horizontal pullout capacity of a group of vertical square anchor plates
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Horizontal pullout capacity of Group of Vertical Square Anchor Plate Embedded in Medium to Dense Sand
UVCE,Bangalore Page 1
Introduction
Many modern engineering structures require a foundation system that provides adequate
support by resisting loads that are imposed on the foundation of the structure or vertical and
horizontal pullout forces. Stability and support of structures is provided by transferringfoundational loads from the structures foundation through some form of anchors and then
onto the surrounding soil and terrain. In many cases these loads and forces that are
transmitted through anchors to surrounding terrain can cause the anchor to experience
subsequence uplift forces .As a result, ground anchors have been developed so as to be fixed
to structures and are embedded to sufficient ground depths to provide adequate amounts of
support within required safety limits. It is therefore the primary focus of this project and
subsequent dissertation to investigate the uplift capacity of various ground anchors in sand.
Ground anchors have in fact been utilised for thousands of years in many different forms.
Predominantly the use of these early anchors was to support lightweight structures only and it
was not until recent times with the invention of suspension bridges that anchors were used to
transfer very large loads. As a result, during the last 50 years there have been a number of
studies conducted to investigate the design and use of these ground anchors. A number of
theories have been developed to estimate the ultimate uplift capacity of different ground
anchors in sand and it is the aim of this investigation to take a predominantly physical
approach to further investigate and test this pullout phenomenon. A Basic twodimensional
situation shall provide the primary focus of this investigation, however some initial
investigation into three--dimensional effects shall be conducted and will therefore provide
opportunity for further works in this area.
Ground Anchors
As mentioned ground anchors are generally designed and constructed to resist the forces that
are applied to foundations of structures. The primary function of these anchors is to transmit
the forces acting on the foundations of a structure to the surrounding soil or terrain. This
simple form of buried anchors have been around for thousands of years and used to stabilise
structures. An early example of this is the use of anchors or stakes that are buried to stabilise
a tent.
Initially ground anchors were only used to stabilise small or lightweight structures such as
transmission towers, radar towers or tents as explained in the above example. It was not until
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the mid 19th century when the creation of large suspension bridge structures introduced the
need of ground anchors to bear and transmit very large loads to the earth. From this point in
time forward, anchors began to form an important component of many civil engineering
projects and in many of these cases be required to resist some form of uplift forces.
Ground anchors have been developed since this time into a number of different forms each
with its own strengths and specific applications. Generally anchors can be classified into five
different forms of ground anchor that are currently in use in industry and they are as follows:
plate anchors, direct embedment anchors, helical anchors, grouted anchors, and anchor piles
and drilled shafts. This project shall primarily focus on the plate anchor, pile anchors and
shall further investigate buried pipelines in sand.
Plate Anchors
Plate anchors can be constructed using a many number of materials and can be constructed in
numerous shapes. For example plate anchors may be made of steel plates, precast concrete
slabs, poured reinforced concrete slabs or timber sheets just to name a few of the most
common construction materials. Plate anchors may also be put into location in a number of
ways, the two most common methods utilised today are backfilled plate anchors or excavated
trench plate anchors. Backfilled plate anchors are put into position by excavating the ground
to the required depth, placing the anchor in position then backfilling and compacting with
good quality soil. The other popular method of deposition is to install the plate anchor in
excavated trench, then attach the anchor to tie rods that are either driven or placed through
auger holes. (Das 1990). The methodology used throughout experimentation in regards to this
project will replicate the deposition method of backfilled plate anchors.
Pile Anchors
Anchor piles can be used to support both compressive loads or resist uplift loads, or in certain
circumstances act as lateral restraints. Piles are used when the structure is subject to very
large loads or in instances where surrounding soil conditions are poor and require footings to
pass to great depths to reach acceptable soil conditions. When the soil located immediately
below a given structure is weak, the load of the structure may be transmitted to a greater
depth by piles and drilled shafts (Das 1999).Some structures, like transmission towers,
mooring systems for ocean surface or submerged platforms, tall chimneys, jetty structures,
etc., are constructed on pile foundations, which have to resist uplift loads (Chattopadhyay
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and Pise 1986). Just as with plate anchors, piles can be made from many materials and be
formed into numerous shapes. They too can be created from steel, precast concrete, poured
concrete or timber and may be formed into shapes such as square, circular or octagonal piles.
