518152 607 0.12 63 0.12 1.79 0.34 0.08 31 5224 529 76 100 86 72.4 77.2 480 2429 77 482 8919 315541 13608 479384 561 0.11 70 0.13 1.66 0.37 0.08 31 4483 579 285 38 50 83.2 236.4 775 2701 184 634 16555 330200 19142 383374 498 0.16 82 0.12 1.36 0.34 0.07 69 4034 311 125 91 100 111.3 87.4 297 1102 75 259 6269 124589 7338 144726 189 0.15 71 0.11 0.51 0.29 0.03 67 1750 290 39 0 0 101.5 117.0 369 1539 105 362 11941 244934 14980 309450 399 0.09 64 0.10 1.10 0.28 0.06 73 3850 582 99 56 78 91.9 141.3 457 1510 103 355 11201 226828 13429 271881 352 0.08 49 0.08 0.96 0.21 0.05 70 4634 589 44 67 91.6 113.9 388 1385 94 325 9297 187647 11072 224665 291 0.19 111 0.17 0.80 0.47 0.04 69 1686 323 48 20 40 10

Reservoir

PAD NoStage

Spacing

Well Relative location Proppant # (lb)

(Proppant Volume (lb))/stg

Prop Loading 100 Mesh

100 mesh % 40/70 30/50

Acid Volume Acid Vol/Stage Fluid Volume

Ave Fluid/Stage

PAD Volume ISDP

Average Treating Pressure Pump Rate

Number of Stages Ibs/ft fluid/ft

Ibs/stage length

Tubing Depth Thickness Start (ft) End (ft) Last frac date E/W Conv/Zip First prod date SI Time