Also, as with plate anchors, piles can be driven into place or excavated into position. Piles are
often more expensive to use then a shallow anchor of most types, but in many cases when
piles are utilised it is because they are required for the specific situation. Pile foundations
which are deep and which cost more than shallow foundations. Despite the cost, the use of
piles often is necessary to ensure structural safety (Das 2004).
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LITERATURE REVIEW
REVIEW OF RESEARCH FINDINGS RELATED TO BEHAVIOUR OF
HORIZONTAL PULLOUT CAPACITY OF GROUP OF VERTICAL SRIP ANCHOR
PLATE EMBEDDED IN SAND
Jyant Kumar(2001). The problem of finding the horizontal pullout capacity of vertical
anchors embedded in sands with the inclusion of pseudostatic horizontal earthquake body
forces, was tackled in this note. The analysis was carried out using an upper bound limit
analysis, with the consideration of two different collapse mechanisms: bilinear and composite
logarithmic spiral rupture surfaces. The results are presented in non dimensional form to find
the pullout resistance with changes in earthquake acceleration for different combinations of
embedment ratio of the anchor (), friction angle of the soil (), and the anchor-soil interface
wall friction angle ().
The soil medium follows Mohr-Coulombs failure criterion and an associated flow rule. At
failure, the back surface of the anchor is assumed to completely separate from the adjoining
soil mass, that is, the backfill material does not exert any active thrust at all on the back
surface of the anchor.
Bilinear rupture surface
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In the above equation, W0 and W1 are the weights of the blocks OAB and OBCD,
respectively. The magnitude ofPu can then be minimized with respect to independent
admissible variations of , 1, and 2 ; for a collapse mechanism to be kinematically
admissible, the magnitudes ofV1, V2, V10, and V21 in terms ofV0 should always remain
positive. It should be mentioned that for given values ofb andH, the magnitudes ofW0 and
W1 will depend on , 1, and 2.
Composite logarithmic spiral rupture surface:
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The variation of the pullout resistance for = 0.25.
The variation of the pullout resistance for = 0.50.
The variation of the pullout resistance for = 0.75.
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In the above equation W0 and W2 are the respective weights of blocks OAB and OCDE, and
Worklog is the rate of workdone by the body forces (due to and h) within the logspiral
zone OBC. This value was obtained mathematically using integration as
In the above expression ro is the length of the radius vector OB. Using eqs. [2] and [3], the
magnitude ofPu can be obtained for a chosen admissible collapse mechanism; for a collapse
mechanism to be kinematically admissible the magnitudes ofV1, V10, and V2 in terms ofV0
should remain positive. The magnitude ofPu can then be minimized with respect to the
variations of and .
Based on the above two mechanism they concluded that, the pullout resistance decreases
quite substantially with increases in the magnitude of the earthquake acceleration. For values
of up to about 0.250.5, the bilinear and composite logarithmic spiral rupture surfaces
gave almost identical answers, whereas for higher values of , the choice of the logarithmic
spiral provides significantly smaller pullout resistance.
MANAS KUMAR BHOI(2008).
The ultimate uplift resistance of a group of multiple strip anchors placed in sand and
subjected to equal magnitudes of vertical upward pullout loads has been determined by
means of model experiments. Instead of using a number of anchor plates in the experiments,
a single anchor plate was used by simulating the boundary conditions along the planes of
symmetry on both the sides of the anchor plate. The effect of clear spacing (s) between the
anchors, for different combinations of embedment ratio () of anchors and friction angle ()
of soil mass, was examined in detail.
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The variation of pu,av/(d) with (/B) for different values of (s/B) for = 37.4 and
A comparison ofobtained from the present study with the theory of Meyerhof and Adams .
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Based on the experimental study they reported in terms of efficiency factor which was
defined as the ratio of the failure load for an intervening strip anchor of a given width (B) to
that of a single strip anchor plate having the same width. It was clearly noted that the
magnitude ofy reduces quite extensively with a decrease in the spacing between the anchors.
The magnitude of y for a given s/B was found to vary only marginally with respect to
changes in and .
ADEL HANNA(2009):
Passive earth pressure on embedded anchor plates constitutes a viable resisting force for the
design of underground structures. In the current practice, these forces are empirically
calculated, ignoring the effects of the depth of embedment and the level of consolidation of
the surrounding soil, which takes place during plate installation on the in situ stress levels.
Numerical model was developed using finite-element technique and the constitutive law of
MohrCoulomb to simulate the case of a retaining wall partially supported by an embedded
anchor plate in sand, the coefficient of Passive earth pressure (kp) acting on the anchor plate
was given by
where Pult = ultimate load, ha = height of anchor plate, H = depth of top edge of the anchorplate from the ground surface, = friction angle between soil and the anchor plate, and Pult =
ultimate load (at the maximum mobilized passive earth pressure).
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Based on the numerical study they reported that passive earth pressure acting on anchor
plates increases due to the increase of angle of shearing resistance and the overconsolidation
ratio of sand, and it decreases due to an increase of the embedment depth of anchor.
PARAMITA BHATTACHARYA(2011).
The horizontal pullout capacity of a group of two vertical strip anchor plates placed along the
same vertical plane in sand, has been determined by using the lower bound finite element
limit analysis. The effect of vertical spacing (S) between the anchor plates on the magnitude
of the total group horizontal failure load (PuT) has been determined for different
combinations of H/B, / and . The magnitude of PuT has been obtained in terms of a group
efficiency factor, , with respect to the failure load for a single vertical plate with the same
H/B.
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PuT = Pu1 + Pu2
Where,
For front and backface (RT)
Front and backface (OP)
where Pu1 and Pu2 are the pull out load (per unit length of the strip plate) for lower and
upper anchor, respectively.
Group Efficiency Factor:
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where Pu and PuT refer to the failure loads for a single and a group of two anchors,
respectively, by keeping the value of H/B to be exactly the same in both the cases.
Based on the above study they concluded that , An increase in the value of and H/B leads to
generally a very marginal increase in the value of Scr/B. On the other hand, the changes in
the value of do not seem to have any significant effect on Scr/B. An increase in the value of
, and H/B generally tend to cause some increase in the values ofmax.
HAMED NIROUMAND AND KHAIRUL ANNEAR KASSIM (2011)
Numerical analysis and laboratory works were performed to study the performance of
the ultimate uplift load capacity of the anchor plate. The behavior of square anchor plates
during vertical pullout was studied by experimental data and finite element analyses in dense
sand. Validation of the analysis model was also carried out with 100 mm x100 m square
plates in dense sand. Agreement between the uplift capacities from the experimental test sand
finite element modeling using PLAXIS 2D, based on 0.2 m computed maximum
displacements was excellent for square anchor plates. Numerical analysis using square anchor
plates was conducted based on hardening soil model.
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From above both experimental and numerical analysis they conclude that the test performed
in the glass box showed that the limited ultimate capacity of the square anchor plate model
was influenced by the embedment ratio and the sand density. Typically, the results from
PLAXIS had a good agreement with the experimental results obtained from the prediction of
the uplift load capacity on the square anchor plate. These can be used to provide the basis for
the design of such structures in the sand.
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Conclusion from previous study
The pullout resistance decreases quite substantially increases in the magnitude of the
earthquake acceleration. for values of up to about 0.25-0.5, the bilinear and compositelogarithmic spiral provides significantly smaller pullout resistance. The results compare
favourably with the existing theoretical data.