6 288 1 5089171 363512 0.87 1241925 0.24 3847246 22000 1571 5829982 416427 80250 4554 6497 80.8 14 1263 1447 17680 6773 54 7367 11440 12/28/2011 Down E Zip 1/16/2012 19.00 35.566 289 2 5892567 368285 0.90 1412447 0.24 4480120 24500 1531 6534110 408382 74996 4681 6385 81.0 16 1273 1411 20363 6792 55 7272 11888 12/26/2011 Down E Zip 1/16/2012 21.00 35.566 315 1 5172336 369453 0.87 1238313 0.24 3934023 21800 1557 5967446 426246 74610 4508 6482 81.1 14 1173 1353 16420 6503 56 7091 11450 12/28/2011 Down E Zip 2/4/2012 38.00 34.937 289 1 5867005 366688 1.04 1400165 0.24 4466840 26672 1667 5648470 353029 62197 4412 6432 82.0 16 1270 1223 20319 6642 55 6819 11434 1/9/2012 Down E Conv 4/6/2012 88.00 32.897 287 1 6662146 391891 0.95 1521321 0.23 5140825 26060 1533 7041470 414204 84773 4481 6651 82.3 17 1367 1444 23232 6647 55 7448 11924 2/26/2012 Down E Conv 4/6/2012 40.00 32.897 262 1 5447336 340459 0.84 1288471 0.24 4069781 25068 1567 6464208 404013 75156 4614 6748 81.3 16 1299 1542 20791 6498 56 7136 11518 1/16/2012 Down E Conv 4/6/2012 81.00 32.897 358 2 6177241 441232 1.05 1484331 0.24 4692910 24084 1720 5896970 421212 73176 4632 6858 81.5 14 1233 1177 17262 6225 56 7269 12395 3/4/2012 Down E Conv 4/6/2012 33.00 32.897 290 2 6426633 378037 0.83 1526856 0.24 4899777 26096 1535 7738856 455227 81883 4382 6903 82.3 17 1305 1571 22183 6123 56 7582 12410 2/17/2012 Down E Conv 4/6/2012 49.00 32.891 293 1 6825342 379186 1.20 1616404 0.24 5208938 29016 1612 5702262 316792 56747 3961 5851 82.7 18 1294 1081 23290 6494 62 7040 12433 5/19/2012 Up W Zip 7/1/2012 43.00 30.071 284 1 5671171 378078 1.13 1342305 0.24 4328866 23016 1534 4997350 333157 56546 3568 5725 83.1 15 1330 1172 19946 6378 61 6995 11319 5/17/2012 Up W Zip 7/1/2012 45.00 30.071 282 1 5795172 386345 1.16 1607120 0.28 4188052 26028 1735 5007926 333862 66833 3716 5995 82.2 15 1370 1184 20550 6197 62 7354 12000 5/18/2012 Up W Zip 7/2/2012 45.00 30.033 296 1 6409070 356059 1.12 1647371 0.26 4761699 27500 1528 5741996 319000 55153 4214 5953 82.5 18 1205 1079 21685 6544 65 7043 12348 6/25/2012 Down W Conv 8/3/2012 39.00 28.983 283 1 7122199 374853 1.24 1836015 0.26 5286184 29000 1526 5730623 301612 49941 4166 5860 80.9 19 1324 1065 25153 6588 65 6905 12350 7/1/2012 Down W Conv 8/6/2012 36.00 28.8812 287 1 5984033 332446 1.01 1582266 0.26 4401767 29000 1611 5899406 327745 70861 4005 6229 80.5 18 1157 1141 20834 6478 59 6974 12124 8/4/2012 Down W Zip 8/29/2012 25.00 28.1312 298 1 5733126 337243 1.04 1504477 0.26 4228649 25750 1515 5493540 323149 72942 3865 6002 80.4 17 1132 1085 19242 6445 59 7019 12104 8/4/2012 Down W Zip 8/29/2012 25.00 28.1312 303 1 5399552 317621 1.01 1482468 0.27 3917084 25890 1523 5335539 313855 67855 3842 6138 80.4 17 1048 1036 17824 6544 59 7110 12270 8/6/2012 Down W Zip 8/29/2012 23.00 28.1311 274 1 5095535 299737 1.04 1222889 0.24 3872646 26750 1574 4893589 287858 73003 4609 6725 80.7 17 1095 1051 18609 6731 56 7293 12055 11/1/2012 Up E Zip 11/28/2012 27.00 25.1311 281 1 6004868 316046 1.08 1451887 0.24 4552981 28500 1500 5545248 291855 63545 4487 6534 80.4 19 1123 1037 21346 6851 55 7201 12769 10/31/2012 Up E Zip 11/28/2012 28.00 25.1311 270 3 4199762 262485 0.97 1109553 0.26 3090209 29000 1813 4323414 270213 72728 5071 6661 80.6 16 971 1000 15537 6761 56 7511 11756 11/1/2012 Up E Zip 11/28/2012 27.00 25.1311 279 2 6199662 326298 1.12 1447177 0.23 4752485 28500 1500 5520618 290559 68438 4541 6585 80.5 19 1168 1040 22183 6853 56 7556 12880 10/31/2012 Up E Zip 11/28/2012 28.00 25.1311 269 1 5187860 305168 1.06 1164489 0.22 4023371 26000 1529 4893242 287838 76996 4655 6682 78.9 17 1134 1070 19277 6632 55 7427 11956 10/31/2012 Up E Zip 11/28/2012 28.00 25.138 274 1 6149347 323650 1.10 1425045 0.23 4724302 34052 1792 5579972 293683 69456 3545 6108 80.1 19 1179 1070 22408 6530 56 7155 12519 12/2/2012 Up W Zip 12/27/2012 25.00 24.188 277 1 6295653 331350 1.11 1427001 0.23 4868652 29000 1526 5659394 297863 72408 3676 6074 80.4 19 1198 1077 22767 6472 56 7205 12566 12/1/2012 Up W Zip 12/27/2012 26.00 24.188 266 1 6353437 334391 1.09 1418136 0.22 4651326 283,975 30750 1618 5835780 307146 80533 3633 6100 80.7 19 1259 1156 23913 6168 56 7290 12461 12/1/2012 Up W Zip 12/27/2012 26.00 24.188 262 1 5390004 299445 1.02 1261904 0.23 3862945 265,155 27250 1514 5307238 294847 80558 3670 6424 79.6 18 1144 1126 20586 6100 56 7068 12142 12/1/2012 Up W Zip 12/27/2012 26.00 24.189 243 2 3257963 296178 0.97 430708 0.13 2827255 17000 1545 3348818 304438 69819 4570 6157 79.9 11 1221 1255 13427 6567 56 7338 9961 1/11/2013 Down W Zip 2/19/2013 39.00 22.409 257 1 3380975 307361 1.08 428383 0.13 2952592 20264 1842 3126248 284204 32361 4046 5998 80.6 11 1197 1107 13170 6427 56 6980 9890 12/13/2012 Down W Zip 2/19/2013 68.00 22.409 257 1 1271635 115603 0.44 395884 0.34 759751 18000 1636 2872824 261166 65860 4172 6161 78.7 11 450 1017 4953 6428 56 6933 9890 1/9/2013 Down W Zip 2/19/2013 41.00 22.409 260 1 3702120 308510 1.09 502523 0.14 3199597 17500 1458 3399760 283313 63914 4531 6024 80.8 12 1185 1088 14221 6409 56 7069 10185 1/7/2013 Down W Zip 2/19/2013 43.00 22.409 251 3 3739513 287655 1.10 503224 0.13 3236289 22432 1726 3403676 261821 30891 4102 6064 80.9 13 1144 1041 14871 6461 56 7249 10560 12/20/2012 Down W Zip 2/19/2013 61.00 22.402 189 1 4457322 165086 0.81 0.00 4457322 41036 1520 5504678 203877 38249 4828 7480 78.6 27 872 1077 23547 6661 57 7219 12571 3/2/2013 Down E Zip 3/31/2013 29.00 21.092 274 3 3652670 228292 0.95 24466 0.01 3621388 26000 1625 3834582 239661 36940 4734 6977 80.5 16 832 874 13316 6591 56 7130 11576 2/25/2013 Down E Zip 3/31/2013 34.00 21.092 279 1 4732021 249054 1.05 26048 0.01 4702823 28388 1494 4492440 236444 38355 4618 7046 79.9 19 892 847 16951 6718 57 7349 12739 3/1/2013 Down E Zip 3/31/2013 30.00 21.092 275 1 4977247 261960 1.08 48685 0.01 4928562 29024 1528 4593005 241737 40721 4715 7073 80.4 19 953 879 18103 7240 57 7441 12751 3/1/2013 Down E Zip 3/31/2013 30.00 21.092 264 3 4556223 268013 1.08 27879 0.01 4528344 25376 1493 4217720 248101 57750 4657 7148 80.3 17 1016 941 17278 6873 57 7753 12253 2/28/2013 Down E Zip 3/31/2013 31.00 21.098 269 2 4451005 296734 1.20 0.00 3269613 1,181,392 23000 1533 3699080 246605 42210 4099 6274 80.1 15 1103 917 16551 6560 55 7227 11281 4/19/2013 Up W Zip 5/22/2013 33.00 19.389 292 1 1281816 213636 1.06 0.00 1281816 9000 1500 1204218 200703 42105 4256 5925 80.0 6 732 688 4395 6700 55 6997 9540 4/18/2013 Up W Zip 5/22/2013 34.00 19.389 296 1 4474028 344156 1.27 0.00 3368908 1,105,120 19500 1500 3527650 271358 45121 4191 6234 80.2 13 1162 916 15107 6375 56 7036 11480 4/30/2013 Up W Zip 5/22/2013 22.00 19.389 290 3 5015730 313483 1.31 0.00 3858699 1,157,031 24000 1500 3821448 238841 41577 4642 6395 78.6 16 1082 825 17318 6574 56 7196 12101 4/30/2013 Up W Zip 5/22/2013 22.00 19.389 187 2 1329466 147718 1.05 0.00 883908 445,558 14000 1556 1270482 141165 34552 4036 6464 78.5 9 789 754 7097 6438 55 7034 9612 4/18/2013 Up W Zip 5/22/2013 34.00 19.38