The results produced in this investigation showed that the passive earth pressure
acting on anchor plates increases due to the increase of angle of shearing resistance and the
overconsolidated ratio of sand, and it decreases due to an increase of the embedment depth of
anchor. Design theories were developed for the case of embedded anchor plate in
overconsolidated sand. The theories developed will satisfy the design needed in terms of
allowable pullout load and/or displacement.
The magnitude of the group failure load becomes maximum corresponding to a
certain critical spacing between two anchors. The value of Scr//B has been found to exist
generally between 0.5 and 0.8 for different cases considered in this study. As compared to a
single vertical anchor, the magnitude of the group failure load for two anchors, with the same
H/B, has been found to increase up to a maximum of 43% for the different cases. For given
values of S/B and H/B, the value of for two vertical anchors increases continuosly with an
increase in the values of embedment ratio, angle of internal friction of sand and anchor-soil
interface friction angle.
It was clearly noted that the magnitude ofreduces quite extensively with a decrease
in the spacing between the anchors. The magnitude of for a given s/B was found to vary
only marginally with respect to changes in and
The test performed in the glass box showed that the limited ultimate capacity of the square
anchor plate model was influenced by the embedment ratio and the sand density. These can
be used to provide the basis for the design of such structures in the sand. There was no
overall agreement found between the results in this work and the numerical modelling by
PLAXIS 2D regarding the uplift capacity and the embedment ratio. However , close
agreements were found with the numerical modelling for particular embedment ratios and the
experimental results
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Finally we found more numerical analysis than experimental analysis from the literature
survey and hence we would conduct the experimental analysis for determining the pullout
performance of vertical strip anchors embedded in sand
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Materials and Method:
The mild steel tank of size - (1.2 m * 0.75 m* 1.5 m )Anchor plate of size-(100*100*10)mm
(150*150*10)mm are used for the Proposed study.
A coarse graded sand is used for the study.
The Properties of sand used the Proposed work is given by:
Uniformity coefficient 3.75
Coefficient of curvature 0.91
Specific Gravity 2.65
Maximum Unit Weight(max),emin 17.8 kN/m ,0.460
Minimum Unit Weight(min), emax 14.16 kN/m3,0.624
The experiments are performed on three different unit weight of soil.
Sl.no Relative Density Natural void ratio Dry density Angle of internal
friction
1 20% 0.591 16.339 -
2 50% 0.542 16.85 -
3 80% 0.493 17.41 -
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Experimental Setup of the Proposed work:
Solid Mild steel anchor plate of (100 *100)mm and (150*150) mm square are used in the
proposed experimental study. The anchors are kept in vertical position with spacing varying
at 0, 1 and 2 times the width of Anchor.
The technique of sand placement plays an important role in the process of achieving
reproducible density. After proper placement of the anchors in tank, sand was poured in the
tank by calibrating the height of fall through funnel. This technique of sand pouring is termed
as rainfall technique and this technique was reported to achieve good reproducible densities.
The sand surface was levelled carefully. This method of sand pouring gives a predetermined
dry density of loose, medium and dense sand.
Pullout load is applied to the anchor through a pulley arrangement with flexible wire attached
to connecting rod, Dial gauge readings corresponding to axial displacements were recorded.
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REFERENCES
ADEL HANNA (2011) Passive earth pressure on embedded vertical plate anchors in sand
,Acta Geotechnica 6: 21-29
HAMED NIROUMAND AND KHAIRUL ANUAR KASSIM (2011) Uplift response of
square anchor plates in dense sand ,International journal of the physical sciences
(6(16)):3939-3943
JYANTH KUMAR(2001) Seismic horizontal pullout capacity of vertical anchors in sands,
can Geotech 39:982-991
JYANTH KUMAR AND MANAS KUMAR BHOI (2009) Vertical uplift capacity of equally
spaced multiple strip anchors in sand,Geotech Geol Eng 27: 461-472
PARAMITA BHATTACHARYA (2011) Horizontal pullout capacity of a group of two
vertical strip anchors plates embedded in sand, 30:513-521
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