Past Frac


Candidate Selection (Geomechanical Stress Modeling)• Integrated reservoir modeling• Geomechanical Stress Simulation

– Modeling vector stress changes with production and existing fracture network

• Confirm with microseismicSv

Shmin SHmax

From Saudi Aramco

UCSPp

Lithofacies

Seismic2D,3DWell infoTopsCasing Point

Static Reservoir Model

GeomechanicalModel

Dynamic Reservoir Model

Frac Model

Shale Asset Evaluation Work Flow

GeologyStructure, Zonation

PetrophysicsTOC, Ro, Porosity, Hydrocarbon Saturation, GIPRock mechanicsDensity, Acoustic, Image, coresMineralogy

Microseismic

Geomechanical effectsPredict

Performance

PredictWell Performance

GIP, OIP, Economics,

Identify Sweet Spot,

Well targeting

Frac Optimization, Completion

design, Single Well

Economics,

Well spacingField

DevelopmentArtificial lift

FacilityProject

economics

ProppantPlacement


Methodologies

• Cement squeeze the lateral and reperf• Slim-hole liners with cement or viscous gel OR expandable inner liners

• Stick pipe or coiled tubing with straddle packers• Diverters

– Near wellbore– Far field– Critical logistics

At least you know where inthe wellbore its going

You have an idea of where its going; It sure would be nice to have microseismicor at least tracer logs


Great Expectations

• Public data source results show 50-75% EUR increases per well are reasonable expectations

– 100% EUR increases are possible in some instances; but…

– Reports are success biased– Little information on failures– Theft production from offsets?– SPE # 173340

• Tell-tale signs that new reservoir rock is being exposed

– ISIP comparable to original completions– Unusually high friction pressures (tortuosity from

fracture reorientation)– Lower GOR, approaching original production values


Ongoing Challenges

• Predicting outcomes• Placement techniques

– Fluid selection– Pump schedule– Pressure management– Leak-off control– Logistics

• How to pump 3-5 million lbs of proppant in 18 hrs?

– Long continuous pump times for diverter refracs

Lower maximum STP?Effect on rate?Effect on fluid choice?Proppant choice?Effect of all on frac development?


Final Thoughts

• Ultra low recovery rates from primary completions leave substantial reserves unrecovered

• Need to renew existing fracture paths and create new ones to improve recovery

• Empirical and Statistical Review of well population to identify candidates

• Geomechanical stress modeling, confirmed or modified with microseismic and history matching to further improve our understanding of reservoir dynamics

• Stage frac designs are unlikely to look like the primary completions due to changed well conditions and dynamics

• Incremental EUR of 50% - 75% are reasonable expectations and more is possible

– Further understanding of the negative consequences are still needed

Horizontal Shale Well Refracs: The Next Evolutionary Step © 2010 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All...

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Transcript of Horizontal Shale Well Refracs: The Next Evolutionary Step © 2010 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All...